TISSUE

INTRODUCTION:
i) Unicellular organisms (Amoeba) – single cell carries all basic
functions (intake food, movement, respiration and excretion)
ii) Multicellular organisms – cells assigned functions
iii) Each function – Specialised group of cells. For ex-Human
being muscle cells contract and relax to cause movement;
nerve cell carry messages; blood flows to transport oxygen,
food, hormones and waste material and so on.
iv) In plants – Vascular tissue conduct water and food from one
part to other parts.
v) Multicellular organisms – Division of labour
vi) Cells specialising in one function are grouped together in
the body.
vii) Particular function – Cluster of cells at a definite place.
vii) TISSUE - Group of cells that are similar in structure and
work together to achieve a particular function.
PLANT TISSUE ANIMAL TISSUE
1. Plants are stationary and Animals are not stationary
fixed at one place. (mobile)
2. Plants need less energy. Animals need more energy.
Because search food, mates,
and shelter.
3. Most of tissue are Movement, Transportation,
Supportive and Mechanical Excretion, Digestion etc.
strength.
4. Most of the cells are dead. Most of the cells are living.
5. Indefinite growth- Plants Definite growth. animal organ
grow throughout life. more or less uniform growth
6. Dividing and non-dividing They do not contain dividing
tissues-located at specific and non-dividing tissues.
regions
 7. The structural organisation The structural organisation of
of plants are simple. animals are complicated.

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ACTIVITY
i) Take two glass jars and fill with water.
ii) Take two onion bulbs and one on each jar
iii) Observe the growth of roots in both bulbs for a few days.
iv) Measure the length of roots on day 1, 2 and 3.
v) Day 4 cut the root tips of the onion in jar-2. After this
observe the growth of roots in both the jars.
OBSERVATION: JAR-B: Stop root growth because root tip
contains meristematic tissue
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PLANT TISSUE

i) Group of cells joined to perform specific functions.

ii) Plant tissue divided into Meristematic and permanent tissue.
Meristematic tissue:
i) Group of living cells which are located at specific locations
and divide continuously to add new cells to the plant body.
ii) Characteristics of meristematic cells: The cells are similar
and have thin elastic cell wall.
iii) The cells may be round, oval, polygonal or rectangular.
iv) They are compactly arranged without intercellular spaces
between them.
v) Each cell – Dense cytoplasm and large prominent nucleus.

vi) They lack vacuole.

vii) Depending on the position it is divided into apical, lateral
and intercalary meristem.
viii)Apical meristem – Growing tip of stem and roots and
increases the length of stem and root.
ix) Lateral meristem – Radial region of stem and root and
increases girth of stem and root.
x) Intercalary meristem: Base of leaves or internode and
Internodal elongation and growth of leaves.
PERMANENT TISSUE :
i) Group of living or dead cells formed by meristemaic tissue
ii)They have lost their ability to divide and have permanently
placed at fixed positions in the plant body.
iii)This process of taking up a permanent shape, size and a
function is called differentiation.
iv) They are grouped into simple and complex.

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ACTIVITY:
i) Take a plant stem and cut into thin slices or sections.
ii) Stain the slices with safranin
iii) Place on a slide and put a drop of glycerine.
iv) Cover with a coverslip and observe under a microscope.
v) OBSERVTION: All cells are not similar
vi) Nine types of cells are: Epidermal cells; Hypodermal cells;
Cortex; Endodermis; Pericycle; Phloem; Cambium; Xylem
and Pith.
vii) Epidermal cells (Protection); Hypodermal cells (Mechanical
support); Cortex & Pith (Storage of food); Phloem
(Translocation of organic food); Cambium (Growth);
 Xylem (Transport of water and minerals)

SIMPLE PERMANENT TISSUE:

i) Group of similar cells which have common origin and
function.
ii) Simple permanent tissue is divided into parenchyma,
collenchyma and sclerenchyma.
PARENCHYMA:
i) Simple, living and unspecialised primitive tissue. Oval,
spherical, cylindrical etc.
ii) Thin walled cells which have intercellular spaces between
them.
iii) A few layers of cells form the basic packing tissue.
iv) It is distributed in almost all the parts of the plant body.
v) Storage parenchyma: Tissue support to plants and also
stores food.
vi) Chlorenchyma: It contains chlorophyll and perform
photosynthesis.
vii) Aerenchyma: In Aquatic plants large air cavities are
present and provide buoyancy to the plants to help
 them float.

COLLENCHYMA:
i) Cells are living, elongated and irregularly thickened cell wall.
Elongated, polygonal etc.
ii) It is only present in aerial parts of plant body (In leaf
stalk – Collenchyma present below the epidermis)
iii) Very little intercellular spaces.
iv) Flexibility of plants is due to collenchyma.
v) It allows easy bending in various parts of plant like
tendril and stem of climbers without breaking.
vi) It also provides mechanical support to plants.
SCLERENCHYMA:
i) They are long and narrow as the walls are thickened
due to lignin (cement like and hardens them).
ii) It is present in stems, around vascular tissue, veins of
leaves and hard covering of seeds and nuts.
iii) Cells are closely packed without intercellular spaces.
Polygonal, elongated etc.
iv) It is broadly grouped into sclerids and fibres.
v) It makes plant into hard and stiff.
vi) Husk of coconut made up of sclerenchyma. The cells
 of this tissue are dead.
----------------------------------------------------------------------ACTIVITY:
i) Take a freshly plucked rheo leaves---Stretch and break it by
applying pressure---while breaking it—keep it stretched
gently--- some peel or skin project out from the cut---
remove this peel and put in a petri dish filled with water—
add a few drops of safranin---wait for a couple of minutes
and then transfer it onto a slide --- gently place a coverslip
over it---observe under microscope.
OBSERVATION: Outer covering leaf is epidermis. It has
multicellular hairs. Epidermis of leaves is interrupted by
small pores called stomata. It is surrounded by two kidney
shaped guard cells.
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EPIDERMIS: i) Single layer of cells. Cells are flat without
intercellular spaces.
ii) Often their outer and side walls are thicker than the inner
wall.
iii)Desert plant has thick epidermis to prevent water loss.
Some desert plants epidermis has thick waxy coating of
Cutin (chemical with water proof quality)
iv)FUNCTIONS: Aerial parts epidermis-secrete waxy coating
to prevent water loss; mechanical injury and invasion by
parasitic fungi.
v) Epidermis of leaves and green stem is interrupted by small
pores called stomata. It is surrounded by two kidney shaped
guard cells.
vi)Stomata functions – Exchange of gases; Transpiration
vii)Transpiration – Loss of water in the water vapour
takes place through stomata.
viii)Root epidermis bear root hair (increase the total absorptive
surface area) which helps water and mineral absorption.
CORK OR BARK OF TREE:
i) As plants grow older- outer protective tissue undergoes
certain changes.
ii) Strip of secondary meristem replaces the epidermis of the
stem.
iii) Cells on the outside are cut off from this layer.
iv) Above layer forms the several layer thick cork or the bark
of the tree.
v) Cells of cork are dead and compactly arranged without
intercellular spaces.
vi) They also have a chemical called suberin in their walls
that makes them impervious to gases and water.
COMPLEX TISSUE
i) Group of more than one type of cells having a common
origin and working together as a unit to perform a
common function.
ii) It consists of xylem (wood) and phloem (bast).
iii) Both xylem and phloem are together called vascular tissue.
XYLEM PHLOEM
1) It conducts water and It conducts organic solutes.
inorganic solutes.

2. Conduction mostly occurs conduction may occur in both

one direction. directions.
3. Conducting channels are Conducting channels are
tracheids and vessels. sieve tubes & companion
cells.
4. Its components include Its components include sieve
tracheids, vessels, xylem tubes,sieve cells, companion
parenchyma and xylem fibres. cells, phloem parenchyma
and phloem fibres.
5. Tracheids, vessels, xylem sieve tubes, sieve
fibres are dead, and only cells,companion cells, phloem
xylem parenchyma is living. parenchyma are living and
only phloem fibres are dead.
6. Xylem provides mechanical Phloem does not provide
strength also. mechanical strength.

Perforated cells - Sieve tubes,

ANIMAL TISSUE
i) Different types of tissues which perform specific functions.
ii) Muscle – contraction and relaxation of muscle results in
movement of body parts; Blood – Transfer food material.
waste material, oxygen, Co2 etc; Nerve cell – transfer of
information.
iii) On the basis of function – Epithelial tissue; Muscular tissue;
Connective tissue and Nervous tissue.
EPITHELIAL TISSUE:
i) Covering or protective tissue in the animal body.
ii) It covers most organs and cavities within the body (Skin, the
lining of the mouth, the lining of blood vessels lung alveoli
and kidney tubules)
iii) It also forms barrier to keep different body systems
separate.
iv) Cells are tightly packed and form a continuous sheet.
v) No intercellular space; small amount of cementing material
between them.
vi) The permeability of epithelia play an important in
regulating the exchange of materials between the body
and external environment and between different parts
of the body.
vii) Obviously anything entering or leaving the must cross
 atleast one layer of epithelium.
viii) All epithelium is usually separated from the underlying
tissue by an extracellular basement membrane.
ix) Based on the cell layers and shape of cells the epithelial
tissues are classified into Squamous epithelium; Cuboidal
epithelium; Glandular epithelium; Columnar epithelium and
Ciliated epithelium.
x) Squamous epithelium: Thin, flat, irregular shaped cells
which fit together closely like tiles in the floor.
xi) It is divided into two – Simple and Stratified.
xii) Simple Squamous Epithelium: Cells are thin, flat and form
a delicate lining. (Oesophagus @ Lining of mouth)
For ex – Lining of blood vessels or lung alveoli -
transportation of substances - through a selectively
permeable surface.
xiii) Stratified Squamous Epithelium: Cells are arranged in
many layers to prevent wear and tear. (skin)
They are arranged in a pattern of layers is called as
Stratified Squamous epithelium.
xiv) Columnar epithelium: Tall or pillar like cells that are
much taller than wide and elongated nuclei.
 For ex – Lining of stomach, intestine @ gall bladder-
Helps in Absorption, Protection and Secretion.
xv) Ciliated epithelium: Tall or pillar like cells which bears cilia
Located in respiratory tract, urinary tubules, sperm ducts
etc.
These cilia can move and pushes mucus forward to clear it.
xvi) Cuboidal epithelium: Cube like cells which are about as
tall as wide.
Located in Small salivary glands, pancreatic ducts, sweat
glands and thyroid glands.
Helps in Absorption, Protection Secretion and gamete
formation.
xvii) Glandular epithelium: Columnar cells modified to secrete
chemicals. Located in gastric glands, pancreatic lobules,
intestinal glands etc.
CONNECTIVE TISSUE:
i) Binding or joining one tissue to another; Forming protective
tissue; Supporting framework and packing together different
organs of the body.
ii) Cells are loosely spaced and embedded in an intercellular
matrix.
iii) The matrix may be jelly like, fluid, dense or rigid.
iv) The nature of matrix depends on function of tissue.
v) Five major types are: Vascular (Blood,lymph); Skeletal tissue;
Dense regular tissue; Areolar tissue and Adipose tissue.
vi) Vascular Tissue: It consists of blood and lymph.
Blood consists of plasma (liquid) and corpuscles (solid)
Plasma: It contains proteins, salts and hormones; transport
nutrients, Co2, Waste products etc.
RBC – Small, circular, biconcave and lack nuclei. It contains
Red pigment called haemoglobin which transport oxygen.
WBC – Large sized, nucleated cells; Main role in the
Body’s defence mechanism. Soldier of our body
PLATLETS: Irregular, Non nucleated cells; Blood clotting.
LYMPH: Colourless fluid Which transport of materials
between blood and tissue cells. It contains plasma and
White corpuscles.
vii) Skeletal tissue: It consists of bone and cartilage.
viii)
 BONE CARTILAGE
1) Bones are hard and non Cartilage are flexible
flexible.
2) Blood vessels present. Blood vessels absent.
3) Bone cells are embedded Cartilage cells are embedded
hard matrix. (calcium and solid matrix. (Protein and
phosphorus) sugar)
4) Anchors the muscles and Smoothens the bone surfaces
supports the main organs. at joints.
5) Bone cells are called as Cartilage cells are called as
Osteocytes. Chondrocytes.
6) We cannot bend the bones. We can fold the cartilage Ear,
Nose, trachea & larynx

ix)
TENDON LIGAMENT
1) It is strong with limited It is elastic and flexible
flexibility.
2) It joins muscles and bones. It joins bones to bones.
3) It has great strength. It has considerable strength.
4) It is formed of white It is formed yellow fibrous
fibrous tissue. tissue.

x) Areolar tissue: Packing tissue which has jelly like sticky

matrix.
It is found between skin & muscles; around blood
vessels & nerves & bone marrow;
Fills the space inside the organs, Supports internal organs,
And helps in repair of tissue.
xi) Adipose tissue: It is found below the skin and between
the internal organs.
The cells of this tissue are filled with fat globules.
Storage of fats also lets it act as an insulator.
MUSCULAR TISSUE
i) It consists of elongated cells also called muscle fibres.
ii) Tissue is responsible for movement in our body.
iii) It contain special protein called contractile protein, which
contract and relax to cause movement.
STRIATED MUSCLE UNSTRIATED MUSCLE CARDIAC MUSCLE
1) Cells are long, Cells are long, Cells are long,
cylindrical and pointed, spindle cylindrical and
unbranched. shape, branched.
unbranched.
2) The cells are Cells are Cells are
multinucleated. uninucleated. uninucleated.
3) Ends are blunt. Ends are tapering. Ends are flat and
Zig zag.
4) Alternate light No striations. Faint regular
and dark bands or striations.
striations present.
5) It contracts It contracts rapidly It contracts rapidly
rapidly but soon and does not get and does not get
undergoes fatigue. fatigue. fatigue.
6) It is voluntary. It is involuntary. It is involuntary.
7) Also called Also called smooth Also called Heart
skeletal muscle. muscle. muscle.
8) Present in limbs Present in blood Present in walls of
Tongue etc. vessel, iris of the heart.
eye, in ureter,
alimentary canal &
bronchi.

Voluntary muscle – We can move muscles by conscious will.

Involuntary muscle – We cannot move muscles by conscious
will.
 NERVOUS TISSUE
i) It contains densely packed nerve cells called neurons.
ii) It is present in brain, spinal cord and sense organs.
iii)Neurons are specialised for conduction of nerve impulse.
iv)It receive stimuli from outside the body and conduct
impulses which travel from one neuron to another neuron.
v) Individual nerve cell may be up to a metre long.
vi)Many nerve fibres bound together by connective
tissue make up a nerve.
vii)Nerve impulse allow us to to move our muscles when we
want to.
viii) The functional combination of nerve and muscles tissue
is fundamental to most animals.
ix)Each neuron is composed of cell body, dendrite and
axon.
x) Cell body – It contains cytoplasm, central nucleus,
Nissl’s granule, group of ribosomes and rough
endoplasmic reticulum.
xi) Dendrite – short much branched and tapering projections
arising from the cell body. They provide a large surface
area for synaptic connections with other neuron.
xii) Axon: It is a long cylindrical process of uniform diameter
arise from cyton.
It shows branching at the terminal end.
Axon carries impulses away from the cell body to other
neuron.