S T. XAVIER ’ S SR . SEC .
SC HOOL
SESSION (2023-2024)
PHYSICS
PRACTICAL FILE
SUBMITTED TO SUBMITTED BY
DRON
Mrs. PRIYANKA SINGLA
CLASS= 11(A)
ROLL NO= 12
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Dron of class XI has
successfully completed the investigatory project
on the topic “SIMPLE PENDULUM” under my
guidance during the year 2023-2024 in the
partial fulfillment of the physics practical
examination conducted by CBSE.
Teacher
External Examiner Principal
INDEX
1. Declaration 1
2. Acknowledgement 2
3. Simple pendulum 3
definition
4. Time period of simple 4–5
pendulum
5. Energy of simple 6-7
pendulum
6. Bibliography 8
DECLARATION
I do hereby declare that this project work has
been originally carried under the guidance and
Supervision of Mrs. Priyanka Singla, Physics
Teacher, St. Xavier’s Sr. Sec. School, Sirsa.
KRISHNA
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to sincerely and profusely thank my
Physics teacher Ms. Priyanka Singla, for her able
guidance and support in completing my project. I
would also like to extend my gratitude to the principal
for providing me with all the facility that was required.
Last but not the least, I would extend my gratitude
towards all teaching and non teaching staff of St.
Xavier’s Sr. Sec. School and towards my friends who
has supported me to complete this project.
KRISHNA
SIMPLE PENDULAM
DEFINATION
A simple pendulum is a mechanical arrangement
that demonstrates periodic motion. The simple
pendulum comprises a small bob of mass ‘m’
suspended by a thin string secured to a platform at
its upper end of length L.
The simple pendulum is a mechanical system that
sways or moves in an oscillatory motion. This
motion occurs in a vertical plane and is mainly
driven by gravitational force. Interestingly, the bob
that is suspended at the end of a thread is very
light; somewhat, we can say it is even massless. The
period of a simple pendulum can be made extended
by increasing the length string while taking the
measurements from the point of suspension to the
middle of the bob. However, it should be noted that
if the mass of the bob is changed, the period will
remain unchanged. The period is influenced mainly
by the position of the pendulum in relation to
Earth, as the strength of the gravitational field is
not uniform everywhere.
TIME PERIOD OF SIMPLE
PENDULAM
A point mass M is suspended from the end of a light
inextensible string, whose upper end is fixed to a
rigid support. The mass is displaced from its mean
position.
Assumptions:
•There is negligible friction from the air and the
system
•The arm of the pendulum does not bend or
compress and is massless
•The pendulum swings in a perfect plane
•Gravity remains constant
Time Period of Simple
Pendulum Derivation
Using the equation of motion, T – mg cosθ = mv2L
The torque tends to bring the mass to its
equilibrium position,
τ = mgL × sinθ = mgsinθ × L = I × α
For small angles of oscillations sin θ ≈ θ,
Therefore, Iα = -mgLθ
α = -(mgLθ)/I
– ω02 θ = -(mgLθ)/I
ω02 = (mgL)/I
ω0 = √(mgL/I)
Using I = ML2, [where I denote the moment of inertia
of bob]
we get, ω0 = √(g/L)
Therefore, the time period of a simple pendulum is
given by,
T = 2π/ω0 = 2π × √(L/g)
Energy of Simple
Pendulum
Potential Energy
The potential energy is given by the basic equation
Potential energy = mgh
m is the mass of the object
g is the acceleration due to gravity
h is the height of the object
However, the movement of the pendulum is not
free fall; it is constrained by the rod or string. The
height is written in terms of angle θ and length L.
Thus, h = L(1 – cos θ)
When θ = 900, the pendulum is at the highest
point. Then cos 900 = 0, and h = L.
Therefore,
Potential Energy = mgL
When θ = 00, the pendulum is at the lowest point.
Then, cos 00 = 1. Therefore h = L (1-1) = 0
Potential energy = mgL (1-1) = 0
At all the points in between the potential energy is
given as mgL (1 – cos θ).
Kinetic Energy
The kinetic energy of the pendulum is given as K.E
= (1/2) mv2
m is the mass of the pendulum
v is the velocity of the pendulum
At the highest point, the kinetic energy is zero, and
it is maximum at the lowest point. However, the
total energy as a function of time is constant.
Mechanical Energy of the Bob
In a simple pendulum, the mechanical energy of
the simple pendulum is conserved.
E = KE + PE= 1/2 mv2 + mgL (1 – cos θ) = constant
BIBLIOGRAPHY
HELP FROM INTERNET
HELP FROM TEACHERS
NCERT TEXTBOOK
S.L ARORA
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