PRELIMS Reviewer – Science, Technology & Society the processes of saving lives, maintaining good

(GEC 6) health, & preventing the spread of diseases.

Examples: smallpox vaccine, general anesthesia,

pasteurization, Xray imaging, insulin, antibiotics,
Science & Technology blood transfusion, polio vaccine, birth control pill,
heart transplantation, genetic engineering, cloning
 plays a major role in our day to day living
 allows us to complete our tasks easier & more 6. Engineering & Architecture
efficient
 innovations help us accomplish difficult &  building of great structures is a sign not only of
complicated tasks with so little time & so little human inventiveness but of organization
effort without sacrificing its output  Architectural designs are actually signs of
 continuous developments in this field are not just technological advancement. It is a status symbol
products of people’s imagination or the – AHA of how advanced a nation’s technology is & it
moment establishes the identity of a nation.
 gradual improvements of earlier works from
different periods which was driven by our Examples: city, ziggurat, irrigation, dike, Wonders of
continuous desire to raise the quality of life of the the World, aqueduct, arch, brick, dam, Roman dome,
people plumbing, paved road, reinforced concrete,
suspension bridge, dynamite, skyscraper, elevator,
Advancement in technology & innovations were heating, ventilation, & air conditioning
driven by different factors which include concerns in
transportation, communication, food production 7. Aesthetics
agriculture & industry, military, conservation of life &
 Humans also developed technology to improve
engineering & architecture as well as aesthetics, power &
how they look. This is to make them visually
energy.
appealing & presentable through addition of
features & decorations.

 LESSON 1: Driving Concerns for Science & Examples: wig, cosmetics

Technology Development
8. Power & Energy

 fundamental to all inventions

1. Transportation  the harnessing of the capacity of the physical
world to do work
 Our means of moving from place to place have  human race has applied its genius to using all
developed faster & more comprehensive with sources of energy for a multitude of ends
every passing generation of technology.
Examples: waterwheel, controlled fire, windmill,
Examples: wheel, wheeled chariot, sailboat, sailing steam engine, electric battery, electric generator &
ship, road, compass, steamboat, railroad, bicycle, motor, incandescent lightbulb, steam turbine,
automobile, airplane, space launcher, jetliner, GPS gasoline engine, jet engine, nuclear reactor laser,
wind turbine, solar cell, fuel cell
2. Communication
9. Observational & Measurement
 the transmission of information for the purpose of
creating understanding, … prevention of conflicts  Magnitude — especially the magnitude of time
& distance — is a property that has always defied
Examples: cuneiform, ink, papyrus, paper, human beings but that people in turn have
hieroglyphics, newspaper, bound book or codex, always tried to master.
numbers, Greek & Latin alphabet, parchment &  The inventions profiled here, unlike those profiled
vellum, printing press, photography, telegraph, elsewhere in this book, do not attempt to move,
telephone, phonograph, motion picture, radio, manipulate, or change our surrounding world;
television, transistor, communications satellite, rather, they attempt to help us quantify &
personal computer comprehend it.
3. Food Production, Agriculture, & Industry Examples: water clock or clepsydra, alarm clock,
Gregorian calendar, clock, watch, telescope,
 these improvements demonstrate the
microscope, radar, atomic clock, calculator
steadfastness of human beings to make their
material lives safe, easier, comfortable, &
prosperous
 LESSON 2: STS in the ANCIENT, MIDDLE &
Examples: plowshare, silk, tea, bronze, iron, MODERN AGES
petroleum refinery, power loom, canning,
refrigeration, steel, aluminum, sheet & plate glass,
rayon, Bakelite, combine harvester, industrial robots,
fullerenes The Ancient World – (major technological
advancements, which include some of the achievements
4. Military of the early civilizations)

 Inventions in the field of weaponry & security

have contributed on the deliberate & organized
application of deadly force against other people.  The Asian Civilizations

Examples: spear, bow & arrow, gunpowder, rifled Asia is the biggest continent in the world & the home
muzzleloaders, submarine, machine gun, assault of many ancient civilizations. In the field of science,
rifle, tank, ballistic missile, nuclear weapons technology & mathematics, great civilizations have stood
out: India, China & the Middle East civilizations.
5. Conservation of Life, Medicine, & Health
Sumerian Civilization (4500 – 4000 BC)
 Nothing testifies more convincingly to human
ingenuity than their ability to understand the Sumerians are known for their high degree of
processes of the human body & to influence the cooperation with one another & their desire for
longevity of life through the study & improving great things.
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Cuneiform cultivate larger parcels of land faster, enabling
them to mass produce food without taking so
one of the major contributions of Sumerians was much effort & time
the development of the first writing system
utilizes word pictures & triangular symbols which
are carved on clay using wedge instruments &
then left to dry

Irrigation & Dikes

Uruk City
to bring water to farmlands & at the same time
first true city on the world, a great wonder control of flooding of the rivers
There were no building stones in the location of
the city & the lumber was limited – making the
construction a big challenge.
Sumerians were able to build the city using only
mud or clay from the river which they mixed with
reeds, producing sunbaked bricks (to make
houses that protected them from the harsh
weather & to build a wall around the city that
prevented wild animals & neighboring raiders
from entering) – a true engineering feat.

The Great Ziggurat of UR

the mountain of God built in the same manner Roads

that as city of URUK
Sumerians developed the first road (sunbaked
served as the scared place of their chief god
bricks)
where only their priest was allowed to enter
the flow of traffic become faster & more
organized

 Babylonian Civilizations (4000 BC)

Babylonia was a state in a state in ancient MESOPOTAMIA

located along the Euphrates River (present-day Iraq).

o Babylon grew into one of the largest cities of the

Sailboats ancient world under the rule of Hammurabi (1792
to 1750 BC). He conquered neighboring city-
also invented by Sumerians states, he brought much of southern & central
used to carry large quantities of products & were Mesopotamia under unified Babylonian rule,
able to cover large distances creating an empire called Babylonia.
to discover faraway lands, transportation & o Hammurabi turned Babylon into a rich, powerful
trading as well as fostering culture, information & & influential city. He created one of the world’s
technology earliest & most complete written legal codes
known as Codes of Hammurabi, it helped
Babylon surpass other cities in the region.

Babylonians were great builders, engineers &

architectures.

o Babylonia however, was short-lived. The empire

fell apart after Hammurabi’s death & reverted
back to a small kingdom for several centuries.

Wheel A new line of kings established the Neo-Babylonian

Empire which lasted from 626 BC to 539 BC.
the first wheels were not made for transportation
but farm work & food processes o a period of cultural renaissance in the Near East
o Babylonians built many beautiful & lavish
buildings & preserved statues & artworks from
the earlier Babylonian Empire

One of the major contributions is the Hanging Gardens

of Babylon, one of the seven wonders of the ancient
world.

The Plow

used to dig the ground where seeds would be

planted
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 o It is one of the Seven Ancient Wonders of the  Chinese Technology
World & was supposedly built high above the  known to develop many tools
ground on split level stone terraces. It was
believed that the gardens were destroyed by Paper Making
war & erosion, while others believe an
used to write on strips of wood &
earthquake destroyed them.
bamboo, or cloth & silk
T’sai Lun (Cai Lun) a Han Dynasty court
official, is popularly accredited with
 Chinese Civilizations (1215 BC – 220 AD) having invented paper using mulberry &
other bast fibres along with fishnets, old
China is one of the ancient civilizations with substantial rags, & hemp waste.
contributions in many areas like medicine, astronomy,
science, mathematics, arts, philosophy, & music among
others.

It greatly influenced many of its neighbor countries like

Korea, Japan, Philippines, Vietnam, Thailand, Cambodia,
Myanmar & other countries that belong to the old Silk
Road.

It is known as middle kingdom & located on the far east

of Asia.

It was famous among other ancient civilizations because

of the silk trade. Printing Press
 Silk Before the emergence of the printing
 produced by silk worms & the Chinese were technique, manuscripts were all
the ones who developed the technology to handwritten by scholars. It is known that
harvest the silk & process it to produce paper the block printing technique was used
& clothing near the end of the Han Empire (206 BC –
 Silk Trade opened China to the outside 220 AD) both for printing on paper & for
world making way for cultural, economic & printing designs on cloth.
scientific exchanges bridging the gap Bi Sheng is credited with being the
between the western world & the middle inventor of movable type printing in the
kingdom. Song Empire. He greatly innovated this
 Tea Production important printing method, so he is called
 tea is a beverage produced by pouring hot or the "father of typography."
boiling water over crushed or shredded dried However, the thousands of characters in
tea leaves their written language were not very
 the first tea was drunk by a Chinese Emperor suitable for being printed with movable
 Great Wall of China type.
 the only man-made structure that could be
seen from outer space Gun Powder
 largest & most extensive infrastructure that
the nation built most interesting inventions in China
 made with stone, brick, wood, earth & other mixed charcoal, sulfur & potassium
materials nitrate but instead of creating an elixir of
life they accidentally invented a black
powder that could actually generate large
amounts of heat & gas in an instant
used to propel bullets from guns &
cannons which cause countless deaths
China

 Chinese Medicine
 they discovered various medical properties &
uses of different plants & animals to cure
human illness Compass
 Acupuncture is a form of treatment widely
practiced in China. It involves inserting very spoon shaped compass made of
thin needles through a person’s skin at lodestone or magnetite ore, referred to as
specific on the body to various known a "South-pointer"
Chinese doctor depths which help relieve was placed on a cast bronze plate called
pain & it is used for a wide range of other a "heaven-plate" or diviner's board that
complaints. had the eight trigrams
as well as the 24 directions (based on the
constellations), & the 28 lunar mansions
(based on the constellations dividing the
Equator)

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  The Idea of Zero
 Mathematician Aryabhatta was the first
person to create a symbol for zero & it
was through his efforts that mathematical
operations like addition & subtraction
started using the digit, zero.
 The concept of zero & its integration into
the place-value system also enabled one
to write numbers, no matter how large,
by using only 10 symbols.
 Indian Civilizations (2500 – 1700 BC)  The Decimal System
 In this system, each symbol received a
India is a huge peninsula surrounded by vast bodies of value of position as well as an absolute
water & fortified by huge mountains in its northern value.
bodies.  Due to the simplicity of the decimal
notation, which facilitated calculation,
Also called Indus Valley civilization or Harrapan this system made the uses of arithmetic
Civilization. in practical inventions much faster &
easier.
Aside from farming, Indians creatively developed various
ideas & technologies useful in their everyday lives.

 The Value of Pi
 first calculated by the Indian
mathematician Budhayana, & he also
 Metallurgical Works explained the concept of what is known
 Their iron steel is considered to be the best & as the Pythagorean Theorem
held with high regard in the Roman Empire.  Numerical Notations
 produced in southern India the crucible  devised a system of different symbols for
technique (iron, charcoal, & glass) resulting every number from one to nine
high-carbon steel, called fūlāḏ in Arabic &  This notation system was adopted by the
wootz by later Europeans Arabs who called it the hind numerals.
 Ayurvedic Medicine  Centuries later, this notation system was
 a system of traditional medicine that adopted by the western world who called
originated in India before 2500 BC them the Arabic numerals as it reached
 Ancient texts like Sursuta Samhita, describes them through the Arab traders.
different surgical …  Fibonacci Sequence
 first appear in Indian mathematics as
mātrāmeru, mentioned by Pingala in
connection with the Sanskrit tradition of
prosody
 later on, the methods for the formation of
these numbers were given by
mathematicians Virahanka, Gopala &
Hemacandra , much before the Italian
mathematician Fibonacci introduced the
fascinating sequence to Western
European mathematics
 Binary Numbers
 Astronomy  the basic language in which computer
 the 360 days with 12 equal parts of 30 days programs are written
each Siddhanta Shiromani, an ancient Indian  refers to a set of two numbers, 1 & 0, the
text covers topics on the configuration of the combinations of which are called bits &
Universe bytes
 Aryabhatiya, represented the pinnacle of  first described by the Vedic scholar
astronomical knowledge at the time. He Pingala, in his book “Chandahśāstra”,
correctly propounded that the Earth is round, which is the earliest known Sanskrit
rotates on its own axis & revolves around the treatise on prosody (the study of poetic
Sun i.e the heliocentric theory. He also made metres & verse)
predictions about the solar & lunar eclipses,  Chakravala Methods of Algorithms
duration of the day as well as the distance  a cyclic algorithm to solve indeterminate
between the Earth & the Moon. quadratic equations, including the Pell’s
equation
 This method for obtaining integer
solutions was developed by
Brahmagupta, one of the well-known
mathematicians of the 7th century CE.
 Another mathematician, Jayadeva later
generalized this method for a wider range
of equations, which was further refined
by Bhāskara II in his Bijaganita treatise.

 Mathematics
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  The Theory of Atom
 One of the notable scientists of the ancient Alchemy
India was Kanad who is said to have devised  Egypt was known to be the center of
the atomic theory centuries before John alchemy, which is known as the forerunner
Dalton was born. He speculated the of chemistry.
existence of anu or a small indestructible  Egyptian beliefs in life after death & the
particles, much like an atom. He also stated mummification procedure they developed
that anu can have two states — absolute gave rise to rudimentary knowledge & a goal
rest & a state of motion. of immortality.
Cosmetics
 used for both health & aesthetic reasons
 The African Civilizations  Egyptians wore KOHL – eye cosmetic
(created by mixing soot or malachite with
Africa is blessed with natural & mineral resources. mineral galena) to cure diseases
Science also emerged in this part of the planet long  Soot (black powder that is formed when
before the Europeans colonized it. The history of science something is burned)
& mathematics show that similar to other ancient  Egyptians believed that a person wearing
civilizations, the early civilizations in Africa are make-up was protected from evil & that
knowledge producers too. beauty was a sign of holiness.
 At present – cosmetics are used to improve &
highlight the facial features of a person.
 Egyptian Civilizations (3100 BC – 332 BC)

Located in North Africa. It is the preeminent civilization

in the Mediterranean world.

The ancient Egyptian civilization has contributed

immensely & made significant advances in the fields of
astronomy, mathematics, & medicine alongside other
technologies.

Paper/Papyrus
 papyrus is a plant that grew abundantly
along NILE RIVER in Egypt
Wig
 they process the plants in order to produce
 worn for health & wellness rather than for
thin sheets on which one could write down
aesthetic purposes
things
 used to protect the shaved heads of the
 thinner & lighter & less breakable than clay
wealthy Egyptians from the harmful rays from
tablets
the sun
 the major accomplishment in Egyptian record
 considered as a cleaner than natural hair
– keeping & communications advantages:
because it prevented the accumulation of
 send letters or correspondences
head lice
anywhere in the world
 At present – wigs are used to enhance the
 easier to keep from raiders who often
appearance of people who are balding & to
destroyed records of the nations they
those who want to try new ones.
invaded
Water Clock/Clepsydra
 utilizes gravity that affects the flow of water
from one vessel to the other
 the amount of water remaining in the device
determines how much time has elapsed since
it is full (time is measured)
 used as time keeping device

Ink
 combining soot with different chemicals to
produce inks of different colors
 used to record history, culture, & codified
laws
Hieroglyphics
 system of formal writing using symbols
 Egyptians believed that this writing system
was provided to them by gods
 combined logographic, syllabic & alphabetic  Western Civilizations
elements, with a total of some 1,000 Refers broadly to a constellation of customs, beliefs,
distinct characters political systems, & events rooted in European history &
 Cursive hieroglyphs were used for religious Western culture. The influence of Western Civilization is
literature on papyrus & wood. global; defining American culture & North American
culture among others.

Greek Civilization

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 Greece – is an archipelago in the southern part of
Europe known in Greek as Hellas or Ellada
known as the birthplace of Western philosophy  Mesoamerican Civilization

Alarm Water Clock The entire area of Central America from Southern Mexico
up to the boarder of South America … rich in culture &
 most utilized gadgets today knowledge.
 they made used of water or small stones or
sand that dropped into drums which sounded Mayan Civilization
the alarm
lasted for approximately 2,000 years
centered in the tropical lowlands
excelled at agriculture, pottery, hieroglyph
writing, calendar-making & mathematics

Astronomy

 predict eclipses & used astrological cycles in

planting & harvesting
Mill  Maya used two calendars, an everyday
calendar with 13 months of 20 days each
 agricultural processes like milling of grains
 Maya developed their own hydraulic system
 by the use of watermills, the mass production
of rice, cereals, flours became common

Weaving Looms

for weaving cloths

Hieroglyph

 Roman Civilization one of the most visually striking writing systems

in the world
Roman Empire also very complex, with hundreds of unique signs
or glyphs in the form of humans, animals, super
 strongest political & social entity in the west naturals, objects, & abstract design
Newspaper – one of the major contributions of the
Romans

Inca Civilization

Roads paved with stones

Stone buildings
Irrigation system
Calendar with 12 months to mark their religious
 Gazettes – the 1st newspaper festivals & prepare them for planting season
Bound Books or Codex – record keeping The first suspension bridge
Quipu, a system of knotted ropes to keep
records that only experts can interpret

Roman Numerals – their own number system for

standard counting method

Aztec Civilization

Roman Architecture – one of the most visual Mandatory Education

contributions, considered a continuation of Greek - mandated to get education regardless of
Architecture their social class, gender, or age
- early form of universal or inclusive
education
Chocolates
- they used it as currency The Aztec valued
the cacao beans highly & made it as part
of their tributes to Gods
Chinampa

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- agricultural farming in which the land was
divided into rectangular areas &
surrounded by canals

Aztec Calendars
- enabled them to plan their activities,
rituals, & planting seasons
Invention of the Canoe
- a light narrow boat used for traveling in
water systems

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