PEMP-AML2506

AML2506 … Biomechanics and Flow Simulation

Day 04A
Introduction to Finite Element Analysis
and
The Biomechanics of the Human Spine
Session
i Speaker
k
Dr. M. D. Deshpande
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• Session Objectives
– At the end of this session the delegate would
have understood
• The fundamentals of Finite Element Method
• How FEM is used to solve Biomechanical problems
• Biomechanics of the Human Spine and
• Bi
Biomechanical
h i l contributions
t ib ti to
t common injuries
i j i off
the spine
• How Biomechanical pproblems are solved using
g
ANSYS software

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Session Topics
1 Governing
1. G i Equations
E ti in
i Structural
St t l Dynamics
D i
2. The role of Boundary Conditions
3. Finite
i i Element
l Method
h d
4. Application of FEM to Solid Mechanics problems
5. Movement capabilities of the Human Spine
6. The relative mobility and stability of different
regions of the Spine
7. Biomechanical functions of the Spine
8 Biomechanics
8. Bi h i off C
Common IInjuries
j i off the
th Spine
S i

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Solving Engineering Problems

Engineering Identifyy the

Problem Formulate the
Laws Mathematical
Governing Model with
Initial and
Boundary
Conditions

Propose Solve the

the Interpret
Mathematical
D i
Design The
Model
Changes Results

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Laws/hypothesis governing the Systems
• Generalized Hooke’s Law
• Newton’ss Laws of Motion
Newton
• Laws of Thermodynamics
• Fourier Conduction Equation
• Newton’s Law of Cooling
• Stefan-Boltzmann Law of Radiation
• Continuity, Momentum and Energy Equations
• Ohms Law
• Kirchoff’s Law of Voltage
• Kirchoff’s Current law
• so on
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Mathematical Model
• “A mathematical model can be broadly defined as a
formulation or equation that expresses the essential
features of a physical system or process in mathematical
terms”
• Generally, a mathematical model can be represented as a
functional relationship of the form

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Developing Mathematical Model

Geometric Model of
the Physical System
Physical Laws
Observations Governing the
By Tests & Systems
Expts Mathematical Model of
the System
Empirical
Model
Set of Set of Set of
ordinary partial Algebraic/
Differential Differential Transcendental
Equations Equations Equations

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Mathematical Model-variables &
Parameters

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Mathematical Model
Structural Analysis : Differential
Formulation-Model

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Structural Dynamics Equation

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Mathematical Model of a General Heat
Conduction Equation
• Generalized Conduction Equation
.
 t  t  t q 1  2t
2 2 2
 2 2 
x 2
y z k   2

• It iis a secondd order

d partial
ti l differential
diff ti l equation
ti
• Discuss Fourier’s Law of heat conduction
t – Dependent
d variable
i bl (Temperature)
( ) = f ( x,y,z, )
• (k, α ) - Thermal (conductivity, diffusivity), (Usually
assumed to be constant)
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Boundary
y Conditions
Boundaryy conditions
Y=m
x=0 & x=L, t=?
y=00 & y=m, t=?
t ?
z=0 & z=n, t=?
X=0 X=L

Initial Conditions
Y=0
=0,
0, tt=??
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Solution of the Equations

Exact Approximate
pp Numerical
Analytical Analytical Methods
Methods Methods
Relatively simple
equations can be solved
in closed form using
techniques of
integration, separation
of variables, and so on

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Finite Element Method Defined

• Many problems in engineering and applied science are

governed by differential or integral equations.

• The solutions to these equations would provide an

exact, closed-form solution to the particular problem
being studied.
studied

• However, complexities in the geometry, properties and

in the boundary conditions that are seen in most real-
world problems usually means that an exact solution
cannot be obtained or obtained in a reasonable amount
of time.
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Finite Element Method Defined
(Contd )
(Contd.)
• Current pproduct design
g cycle
y times imply p y that engineers
g
must obtain design solutions in a ‘short’ amount of time.

• They are content to obtain approximate solutions that

can be readily obtained in a reasonable time frame, and
with reasonable effort. The FEM is one such
approximate solution technique.
technique

• The FEM is a numerical procedure for obtaining

approximate solutions to many of the problems
encountered in engineering analysis.

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Finite Element Method Defined (Contd.)

• In the FEM,
FEM a complex region defining a continuum is
discretized into simple geometric shapes called elements.
• The properties and the governing relationships are assumed
over these elements and expressed mathematically in terms
of unknown values at specific points in the elements called
nodes.
• A assembly
An bl process is
i usedd to link
li k the
h individual
i di id l elements
l
to the given system. When the effects of loads and
boundary conditions are considered, a set of linear or
nonlinear
li algebraic
l b i equations
i is
i usually
ll obtained.
b i d
• Solution of these equations gives the approximate behavior
y
of the continuum or system.
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Finite Element Method Defined (Contd.)
• The continuum has an infinite number of degrees-of-
freedom (DOF), while the discretized model has a finite
number
b off DOF.
DOF Thi
This iis th
the origin th name, finite
i i off the fi it
element method.

• The number of equations is usually rather large for most

real-world applications of the FEM, and requires the
computational
p power
p of the digital
g computer.
p The FEM has
little practical value if the digital computer were not
available.

• Advances in and ready availability of computers and

software has brought the FEM within reach of engineers
working
ki ini small
ll industries,
i d t i andd even students.
t d t
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Degree of Freedom
• Minimum number of independent coordinates required to
determine completely the positions of all parts of a system
at any instant of time

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 Discrete and Continuous Systems
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• Systems with a finite number of degrees of freedom are

called discrete or lumped parameter systems
• Systems with an infinite number of degrees of freedom
are called continuous or distributed systems

• Most of the time, continuous systems are approximated as

discrete systems,
systems and solutions are obtained in a simpler
manner
• Practical systems are analysed as discrete systems
• Treatment of a system continuous gives exact results
• Lumped Systems lead to ODE
• Continuous Systems lead to PDE
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Finite Element Method Defined ((cont.))

Two features of the finite element method are worth noting.

• The piecewise approximation of the physical field

((continuum)) on finite elements pprovides good
g precision
p
even with simple approximating functions. Simply
increasing the number of elements can achieve increasing
p
precision.

• The locality of the approximation leads to sparse equation

systems for a discretized problem
problem. This helps to ease the
solution of problems having very large numbers of nodal
unknowns. It is not uncommon today to solve systems
containing a million primary unknowns.
unknowns
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Origins of the Finite Element Method

• It is difficult to document the exact origin of the FEM, because
the basic concepts have evolved over a period of 150 or more
years.

• The term
Th t fi it element
finite l t was first
fi t coined
i d byb Clough
Cl h in
i 1960.
1960 In
I
the early 1960s, engineers used the method for approximate
solution of problems in stress analysis, fluid flow, heat transfer,
and other areas
areas.

• The first book on the FEM by Zienkiewicz and Chung was

published in 1967.
1967

• In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the FEM was applied to a
wide
id variety
i off engineering
i i problems.
bl
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Origins of the Finite Element Method (cont.)

• The 1970s marked advances in mathematical treatments,

including the development of new elements,
elements and convergence
studies.

• Mostt commercial
M i l FEM software
ft packages
k originated
i i t d in
i the
th
1970s (ABAQUS, ADINA, ANSYS, MARK, PAFEC) and
1980s (FENRIS, LARSTRAN ‘80, SESAM ‘80.)

• The FEM is one of the most important developments in

computational methods to occur in the 20th century. In just a
few decades,
decades the method has evolved from one with
applications in structural engineering to a widely utilized and
richly varied computational approach for many scientific and
technological areas.
areas
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H can the
How h FEM Help
H l the
h Design
D i Engineer?
E i ?

• The FEM offers many important advantages to the design engineer:

• Easily applied to complex, irregular-shaped objects composed of

several different materials and having complex boundary conditions.
conditions

• Applicable to steady-state, time dependent and eigenvalue problems.

• Applicable to linear and nonlinear problems.

• One method can solve a wide variety of problems, including

problems in solid mechanics, fluid mechanics, chemical reactions,
electromagnetics,
g , biomechanics,, heat transfer and acoustics,, to name
a few.
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How can the FEM Help the Design Engineer?
((cont.))
• General-purpose FEM software packages are available at
reasonable cost, and can be readily executed on
microcomputers, including workstations and PCs.

• The FEM can be coupled

p to CAD programs
p g to facilitate
solid modeling and mesh generation.

• Many FEM software packages feature GUI interfaces,

interfaces
auto-meshers, and sophisticated postprocessors and
graphics to speed the analysis and make pre and post-
pprocessingg more user-friendly.
y

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How can the FEM Help the Design

Organization?
• Simulation usingg the FEM also offers important
p
business advantages to the design organization:
• Reduced testing and redesign costs thereby shortening
the product development time.
• Identify issues in designs before tooling is committed.
• Refine components before dependencies to other
components prohibit
hibi changes.
h
• Optimize performance before prototyping.
• Discover design problems before litigation.
• Allow more time for designers to use engineering
judgment, and less time “turning the crank.”

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FEM Applied to Solid Mechanics Problems
• A FEM model in solid mechanics can
be thought of as a system of assembled
springs.
p g When a load is applied,
pp , all
elements deform until all forces
balance.
Create elements
• F = KQQ
of the beam • K is dependent upon Young’s
modulus and Poisson’s ratio, as
well as the g
geometry.
y
• Equations from discrete elements are
Nodal displacement and forces assembled together to form the global
dxi 1 dxii 2 stiffness matrix.
2
• Deflections are obtained by solving the
dyi 1 1 dyi 2 assembled set of linear equations.
4 3 • Stresses and strains are calculated
from the deflections.
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The Biomechanics of the

Human Spine

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Structure of the Spine
What is the vertebral column?
• A curved stack of 33 vertebrae structurally divided into five
regions:
• Cervical region - 7 vertebrae
• Thoracic
Th i region
i - 12 vertebrae
t b
• Lumbar region - 5 vertebrae
• Sacrum - 5 fused vertebrae
• Coccyx - 4 fused vertebrae
What is a motion segment?
g
• Two adjacent vertebrae and the associated soft tissues

• Considered the functional unit of the spine

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Structure of the Spine

Transverse
process
p Posterior
Interspinous longitudinal
ligament ligament Anterior
longitudinal
Supraspinous
ligament
ligament
Vertebral Cartilaginous
body end-plate
Intervertebral
joint and facet Intervertebral
Spinous disc
process
p Intervertebral
Ligamentum foramen with
flavum nerve root
Vertebral
canal
P t i
Posterior A t i
Anterior

Two adjacent vertebrae and the associated tissues comprise the

motion segment.
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Structure of the Spine
What are the joints between adjacent vertebrae?

• Intervertebral symphysis joints on the anterior side

• Two gliding diarthrodial facet joints on the posterior side

What is the function of the facet joints?

• To channel and limit the range of motion in the different regions of

the spine
• To assist in load bearing, sustaining up to 30% of the compressive
l d on the
load h spine,
i particularly
i l l whenh theh spine
i is i in
i
hyperextension

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Structure of the Spine
What are the intervertebral discs?
• Fibrocartilaginous
g discs that cushion the anterior spinal
p
symphysis joints
• Composed of a nucleus pulposus (colloidal gel with a high fluid
content) surrounded by the annulus fibrosus (a thick,
fibrocartilaginous ring that forms the disk exterior)

What are the primary spinal curves?

• The thoracic and sacral curves

• (Concave anteriorly)
• Are present at birth
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What are the secondary spinal curves?

• The lumbar and cervical curves
• ((Concave posteriorly)
p y)
• Develop from supporting the body in an upright position after young children
begin to sit and stand

Vertical Lordosis Kyphosis Scoliosis

alignment

• Lordosis - exaggerated lumbar curve

• Kyphosis - exaggerated thoracic curve
• S li i - lateral
Scoliosis l l spinal
i l curvature
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Movements of the Spine
p
What movements of the spine are allowed?
• The movement capabilities
p of the spine
p are those of a ball and
socket joint, including movement in all three planes, and
circumduction.

What muscles contribute to flexion of the spine in the cervical

region?

• Rectus capitus anterior

• Rectus capitis lateralis
• Long s capitis
Longus
• Longus colli
• Eight pairs of hyoid muscles
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Movements of the Spine
What muscles contribute to flexion of the spine in the abdominal
region?
• Rectus abdominis
• Internal obliques
• External obliques

What muscles contribute to extension of the spine in the cervical

region?

• Splenius capitis
• Splenius cervicis
• Assisted by:
• Rectus capitis posterior major and minor
• Obliquus capitis superior and inferior
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Movements of the Spine
What muscles contribute to extension of the spine in the
thoracic and lumbar regions?
• Erector spinae - (spinalis, longissimus, iliocostalis)
• Semispinalis - (capitis, cervicis, thoracis)
• Deepp spinal
p muscles - ((mulitifidi,, rotatores,, interspinales,
p ,
intertransversarii, levatores costarum)

What muscles contribute to lateral flexion of the cervical spine?

p
• Sternocleidomastoid
• Levator scapulae
• Scalenus anterion, posterior, & medius
• PLUS the cervical flexors and extensors when developing
tension unilaterallyy
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Movements of the Spine

What muscles contribute to lateral flexion of the lumbar spine?

• Quadratus lumborum
• Psoas major
j
• PLUS the lumbar flexors and extensors when developing
tension unilaterally

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Loads on the Spine
What forces commonly act on the spine?
• Body weight
• Tension in the spinal ligaments
• Tension in the spinal muscles
• Any external loads carried in the hands

• In normal standingg pposition,, body

y weight
g
acts anterior to the spine, creating a forward
bending load (moment) on the spine.

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Loads on the Spine

Because the
B th spine
i isi curved,d body
b d
weight, acting vertically, has
components of both compression
(F ) and
(Fc) d shear
h (F (Fs)) at most
motion segments.

Fs
Fc
wt

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Loads on the Spine
p
Muscle
tension

Shear
reaction
force

Joint
During lifting
lifting, both center

compression and anterior shear

act on the spine. Tension in the
Compression
p
spinal ligaments and muscles reaction
force
contributes to compression.

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Loads on the Spine

tension
compression

• Lumbar hyperextension can create a bending load (moment) in

the posterior direction.
direction
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Loads on the Spine

Lumbar hyperextension
yp pproduces
compressive loads at the facet
joints.

hyperextension

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Loads on the Spine

Superior view Lateral view

Spinal rotation generates shear stress in the intervertebral discs.

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Common Injuries of the Back and Neck

• Low back pain

• Soft tissue injuries
• Acute Fractures
• St
Stress F t
Fractures
• Disc Herniations
• Whiplash Injuries

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Further Reading

• M&M
Orthopaedics [Link]

• Northern Rockies Orthopaedics

Specialists [Link]

• Southern California Orthopaedic

Institute [Link]

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Laboratory
• Refer laboratory exercises

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Review
In this session the delegates are taught:

• The Equations Governing Structural Dynamics and related

areas and the appropriate Boundary Conditions
• Principles of FEM and appreciation of its application to
Solid
lid Mechanics
h i problems
bl off interest
i to Biomechanics
i h i
• Movement capabilities of the Human Spine
• The relative mobility and stability of different regions of
the Spine
• Biomechanics of Common Injuries of the Spine
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Thank you

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