Stress Analysis
Normal and Shear Strain
Essam Kaoud, Ph.D.
❑ Normal strain
Normal Strain. If an axial load P is applied to the bar in Figure below, it will change the
bar’s length L0 to a length L. We will define the average normal strain ε
Units As shown, normal strain is a dimensionless quantity.
❑ Normal strain
Example: When force P is applied to the rigid lever arm ABC , the arm rotates
counterclockwise about pin A through an angle of 0.05°. Determine the normal strain in wire
BD.
Solution
❑ Shear strain
Shear Strain. If we select two-line segments that are originally perpendicular to one
another, then the change in angle that occurs between them is referred to as shear strain.
Units: Shear strain is measured in radian.
❑ Shear strain
Example. If The plate shown is fixed connected along AB and held in the horizontal
guides at its top and bottom, AD and BC. If its right-side CD is given a uniform horizontal
displacement of 2 mm, determine (a) the average normal strain along the diagonal AC, and
(b) the shear strain at E relative to the x, y axes.
❑ Shear strain
Solution.
Normal strain
❑ Shear strain
Solution.
Shear strain
❑ Stress–strain diagram.
.
Hooke’s law. It is expressed mathematically as
Here E represents the constant of proportionality,
which is called the
modulus of elasticity or Young’s modulus,
❑ POISSON’S RATIO
. a deformable body is subjected to a force, not only does it elongate but it also
When
contracts laterally
❑
. POISSON’S RATIO
Example A bar made of A-36 steel has the dimensions shown .If an axial force of P =
80 kN is applied to the bar, determine the change in its length and the change in the
dimensions of its cross section. Use Est = 200 GPa, υst = 0.32
Solution
The normal stress in the bar is
The strain in the z direction is
The axial elongation of the bar
Lateral contraction strains in both the x and y directions are
The changes in the dimensions of the cross section are
❑ THE SHEAR STRESS–STRAIN DIAGRAM
Hooke’s law for shear can be written as
G is called the shear modulus of elasticity or
the modulus of rigidity.
❑ Example
Solution
❑ Example
Solution
Contraction of Diameter.
❑ Elastic Deformation of an Axially Loaded Member
❑ Elastic Deformation of an Axially Loaded Member
Example The uniform A-36 steel bar as shown in Figure has a diameter of 50 mm and
is subjected to the loading shown. Determine the displacement at D, and the
displacement of point B relative to C, E = 200GPa.
Solution
The normal-force diagram
❑ Elastic Deformation of an Axially Loaded Member
Solution
Displacement
❑ Elastic Deformation of an Axially Loaded Member
Example
Solution
assume that force P is large enough to cause the rod’s end B to contact the wall
there are two unknowns and only one equation of equilibrium
❑ Elastic Deformation of an Axially Loaded Member
Solution:
Load–Displacement
❑ Elastic Deformation of an Axially Loaded Member
Example
Solution
FBD
Equilibrium equations
❑ Elastic Deformation of an Axially Loaded Member
Solution:
Load–Displacement
❑ Elastic Deformation of an Axially Loaded Member
Example
Solution:
❑ Elastic Deformation of an Axially Loaded Member
Solution:
❑ THERMAL STRESS
A change in temperature can cause a body to change its dimensions. Generally, if the
temperature increases, the body will expand, whereas if the temperature decreases, it
will contract.
➢ displacement of the end of a member having a length L can be calculated using the
formula
❑ THERMAL STRESS
A change in temperature can cause a body to change its dimensions. Generally, if the
temperature increases, the body will expand, whereas if the temperature decreases, it
will contract.
➢ displacement of the end of a member having a length L can be calculated using the
formula
❑ THERMAL STRESS
Example:
Solution:
❑ THERMAL STRESS
Example:
Solution:
❑ THERMAL STRESS
Example:
Solution:
❑ THERMAL STRESS
Example:
Solution:
Thank you for your attention
Any questions?
