PROBLEM-2 PROBLEM-2

WT = ηT (h1- h2s)
A superheat steam Rankine cycle has turbine inlet conditions of 2500 psia
and 1000°F. The turbine and pump polytropic efficiencies are 0.9 and 0.7, = 0.9 x 604.98 544.48 Btu/lb
respectively. Pressure losses between pump and turbine inlet are 200 psi. Therefore,
Calculate the turbine exhaust steam quality and cycle efficiency.
h2 = h1 - WT
= 913.02 Btu/lb
h4 = h3 + |wp|
h2 = h3 + x hfg
= 69.73 + 11.52
h1 = 1457.5 Btu/lb x2= 0.8139
h2s = 852.52 Btu/lb (from previous example = 81.25 Btu/lb
isentropic process) P4 = P1 + 200 = 2700 psia
ΔWnet = W T - |wp|
h3 = 69.73 Btu/lb Wp = V3(P4 - P3)/ ηp
Vf = 0.016136 ft3/lbm = 532.96 Btu/lb
.
qA = h1 – h4
0.016136 (2700 -1) x 144
= ----------------------------------- = 1376.25 Btu/lb
0.7 x 778
ηT = ΔWnet / qA
= 11.52 Btu/lbm
= 0.3873 = 38.73%
Dr. A K M Monjur Morshed Dr. A K M Monjur Morshed

PROBLEM-3 SOLUTION

An ideal Rankine cycle operates with 1000 psia, 1000°F steam. It has one closed
feedwater heater with drain cascaded backward placed at 100 psia. The condenser
pressure is 1 psia. Use TTD = 5°F. The heater has a drain cooler resulting in DC
(drain cooler temperature difference) = 10°F.

Dr. A K M Monjur Morshed Dr. A K M Monjur Morshed

 A steam generator burns fuel oil with 20 percent excess air. Recalling that there are 3.76 mol N2/mol O2 in atmospheric air, the
The fuel oil may be represented by C12H26. Determine the combustion equation for stoichiometric (chemically correct mixture) is-
minimum stack temperature needed to avoid condensation. C12H26 + 18.502 + 69.56N2
Assume the flue gas pressure is leaving the air preheater at 45 → 12CO2+ 13H2O + 69.56N2
psia. With 20 percent excess air

C12H2 + 22.2N2+ 83.473N2

→ 12CO2 + 13H 2O + 3.702+ 83.472N2
The partial pressure of any component in a gas mixture is equal to the total
pressure times the mole fraction of that component. Thus partial pressure of H2O in
products is-
13
45 × ----------------------------- = 5.215 psia
12+13+3.7+83.472
This corresponds to a saturation temperature of 164°F. The average
temperature of the gases is kept much higher to avoid local cool spots that
might cause condensation.
Dr. A K M Monjur Morshed Dr. A K M Monjur Morshed

In a stage of an impulse turbine provided with a single row wheel, the mean
diameter of the blade ring is 800 mm and the speed of rotation is 3000 rpm. The
steam issues from the nozzles with a velocity of 300 m/s and the nozzle angle is
20°. The rotor blades are equiangular and the blade friction factor is 0.86. What is
the power developed in the blading when the axial thrust on the blades is 140
newtons?

Dr. A K M Monjur Morshed Dr. A K M Monjur Morshed

 PROBLEM-1
In a combined gas turbine-steam turbine power plant, the exhaust gas from the open cycle
gas turbine is the supply gas to the steam generator of the steam cycle at which additional
fuel is burned in the gas.

The pressure ratio for the gas turbine is 7.5, the air inlet temperature is 15°C and the
maximum cycle temperature is 750°C.

Combustion of additional fuel raises the gas temperature to 750 °C and the gas leaves the
steam generator at 100°C.
The steam is supplied to the turbine at 50 bar, 600 °C and the condenser pressure is 0.1 bar.
The total power output of the plant is 200 MW. The calorific value of the fuel burned is 43.3
MJ/kg. Neglecting the effect of the mass flow rate of fuel on the air flow, determine:
(a) the flow rates of air and steam required
(b) the power outputs of the gas turbine and steam turbine
(c) the thermal efficiency of the combined plant
(d) the air fuel ratio.
[Take cp = 1.11 kJ/kg K and g = 1.33 for combustion gases, and cp = 1.005 kJ/kg K and g =
1.4 for air. Neglect pump work.]

10
Dr. A K M Monjur Morshed Dr. A K M Monjur Morshed

Solution Solution

Dr. A K M Monjur Morshed Dr. A K M Monjur Morshed

 DPP Math No 2:
No:1-
No 3:
 Problem-1 Solution

A 7500-kw steam plant is erected at a cost of $125 per kw. Assume that bonds in
the amount of the total cost were sold. They are to mature in 15 years, which is
also the estimated life of the plant. Salvage value is estimated at 5% of first cost.
Interest on bonds is 4%; on sinking fund deposit 3_1/2%. The amount of annual
payment on the investment, also the sinking fund accumulation after 5 years, will
be computed.

Dr. A K M Monjur Morshed 8 Dr. A K M Monjur Morshed 9

Cost of Electricity, Problem-2 Cost of Electricity

It is proposed to supply a load with a maximum demand of 500 MW and Steam power plant:
load factor of 70%. Choice is to be made from a nuclear power plant, a Capital cost
hydraulic power plant and a steam power plant. Calculate the overall cost
= Rs 3 crore × 500 = Rs 1500 × 107
per kWh in case of each scheme as given below:
 Interest
= 0.06 × 1500 × 107 = Rs 90 × 107
 Depreciation
= 0.06 × 1500 × 107 = Rs 90 × 107
 Annual fixed cost (interest + depreciation)
= Rs 180 × 107
 Energy generated per year = average load × 8760
= Load factor × maximum demand × 8760
= 0.7 × 500 × 103 × 8760
= 306.6 × 107 kWh
Dr. A K M Monjur Morshed 10 Dr. A K M Monjur Morshed 11
 Annual cost of operating an electric system are: PROBLEM-3
Depreciation Methods  Coal: $300,000
 Franchise and Publicity : $70,000
 Station Depreciation : $190,000
 Station Supplies: $30,000
 Primary Line Depreciation: $190,000
 Running cost/kWh = (operating cost / kWh) + (transmission and  Interest, Taxes and Insurance
On plant and primary line: $50,000
distribution cost/kWh) On secondary line: $85,000
= 30 + 2  Secondary line depreciation: $120,000
 Plant maintenance: fixed $1000, variable $2000
= 32 paise  Secondary line maintenance: $50,000
 Labor: Generation $105,000
 Overall cost/kWh = fixed cost/kWh + running cost/kWh Distribution: $80,000
Accounting: $150,000
 Superintending and Management $50,000
 Dividends and Stockholders: $350,000
 Annual station output 70×106 kWh, 10% line loss
 Peak load 20,000 kW, diversity factor 3.33
 No. of customers 100,000
Compute a three-charge rate in which one-half of the dividends are in service
charge, the other half is the demand charge
Dr. A K M Monjur Morshed 12 Dr. A K M Monjur Morshed 24

SOLUTION SOLUTION

Annual Cost Elements Annual Cost Elements

1. Fixed Element 2. Energy Element

 Station Depreciation : $190,000  Cost of fuel : $300,000

 Primary Line Depreciation: $190,000  Cost of Labor (generation) : $105,000
 Interest, Taxes and Insurance  Station Supplies : $30,000
On plant and primary line: $50,000  Plant maintenance (variable): $2000
 Plant maintenance: fixed: $1000 ------------------------------------------------------------------
 Superintending and Management: $50,000 Total: $437,000
------------------------------------------------------------------
Total: $481,000

Dr. A K M Monjur Morshed 25 Dr. A K M Monjur Morshed 26

 SOLUTION SOLUTION

Annual Cost Elements Annual Cost Elements

3. Customer Element 4. Investor’s Profit

 Secondary line depreciation : $120,000  Dividends to Stockholders : $350,000

 Interest, Taxes and Insurance -------------------------------------------------------------------------
On secondary line : $85,000 Total: $350,000
 Secondary line maintenance : $50,000
 Labor distribution : $80,000
 Accounting : 150,000 Station output : 70×106 kWh
 Franchise and Publicity : $70,000 Line loss : 10%
------------------------------------------------------------------ Energy delivered to Customers = 90% × 70×106 kWh
Total: $555,000 = 63×106 kWh

Diversity factor = 3.33 = Individual customer max demand / Station Peak load
Individual customer max demand = 3.33 × 20,000 kW
= 66,600 kW

Dr. A K M Monjur Morshed 27 Dr. A K M Monjur Morshed 28

SOLUTION SOLUTION
Energy element cost
Annual demand charge = fixed element + 50% of dividends Energy charge = --------------------------------
= $ 481,000 + $ 175,000 kWh consumed
= $ 656,000
= $ 437,000/ 63×106 kWh
annual demand charge = 0.7 ₵/kWh
Annual unit demand charge = ---------------------------------------------
Σ individual maximum demand

= $ 656,000/ 66,600
= 9.85 $/kW Annual service charge = Customer element + 50% of dividends
= $555,000 + $175,000
Unit demand charge per month = 9.85 $/12 = $730,000 for 100,000 customers
Per Customer annual service charge = $7.3per year
= 0.82 $/kW Service charge per month = ₵ 61
~ 1 $/kW

Dr. A K M Monjur Morshed 29 Dr. A K M Monjur Morshed 30

 Hydrograph
Problem 1: The mean monthly discharge
at a particular site is given below:
(a) Draw the hydrograph flow duration
curve and mass flow curve.
(b) Calculate the hydropower potential
in MW available based on mean
flow If the available head is 60 m
and overall generation efficiency
is 85%.

Dr. A K M Monjur Morshed Dr. A K M Monjur Morshed

Mass Curve Problem-2

The following data refers to a proposed hydroelectric power plant:
• Available head = 27 m,
• Catchment area 430 sq. km
• Rainfall = 150 cm/year
• Percentage of total rainfall utilized = 65%
• Penstock efficiency = 95%, Turbine efficiency = 80%, Generator efficiency = 86%,
• and Load factor = 0.45
(i) Calculate the power developed
(ii) Suggest suitable turbines for the plant

Solution:
Quantity of water available per year

Quantity of water available per second

Mean flow (Q):

=141500/12 = 11791.67 m3/s; Head (H): 60 m Power developed
As the available head is low, Kaplan turbines
Water Density: 1000 kg/m3, Generation efficiency: 85% are suggested. Two such turbines, each of
3000 kW capacity, may be installed.
Output Power (MW): (1000*9.81*11791.67*60*0.85)/106 MW= 5899 MW
Dr. A K M Monjur Morshed Dr. A K M Monjur Morshed
 PROBLEM-1

Calculate the mass defect and binding energy per nucleon of oxygen.
Given: mp = 1.007277 amu, mn = 1.008665 amu, me = 0.00055 amu, atomic
mass of oxygen ~ 16 = 15.99491 amu.

A molecule of oxygen has 8 protons, 8 electrons, and 8 neutrons. Therefore,

the mass defect is-

Dm = 8 × 1.007277 + 8 × 0.00055 + 8 × 1.008665 – 15.99491

= 0.13701 amu
Binding energy = 0.13701 × 931 = 127.6 MeV

Binding energy per nucleon

= 127.6/16 = 7.97 MeV

Dr. A K M Monjur Morshed Dr. A K M Monjur Morshed

PROBLEM-2 PROBLEM-2

Each fission of U-235 yields 190 MeV of useful energy. Assuming that 85% of
neutrons absorbed by U-235 cause fission, the rest being absorbed by non
fission capture to produce an isotope U-236, estimate the fuel consumption of
U-235 per day to produce 3000 MW of thermal power.

Each fission yields = 190 MeV ×1.60 × 10–13 J/MeV

= 3.04 × 10–11 J of useful energy.

Number of fissions required to obtain W-s of energy = 1/ (3.04 × 10–11)

= 3.3 × 1010
In one day’s operation (i.e., 86,400 s) of a reactor per MW of thermal power,
the number of U-235 nuclei burned is:
= 106 × 3.3 × 1010 × 86,400/0.85

Dr. A K M Monjur Morshed Dr. A K M Monjur Morshed