SMART HELMET WITH SOS ALERT

A
PROJECT REPORT
Submitted In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements for the Award of the Degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING
Submitted To

DEENBANDHU CHHOTU RAM UNIVERSITY OF

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, MURTHAL, SONEPAT
By

Jay Shankar Kumar (22001003904)

Pankaj (22001003906)
Sachin (22001003908)
Sumit Kumar (22001003911)

Under the Guidance of

Dr. Manish Jain
(Associate Professor, ECED, DCRUST Murthal)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

DEENBANDHU CHHOTU RAM UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE &
TECHNOLOGY MURTHAL, SONEPAT-131039
 DEENBANDHU CHHOTURAM UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY, MURTHAL, SONIPAT, HARYANA – 131039
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

This is to certify that the project titled “Smart Helmet with SOS Alert” submitted by
JayShankar Kumar (22001003904), Pankaj (22001003906), Sachin (22001003908) and
Sumit kumar (22001003911) in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of
degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and Communication Engineering
department at Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology,
Murthal, is an authentic work carried out by them under my supervision and guidance. The
matter embodied in this project report submitted by them is authenticated and has not been
submitted to any other university/ institute for the award of any degree as per my knowledge.

Supervisor
(Dr. Manish Jain)

This is certified that the B. Tech Project Stage-1 Viva-Voce Examination of JayShankar
Kumar (22001003904), Pankaj (22001003906), Sachin (22001003908), and Sumit
Kumar (22001003911) has been held on …. / ……/ 2024 and accepted the project for the
award of the degree.

Project Supervisor Project Coordinator

(Dr. Manish Jain) (Dr. Rajeshwar Dass)

External Examiner Chairman (ECED)

i
 DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the project report of project stage-I, which has been presented, entitled

“ Smart helmet with SOS alert” in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the

degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and Communication Engineering at

Electronics and Communication Engineering Department of Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram

University of Science and Technology, Murthal is an authentic report of my own work

carried out under the supervision of Dr. Manish Jain, Associate professor ECED, DCRUST

Murthal.

The matter embodied in this report has not been submitted to any other university/institute for

the award of any degree as per my knowledge.

Date: __/__/____

Jay Shankar Kumar (22001003904) Sign here………………….

Pankaj (22001003906) Sign here………………….

Sachin (22001003908) Sign here………………….

Sumit Kumar (22001003911) Sign here………………….

7thSem., [Link], ECE Department

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
It fills my heart with immense pleasure to mention the name of our project supervisor Dr.

Manish Jain (Associate Professor, ECE Department) for his supervision, advice and regular

support right through my project work. We would like to thank him for being our supervisor.

Next, I want to express my greetings to Dr. Priyanka (Chairperson, ECE Department) for

teaching us and helping us to discover how to learn. She has been a source of enormous

inspiration for us and we are thankful to her from the bottom of our hearts.

We would like to show appreciation to our Project Coordinator Dr. Rajeshwar Dass

(Associate professor, ECE Department) and [Link] coordinator for their reliable support

and effective communication methodologies without which it would have been a dream to

complete the project on exact time.

We also express our thankfulness to other faculty and Staff members of the Department

of Electronics and Communication Engineering, DCRUST, Murthal, Sonepat for their

intellectual support during the course of this work.

We would like to show gratitude to all our classmates and friends for all the detailed and

motivating discussions we had, which encouraged us to think beyond obvious. We have

enjoyed their companionship so much during our stay at Deenbandu Chhotu Ram University

of Science and Technology, Murthal.

iii
 ABSTRACT
Road accidents are a leading cause of injuries and fatalities worldwide, with motorcyclists
facing significant risks due to the lack of integrated safety mechanisms. Traditional helmets,
while essential for head protection, do not provide the ability to detect accidents or notify
emergency services. Recognizing the importance of timely assistance, this project introduces a
Smart Helmet with SOS Alert, an innovative IoT-based safety solution designed to enhance
the protection and well-being of motorcyclists.

The Smart Helmet integrates advanced technologies, including the ADXL 335 accelerometer,
GPS Neo-6m module, GSM 900A module, and a 16x2 LCD display, all controlled by the
powerful Arduino UNO microcontroller. The system is capable of detecting accidents using
motion sensors, tracking the user's location through GPS, and sending automated SOS alerts
via GSM. These alerts include precise coordinates and a clickable Google Maps link, enabling
emergency responders to locate the accident site quickly.

The prototype has been tested extensively, demonstrating high accuracy in accident detection
and reliable emergency communication. The Smart Helmet represents a significant
advancement in wearable safety technology, combining functionality, reliability, and ease of
use.

Beyond motorcyclists, the design is scalable and adaptable, offering potential applications in
industrial safety, cycling, and sports. By integrating cutting-edge technologies into everyday
safety gear, this project underscores the transformative potential of IoT in reducing road
accident fatalities and ensuring swift emergency response.

iv
 Contents
Title Page No.

Certificate i
Declaration Certificate ii
Acknowledgements iii
Abstract iv
List of Figures vii
List of Tables viii
List of Abbreviations ix

Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Overview of Road Safety Challenges 10
1.2 Importance of Smart Helmets 10
1.3 Problem Formulation 10
1.4 Objectives 11
1.5 Project Features and Capabilities 11
1.6 Challenges in Implementation 11
1.7 Software and Tools Used 12
Chapter 2: Literature Survey
2.1 Previous Work on Accident Detection systems 13
2.2 Advancements in IoT for Wearables Safety devices 13
2.3 Applications of GPS and GSM in emergency Systems 13
Chapter 3: Components and System design
3.1 List of Components 14
3.1.1 Arduino UNO 14
3.1.2 ADXL 335 Accelerometer 15
3.1.3 GSM 900A module 16
3.1.4 GPS Neo-6m Module 17
3.1.5 LCD LM016L Display 18
3.1.6 Copper Clad Board 19
3.1.7 3.7V Batteries 20
3.1.8 Voltage Regulator 21
3.2 Circuit Diagram and PCB Design 22
3.3 PCB Design Layout and Process 26
3.4 Functional Block Diagram 27
Chapter 4: Implementation and Methodology
4.1 Data Collection and Processing 28
4.2 Accident Detection Mechanism 29

v
 4.3 Location Tracking System 29
4.4 Emergency Alert System 30
4.5 Arduino Programming and Libraries Used 31
4.6 Working of Smart Helmet System 32
Chapter 5: Results and Observations
5.1 Testing Scenarios and Setup 35
5.2 Accuracy and Performance of Accident Detection 35
5.3 Limitations in Real-World Scenarios 36
5.4 Observations on Emergency Communication 37
5.5 Possibilities for System Improvement 37
5.6 Visual Representation of Prototype 38
Chapter 6: Challenges and Future Scope
6.1 Identified Challenges 40
6.1.1 Sensor Sensitivity and False Positives 40
6.1.2 GPS Calibration Delays 40
6.1.3 Communication limitations 40
6.1.4 Power Consumption 41
6.1.5 Environmental and Real-World Challenges 41
6.2 Future Scope 41
6.2.1 Enhanced Sensors for Improved Accuracy 41
6.2.2 Parallel Communication for Emergency Alerts 41
6.2.3 Mobile Application Integration 42
6.2.4 Improved GPS Functionality 42
6.2.5 Advanced Power Management 42
6.2.6 Expanded Applications of the Helmet 42
6.2.7 Voice and Audio Feedback Integration 42
6.2.8 Machine Learning for Enhanced Decision Making 42
Chapter 7: Conclusion
7.1 Summary of the Project 44
7.2 Key Achievements 44
7.3 Challenges and Limitations 45
7.4 Future Implications 45
7.5 Concluding Remarks 45
References 46

vi
 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No. Figure Title Page No.

3.1 Arduino UNO 14

3.2 ADXL 335 Accelerometer 15

3.3 GSM 900A 16

3.4 GPS Neo-6m 17

3.5 LCD LM016L 16x2 18

3.6 Copper Clad Board 19

3.7 Lithium-ion 3.7v Battery 20

3.8 Voltage Regulator 7805 21

3.9 Circuit Diagram 22

3.10 PCB Layout 26

3.11 Block Diagram 27

5.1 Top View of Helmet 38

5.2 Rear View of Helmet 38

5.3 Left View of Helmet 39

5.4 Right View of Helmet 39

vii
 LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Table Title Page No.

3.1 Arduino UNO Specifications 14

3.2 ADXL 335 Accelerometer Specifications 15
3.3 GSM 900A Specifications 16
3.4 GPS Neo-6m 17
3.5 LCD LM016L 16x2 Specifications 18
3.6 Copper Clad Board Specifications 19
3.7 Lithium-Ion Battery Specifications 20
3.8 7805 Voltage Regulator Specifications 21
5.1 Performance Summary 36

viii
 List of Abbreviations

LCD Liquid Crystal Display

IoT Internet of Things

GSM Global System for Mobile Communications

GPS Global Positioning System

PCB Printed Circuit Board

ML Machine Learning

Wi-Fi Wireless Fidelity

ix
 Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1 Overview of Road Safety Challenges

Road accidents are a major global issue, contributing to over 1.3 million deaths annually, as
reported by the World Health Organization (WHO). For every fatality, there are dozens of
survivors who suffer life-altering injuries. Despite technological advancements in vehicles and
road infrastructure, the human factor remains a predominant cause of accidents. Reckless
driving, distracted riding, and inadequate protective measures exacerbate the risks for two-
wheeler riders.

While helmets significantly reduce the risk of fatal head injuries, they do not address other
critical factors like timely emergency response. Delayed medical attention often worsens the
severity of injuries, highlighting the need for solutions that go beyond passive protection.

1.2 Importance of Smart Helmets

The evolution of wearable technology, particularly in the domain of safety gear, has given rise
to smart helmets. Unlike traditional helmets, smart helmets integrate sensors and
communication technologies to actively detect accidents and trigger emergency responses.
They are especially beneficial for motorcyclists, as two-wheelers are more vulnerable to
accidents.

By combining impact detection, GPS tracking, and GSM-based communication, smart helmets
can enhance road safety by reducing the time between an accident and medical assistance. This
integration represents a proactive approach to road safety, turning a simple protective device
into an intelligent life-saving tool.

1.3 Problem Formulation

Traditional helmets are primarily designed to protect the head from physical injuries. However,
they lack the ability to detect accidents, communicate with emergency contacts, or assist riders
in critical situations. This limitation often leads to delayed responses in emergencies, resulting
in severe consequences.

10
Furthermore, existing accident detection systems are usually vehicle-mounted and cannot cater
to the needs of individual riders. This project aims to address these issues by developing a smart
helmet capable of real-time accident detection and communication.

1.4 Objectives

The primary objectives of this project are as follows:

1. To develop a functional prototype of a smart helmet capable of detecting accidents in

real time.

2. To integrate advanced sensors like the ADXL 335 accelerometer for precise motion
detection.

3. To implement GPS tracking for accurate location identification.

4. To design a GSM-based alert system for sending automated SOS messages.

5. To ensure that the system is compact, efficient, and user-friendly.

1.5 Project Features and Capabilities

The smart helmet prototype includes the following key features:

 Impact Detection: Detects abnormal motion or impacts using the accelerometer.

 Location Tracking: Provides precise GPS coordinates of the accident location.

 Emergency Alerts: Sends automated SOS messages to preconfigured contacts via

GSM.

 Visual Feedback: Displays system status and location information on an LCD screen.

 Compact Design: Integrates all components into a lightweight, wearable helmet.

1.6 Challenges in Implementation

1. Sensor Sensitivity: The accelerometer’s high sensitivity may result in false triggers,
such as during accidental helmet drops.

2. GPS Calibration: GPS modules often require a significant calibration period, which
can delay location tracking.

11
 3. Communication Delays: The GSM module sends SMS sequentially, increasing the
time taken to notify multiple contacts.

1.7 Software and Tools Used

The development of the smart helmet involves the following tools and software:

 Arduino IDE: Used for writing and uploading code to the Arduino UNO.

 TinyGPS++ Library: Facilitates parsing of GPS data for location tracking.

 SoftwareSerial Library: Enables communication with multiple serial devices like

GSM and GPS modules.

 PCB Design Software: Used for designing the circuit layout for the helmet.

12
 Chapter 2
Literature Survey
2.1 Previous Work on Accident Detection Systems

Accident detection systems have primarily been implemented in vehicles, utilizing

technologies such as impact sensors, gyroscopes, and accelerometers. These systems are
capable of identifying crashes and notifying emergency services. However, such systems are
not suitable for motorcyclists, as they are vehicle-dependent and lack portability.

Studies have explored the use of IoT in vehicle safety systems, showcasing promising results
in terms of real-time communication and location tracking. Wearable solutions, such as smart
helmets, represent the next step in this evolution by addressing the specific needs of riders.

2.2 Advancements in IoT for Wearable Safety Devices

The Internet of Things (IoT) has revolutionized wearable devices by enabling real-time data
collection, processing, and communication. In safety applications, IoT facilitates:

 Continuous monitoring of environmental and user conditions.

 Automated responses to emergencies.

 Data transmission over reliable networks like GSM and Wi-Fi.

Smart helmets harness these capabilities, offering a seamless integration of safety features such
as accident detection, GPS tracking, and emergency alerting. These advancements make them
ideal for mitigating risks faced by motorcyclists.

2.3 Applications of GPS and GSM in Emergency Systems

GPS and GSM are critical components of modern emergency response systems. GPS provides
accurate location tracking, enabling emergency responders to reach the accident site quickly.
GSM facilitates communication over cellular networks, ensuring that alerts are sent reliably.

In the context of smart helmets, GPS and GSM work together to deliver timely and accurate
alerts. The GPS module retrieves the exact location of the accident, while the GSM module
sends this information to preconfigured contacts, ensuring a swift response.

13
 Chapter 3
Components and System Design
3.1 List of Components

3.1.1 Arduino UNO: The Arduino UNO acts as the central processing unit, orchestrating
all operations, including data collection, processing, and communication.

Specifications:

Specification Details

Microcontroller ATmega328P

Operating Voltage 5V

Digital I/O pins 14 (6PWM)

Analog Input pins 6

Clock Speed 16MHz

Flash Memory 32KB

SRAM 2KB

EEPROM 1KB

Arduino UNO Specifications Table 3.1

Fig 3.1- Arduino UNO

14
3.1.2 ADXL 335 Accelerometer: Detects sudden changes in acceleration across three axes
(X, Y, Z), which are used to determine if an accident has occurred.

Specifications:

Specification Details

Voltage Range 1.8V-3.6V

Output Type Analog

Measurement Type ±3g

Sensitivity 300 mV/g

Bandwidth Configurable (0.5 Hz-1600 Hz)

Power Consumption ~350µA

ADXL 335 Accelerometer Specifications Table 3.2

Fig 3.2- ADXL 335 Accelerometer

15
3.1.3 GSM 900A Module: Enables SMS-based communication by sending accident alerts
to preconfigured contacts.

Specifications:

Specification Details

Operating Voltage 3.4-4.4V

Frequency Range 900/1800 MHz

Data Services GPRS multi-slot class 10

Communication UART interface, baud rate 9600

Power Consumption Idle: ~1.5 mA

Antenna Requirements External antenna

GSM 900A Specifications Table 3.3

Fig 3.3- GSM 900A

16
3.1.4 GPS Neo-6m Module: Tracks and records the helmet’s real-time location in latitude
and longitude.
Specifications:

Specification Details

Position Accuracy 2.5 meters

Time to first fix 27 seconds

Velocity Accuracy 0.1 m/s

Update Rate Up to 5 Hz

Operating Voltage 2.7V-3.6V

Antenna Requirements External antenna

Power Consumption ~45 mA (tracking mode)

GPS Neo-6m Specifications Table 3.4

Fig 3.4- GPS Neo-6m

17
3.1.5 LCD LM016L 16x2 Display: Displays system status, accident detection messages,
and location data for user feedback.
Specifications:

Specification Details

Display Type Character-based (16x2)

Interface 4-bit or 8-bit parallel

Operating Voltage 4.7V-5.3V

Without Backlight: ~ 1 mA
Current Consumption
With Backlight ~ 15 mA

Character Size 5x8 dot matrix

Viewing Area ~64x16 mm

Backlight Type LED (White/Green)

LCD LM016L 16x2 Specifications Table 3.5

Fig 3.5- LCD LM016L 16x2

18
3.1.6 Copper Clad Board: Houses and connects all components securely. Serves as a base
for mounting electronic components.

Specifications:

Specification Details

Material Copper on fiberglass substrate

Standard: 1 oz/ft2 (~35 µm)

Copper Thickness
Options: 0.5 oz-3/ft2

Board Thickness 1.6 mm

Conductivity High

Heat Resistance Up to 130oC

Sizes Customizable sheet sizes

Copper Clad Board Specifications Table 3.6

Fig 3.6- Copper Clad Board

19
3.1.7 3 x 3.7V Batteries: Ensures reliable power for the system's operations.

Specifications:

Specification Details

Battery Type Lithium-ion

Nominal Voltage 3.7V per cell

Total Voltage 11.1V (combined)

Capacity ~2000 mAh per cell

Energy Density ~150 Wh/kg

Rechargeable yes

Charging: 0-45oC
Operating temperature
Discharging: -20 to 60oC

Lithium-Ion Battery Specifications Table 3.7

Fig 3.7- lithium-ion 3.7v Battery

20
3.1.8 Specifications: 7805 Voltage Regulator, a member of the 78xx series of fixed linear
voltage regulators used to maintain such fluctuations, is a popular voltage regulator
integrated circuit (IC)

Specification Details

Output Voltage 5V

Input Voltage Range 7V-25V

Dropout Voltage 2V

Output Current Up to 1.5A

Maximum Input Voltage 35V

Operating Temperature -40 oC to +125 oC

Charging: 0-45oC
Operating temperature
Discharging: -20 to 60oC

7805 Voltage Regulator Specifications Table 3.8

Fig 3.8 - Voltage regulator 7805

21
3.2 Circuit Diagram and PCB Design

The circuit integrates components like the Arduino UNO, GSM, GPS, and accelerometer. It is
designed to minimize interference and ensure consistent signal flow. The PCB layout arranges
components compactly while maintaining functionality and durability.

Fig 3.9- Circuit diagram

Circuit Connections

1. Arduino UNO (Central Controller)

Connections:

 Power: The Arduino is powered by the regulated 5V output from the 7805.

 Communication:

o Pins 8 (RX) and 9 (TX): Connected to the GSM 900A for sending SMS alerts.

o Pins 10 (RX) and 11 (TX): Connected to the GPS Neo-6m module for location
tracking.

o Pins 2, 3, 4, 5, 12, and 13: Connected to the LCD 16x2 for displaying messages.

o Analog Pins A1, A2, and A3: Connected to the X, Y, and Z outputs of the ADXL
335 accelerometer.

22
Role:

 Acts as the brain of the system, processing inputs from sensors, controlling modules,
and executing the logic for accident detection and alert sending.

2. GSM 900A Module (Emergency Communication)

The GSM module communicates with the Arduino using UART (serial communication).

Connections:

 TX and RX Pins: Connected to Arduino pins 8 (RX) and 9 (TX) for serial
communication.

 VCC: Connected to the 5V supply from the 7805 regulator.

 GND: Connected to the common ground.

 Antenna: Connected externally for improved signal strength.

Role:

 Sends SMS alerts to preconfigured emergency contacts when an accident is detected.

 Operates using AT commands received from the Arduino.

3. GPS Neo-6m Module (Location Tracking)

Connections:

 TX and RX Pins: Connected to Arduino pins 10 (RX) and 11 (TX) for serial
communication.

 VCC: Connected to the 3.3V pin of the Arduino.

 GND: Connected to the common ground.

 Antenna: External active antenna connected for precise location tracking.

Role:

 Fetches latitude and longitude coordinates of the helmet’s current location.

 Provides this data to the Arduino for inclusion in the SMS alert.

23
4. LCD 16x2 Display

The LCD display is used to show system status and GPS data.

Connections:

 RS (Register Select): Connected to Arduino pin 12.

 EN (Enable): Connected to Arduino pin 13.

 Data Pins (D4–D7): Connected to Arduino pins 5, 4, 3, and 2, respectively.

 VCC: Connected to the 5V output from the 7805.

 GND: Connected to the common ground.

 Backlight: Powered by the 5V line with a current-limiting resistor.

Role:

 Displays system messages, such as initialization status, accident detection alerts, and
GPS coordinates, to the user.

5. Power Supply System

Components Involved:

 3 x 3.7V Lithium-Ion Batteries: Combined to provide ~11.1V as the main power

source.

 7805 Voltage Regulator: Ensures a stable 5V output required for most components.

Connections:

 The battery output is connected to the input pin of the 7805 voltage regulator.

 The output pin of the regulator provides a constant 5V supply to the Arduino UNO,
GSM, GPS, LCD, and ADXL 335.

 A capacitor (typically 0.33 µF at input and 0.1 µF at output) is placed across the 7805
for voltage stability.

Role:

24
  Provides a consistent and regulated power supply to all components, ensuring safe and
efficient operation.

6. Accelerometer ADXL 335 (Motion Detection):

Connections:

 VCC: Connected to the 3.3V output of the Arduino.

 GND: Connected to the Arduino's ground.

 X, Y, Z Outputs: Connected to analog pins A1, A2, and A3 of the Arduino.

Role:

 Measures acceleration along three axes (X, Y, Z) to detect abnormal motion indicative
of an accident.

 Outputs analog voltage corresponding to the acceleration, which is read and processed
by the Arduino.

7. Capacitors (For Stability):

Connections:

 One capacitor (0.33 µF) is placed across the input of the 7805 regulator.

 Another capacitor (0.1 µF) is placed across the output of the regulator.

Role:

 Stabilizes the voltage supply, reduces noise, and ensures smooth operation of the
regulator.

8. Common Ground:

All components (Arduino, GSM, GPS, LCD, ADXL 335, and the power supply system) share
a common ground to ensure proper circuit operation and prevent voltage mismatches.

25
3.3 PCB Design Layout and Process

 Design Layout: Created the circuit layout using PCB design software
 Print Design: Printed the layout onto butter paper / Transparent paper.
 Prepare Board: Clean the copper clad board.
 Transfer Design: Used heated Iron to transfer the design onto the board.
 Etching: Submerged the board into Ferric chloride solution to remove exposed
copper.
 Drilling: Drilled holes for components.
 Place Components: Placed the components into drilled holes according to layout.
 Solder Components: Solder the components to secure them in place and ensure
connections.

Layout for PCB

Fig 3.10- PCB Layout

26
3.4 Functional Block Diagram
The block diagram provides a high-level view of the system's operations:

1. Impact Detection: ADXL 335 detects motion anomalies.

2. Data Processing: Arduino UNO processes inputs and triggers actions.

3. Location Tracking: GPS retrieves real-time coordinates.

4. Emergency Alerts: GSM sends SOS messages.

5. Feedback Display: LCD provides real-time system status.

Fig 3.11- Block Diagram

27
 Chapter 4
Implementation and Methodology
The implementation of the smart helmet system involves integrating sensors, communication
modules, and a microcontroller to achieve accident detection and alert functionality. This
chapter explains the design approach, key mechanisms, and the programming logic behind the
system.

4.1 Data Collection and Processing

The ADXL 335 accelerometer is the primary sensor for detecting motion and impacts. It
continuously monitors acceleration along the X, Y, and Z axes, providing analog outputs.
These values are read by the Arduino UNO’s analog pins and processed to determine if they
exceed predefined thresholds.

Code Snippet: Accelerometer Calibration and Data Reading

#define x A1
#define y A2
#define z A3
int xsample = 0;
int ysample = 0;
int zsample = 0;
#define samples 10
#define minVal -50
#define MaxVal 50
void setup() {
// Accelerometer Calibration
[Link]("Calibrating Accelerometer");
for (int i = 0; i < samples; i++) {
xsample += analogRead(x);
ysample += analogRead(y);
zsample += analogRead(z);
}
xsample /= samples;
ysample /= samples;
zsample /= samples;
[Link]("Accelerometer Calibrated:");
[Link](xsample);
[Link](ysample);
[Link](zsample);
}

28
The accelerometer is calibrated during initialization to establish baseline values for X, Y, and
Z axes. The system then continuously reads real-time values and calculates the deviation from
the baseline.

4.2 Accident Detection Mechanism

The accident detection logic is based on threshold analysis. If the deviation in acceleration
(difference between baseline and real-time values) exceeds the defined thresholds (minVal and
MaxVal), the system interprets it as a potential accident.

Code Snippet: Accident Detection logic

void loop() {
int value1 = analogRead(x);
int value2 = analogRead(y);
int value3 = analogRead(z);

int xValue = xsample - value1;

int yValue = ysample - value2;
int zValue = zsample - value3;

if (xValue < minVal || xValue > MaxVal || yValue < minVal || yValue > MaxVal
|| zValue < minVal || zValue > MaxVal) {
[Link]("Accident Detected");
[Link]("Accident Detected");
get_gps();
show_coordinate();
Send();
}
}

4.3 Location Tracking System

The GPS Neo-6m module retrieves the current location of the helmet, represented as latitude
and longitude coordinates. This data is formatted into a Google Maps link, which is sent to
emergency contacts via SMS.

Code Snippet: Retrieving GPS Coordinates

29
Retrieves and processes GPS coordinates for location tracking.

Retrieving GPS Coordinates

void get_gps() {
[Link]("Getting GPS Data...");
gps_status = 0;
while (gps_status == 0) {
gpsEvent();
coordinate2dec();
}
}

void coordinate2dec() {
String lat_degree = [Link](20, 22);
String lat_minute = [Link](22, 28);
float degree = lat_degree.toFloat();
float minute = lat_minute.toFloat() / 60.0;
latitude = degree + minute;

String long_degree = [Link](32, 35);

String long_minute = [Link](35, 41);
degree = long_degree.toFloat();
minute = long_minute.toFloat() / 60.0;
longitude = degree + minute;

[Link]("Latitude: ");
[Link](latitude);
[Link]("Longitude: ");
[Link](longitude);
}

4.4 Emergency Alert System

When an accident is detected, the system sends an SMS containing:

1. A message indicating an accident.

2. Latitude and longitude coordinates.

3. A Google Maps link to the accident location.

30
Code Snippet: Sending SMS Alerts via GSM Module

void Send() {
[Link]("AT");
delay(500);
[Link]("AT+CMGF=1"); // Set SMS to text mode
delay(500);
[Link]("AT+CMGS=\"");
[Link]("8684803848"); // Replace with recipient's number
[Link]("\"");
delay(500);
[Link]("Accident Detected at: ");
[Link]("Latitude: ");
[Link](latitude);
[Link](", Longitude: ");
[Link](logitude);
[Link]("[Link]
[Link](latitude, 6);
[Link](",");
[Link](logitude, 6);
[Link](26); // ASCII code for Ctrl+Z to send the message
delay(2000);
}

4.5 Arduino Programming and Libraries Used

The Arduino program leverages key libraries to simplify communication and functionality:

void initModule(String cmd, char *res, int t) {

while (true) {
[Link](cmd);
delay(100);
if ([Link](res)) {
[Link](res);
delay(t);
return;
} else {
[Link]("Error Initializing Module");
}
}
}

31
 1. SoftwareSerial: Manages serial communication with the GSM and GPS modules.

2. TinyGPS++: Parses and formats GPS data into human-readable coordinates.

3. LiquidCrystal: Displays messages and alerts on the 16x2 LCD.

4.6 Working of the Smart Helmet System

The Smart Helmet with SOS Alert integrates multiple components to detect accidents and
send emergency alerts. The system operates in the following sequential steps:

System Initialization

 Power On:

o When the helmet is powered on, the Arduino UNO initializes all connected
components, including the LCD, GPS module, GSM module, and ADXL 335
accelerometer.

o A system check is performed to ensure all modules are functioning properly.

o Status messages such as "System Initializing" and "System Ready" are

displayed on the LCD.

 Accelerometer Calibration:

o The accelerometer collects baseline values for the X, Y, and Z axes during
initialization. These values represent the helmet's stable position and are used
as reference points for accident detection.

2. Motion Monitoring and Accident Detection

 The ADXL 335 accelerometer continuously measures acceleration along the X, Y,

and Z axes.

 The Arduino compares the real-time acceleration values with the baseline. If the
deviation exceeds predefined thresholds, it is interpreted as an accident.

 Threshold values are set based on experimental data to differentiate between normal
movements (e.g., riding, turning) and abnormal impacts (e.g., collisions).

32
  When an accident is detected, the system triggers the next phase: location tracking
and emergency alert.

3. GPS Location Tracking

 The GPS Neo-6m module fetches the helmet's real-time coordinates in latitude and
longitude.

 These coordinates are formatted into a Google Maps link for easy navigation by
emergency responders.

Example GPS Output:

 Latitude: 28.612953

 Longitude: 77.2293563

 Google Maps Link: [Link]

4. Sending SOS Alert

 The Arduino communicates with the GSM 900A module using AT commands to send
an SMS to preconfigured emergency contacts.

 The SMS contains:

o A message indicating an accident.

o Latitude and longitude of the accident site.

o A Google Maps link for quick access to the location.

Example SMS Content:

Accident Detected!

Location: Latitude: 28.612953, Longitude: 77.2293563

Google Maps: [Link]

5. User Feedback via LCD

 The LCD displays system status and alerts to the user.

33
  Messages include:

o "Accident Detected"

o "Sending SMS"

o "SMS Sent"

This ensures the user is aware of the system's actions at every step.

6. Real-Time Functionality

 The system continuously monitors motion and is always ready to detect accidents.

 Components like the GPS and GSM modules remain in standby mode to conserve
power but activate immediately upon accident detection.

34
 Chapter 5
Results and Observations
This chapter presents the outcomes of the testing and evaluation process for the Smart Helmet
with SOS Alert. It includes observations from simulated and real-world scenarios, identifies
limitations, and discusses the system’s overall performance.

5.1 Testing Scenarios and Setup

The smart helmet system was rigorously tested under various scenarios to validate its
functionality:

1. Simulated Accidents:

o The helmet was subjected to sudden impacts to simulate accident conditions.

o Testing was performed under controlled environments to observe sensor

readings and system response.

2. Controlled Drops:

o The helmet was dropped from varying heights (e.g., 1 meter, 2 meters) to
evaluate false trigger rates.

5.2 Accuracy and Performance of Accident Detection

5.2.1 Impact Detection:

 Detection Rate: The system detected accidents with an accuracy of ~85% during
simulated tests.

 False Positives: Approximately 10% of the tests resulted in false triggers caused by
accidental drops or jerks.

5.2.2 GPS Tracking:

 Location Accuracy: The GPS Neo-6m module provided location coordinates with a
precision of up to 2.5 meters in open environments.

 Calibration Time: The GPS took an average of 20-30 seconds to acquire a signal under
normal conditions, with longer delays in urban areas.

35
5.2.3 Emergency Alerts:

 The GSM 900A module successfully sent SMS alerts in 95% of the cases.

 Alerts contained the following information:

1. Accident detection message.

2. Latitude and longitude coordinates.

3. A clickable Google Maps link.

Performance Summary:

Parameter Result
Accident Detection Rate 85% Accuracy
False Positive Rate 25%
GPS Accuracy 2.5 meters
SMS Success Rate 95%
GPS Signal Calibration 20-30 seconds

Table 5.1

5.3 Limitations in Real-World Scenarios

The following limitations were identified during testing:

1. GPS Calibration Delays:

o In dense urban areas or under heavy tree cover, the GPS took longer to acquire
a signal.

2. False Positives:

o The accelerometer occasionally misinterpreted sudden movements or helmet

drops as accidents.

3. Sequential SMS Dispatch:

o The GSM module’s inability to send SMS messages to multiple contacts

simultaneously resulted in delays when notifying multiple recipients.

36
 4. Power Consumption:

o Continuous operation of GPS and GSM modules drained the battery faster
during extended usage.

5.4 Observations on Emergency Communication

The emergency alert system was a key focus during testing, and the following observations
were noted:

1. Reliability:

o SMS alerts were delivered reliably, with a high success rate even in areas with
moderate cellular coverage.

2. Speed of Alerts:

o While the SMS dispatch system was effective, sequential messaging caused
slight delays when notifying multiple contacts.

3. Message Format:

o The alerts contained all the necessary details, including a clickable Google
Maps link, ensuring that recipients could easily locate the accident site.

5.5 Possibilities for System Improvement

Based on testing results, the following improvements are needed:

1. Improve Sensor Accuracy:

o Introduce gyroscopes or use sensor fusion techniques to reduce false positives.

2. Optimize GPS Performance:

o Implement algorithms to predict location based on the last known position

during signal loss.

3. Enhance SMS Dispatch:

o Upgrade to a GSM module that supports parallel SMS sending or integrate

internet-based alert systems.

37
5.6 Visual Representation of Prototype

The following images represent the Smart Helmet prototype .

Fig 5.1 – Top view of helmet

Fig 5.2 – Rear view of helmet

38
Fig 5.3 Left View of helmet

Fig 5.4 Right View of helmet

39
 Chapter 6
Challenges and Future Scope
The Smart Helmet with SOS Alert is a significant step forward in leveraging IoT for wearable
safety devices. While the system successfully integrates real-time accident detection and
communication, several challenges were encountered during development. These challenges
provide opportunities for future enhancements to improve its accuracy, reliability, and overall
functionality.

6.1 Identified Challenges

6.1.1 Sensor Sensitivity and False Positives

 The ADXL 335 accelerometer is highly sensitive, which occasionally results in false
positives.

o For example, accidental drops of the helmet or sudden jerks can be

misinterpreted as accidents.

o This sensitivity, while essential for detecting impacts, requires additional

filtering or complementary sensors to improve accuracy.

6.1.2 GPS Calibration Delays

 The GPS Neo-6m module takes time to calibrate, especially in areas with poor satellite
visibility (e.g., under dense tree cover or in urban canyons).

o This delay can hinder the system’s ability to provide immediate location data in
emergencies.

o Real-time GPS lock remains a challenge, particularly in dynamic environments.

6.1.3 Communication Limitations

 The GSM 900A module sends SMS alerts sequentially, meaning it notifies one contact
at a time.

o This results in delays when notifying multiple emergency contacts.

40
 o Simultaneous or parallel messaging systems are needed to reduce response
times.

6.1.4 Power Consumption

 The system relies on 3 x 3.7V batteries for power, which need to support multiple
components simultaneously (e.g., GSM, GPS, Arduino).

o Extended use can drain the battery quickly, especially during continuous GPS
tracking or frequent SMS alerts.

o Efficient power management or alternative energy sources (e.g., solar) could

address this issue.

6.1.5 Environmental and Real-World Challenges

 Dust, moisture, and vibrations from regular helmet use could potentially interfere with
the system’s components.

 Ensuring durability and robustness in challenging environmental conditions remains a

critical consideration.

6.2 Future Scope

6.2.1 Enhanced Sensors for Improved Accuracy

 Gyroscopes and Multi-Axis Sensors: Incorporating gyroscopes alongside

accelerometers can provide more accurate motion analysis, reducing false positives
caused by simple drops or vibrations.

6.2.2 Parallel Communication for Emergency Alerts

 The current GSM module sends SMS alerts sequentially, leading to delays. Future
designs could include:

o Parallel Messaging Systems: Upgrading to GSM modules or software capable

of sending multiple messages simultaneously.

41
 o Integration with Cloud-Based Alerts: Leveraging internet-based notification
systems (e.g., email, app notifications) for faster and broader communication.

6.2.3 Mobile Application Integration

 A companion mobile app could significantly enhance the system's functionality by:

o Allowing users to customize emergency contact lists.

o Monitoring helmet status and battery life.

o Providing manual override or additional features like real-time tracking for

family members.

6.2.4 Improved GPS Functionality

 GPS and GLONASS Dual Support: Incorporating support for multiple satellite
systems can improve accuracy and reduce calibration times.

6.2.5 Advanced Power Management

 Power Optimization: Implementing low-power modes for components when idle.

6.2.6 Expanded Applications of the Helmet

 Industrial Safety: Adapting the smart helmet for workers in hazardous industries (e.g.,
mining, construction).

 Cyclist Safety: Modifying the design for bicycle helmets to cater to urban riders.

6.2.7 Voice and Audio Feedback Integration

 Audio Alerts: Adding beeping sounds or voice notifications to inform the user about
system status (e.g., "GPS signal acquired," "Accident detected").

6.2.8 Machine Learning for Enhanced Decision-Making

 Incorporating machine learning algorithms to analyze motion patterns and distinguish

between actual accidents and false positives.

42
 Chapter 7
Conclusion
The Smart Helmet with SOS Alert is a pioneering safety system designed to address critical
challenges faced by motorcyclists. By integrating advanced technologies like accelerometers,
GPS, and GSM modules, the helmet provides real-time accident detection and automated
emergency communication, significantly enhancing rider safety.

7.1 Summary of the Project

The project successfully combines IoT technologies into a compact, wearable device capable
of:

 Detecting potential accidents through motion analysis using the ADXL 335
accelerometer.

 Accurately tracking the user’s location using the GPS Neo-6m module.

 Sending emergency SMS alerts with precise location details via the GSM 900A module.

 Providing immediate user feedback through the LCD display.

This system represents a practical implementation of IoT in personal safety gear, offering an
effective solution to minimize the time between an accident and medical assistance.

7.2 Key Achievements

1. Accident Detection: The helmet achieved an accident detection accuracy of

approximately 85%, with reliable identification of impacts and abnormal motion
patterns.

2. Emergency Alerts: The GSM-based alert system consistently sent SMS notifications
to emergency contacts, ensuring timely communication.

3. Ease of Use: The system’s compact design, intuitive user interface, and clear LCD
feedback make it practical for everyday use.

4. Scalability: The modular nature of the design allows for future enhancements, such as
integrating additional sensors or expanding communication capabilities.

43
7.3 Challenges and Limitations

While the project achieved its primary objectives, certain limitations were observed during
testing and real-world application:

 False Positives: High sensitivity of the accelerometer occasionally resulted in false

triggers.

 GPS Calibration: Delays in acquiring GPS signals under certain conditions impacted
location tracking efficiency.

 Sequential Communication: The current GSM module’s inability to send

simultaneous messages increased notification delays for multiple contacts.

 Battery Life: Prolonged operation of GPS and GSM modules affected power
consumption.

7.4 Future Implications

The Smart Helmet with SOS Alert demonstrates the potential of integrating IoT into wearable
safety devices. Beyond motorcyclists, this technology can be adapted for other use cases, such
as:

 Industrial Safety Helmets: Enhancing worker safety in hazardous environments like

mining and construction.

 Bicycle Helmets: Providing urban cyclists with added safety features.

 Sports Gear: Monitoring athletes in extreme sports for potential injuries or accidents.

7.5 Concluding Remarks

The Smart Helmet with SOS Alert represents a transformative approach to rider safety,
showcasing the possibilities of IoT in reducing road accident fatalities. By addressing identified
challenges, future iterations of the helmet can deliver even greater reliability, efficiency, and
functionality.

This project serves as a stepping stone toward broader applications of wearable safety devices,
emphasizing the importance of real-time communication and proactive safety measures.

44
 References
[1] S. R. Gadkari and S. R. Sathe, Design and Implementation of Accident Detection System
Using GSM and GPS, International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer
Engineering & Technology, Vol. 4, Issue 4, 2015.
[2] Patil, H. P., et al., Smart Helmet Using IoT, International Journal of Innovative Research
in Science, Engineering and Technology, Vol. 7, Issue 6, 2018.
[3] TinyGPS++ Library Documentation, retrieved from
[Link]
[4] GSM 900A Module Datasheet, retrieved from [Link]
module-sim900/.
[5] Neo-6m GPS Module Datasheet, retrieved from [Link]
[Link]/en/product/neo-6-series.
[6] ADXL 335 Accelerometer Datasheet, Analog Devices, retrieved from
[Link]
[7] Arduino IDE and Libraries Documentation, retrieved from
[Link]
[8] LiquidCrystal Library Reference, retrieved from
[Link]
[9] M. G. Nair and R. P. Naik, Wearable Smart Helmet for Accident Detection and Rescue,
IEEE International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communications, and
Informatics, 2016.
[10] Research on IoT Applications in Road Safety, published in the Journal of Transportation
Engineering, Vol. 146, Issue 2, 2020.

45