7

CHAPTER

ALTERNATING
CURRENT
Syllabus
 Alternating currents, peak and RMS value of alternating current/voltage; reactance and impedance;
LC oscillations (qualitative treatment only).
 LCR series circuit, resonance; power in A.C. circuits, power factor, wattless current.
 AC generator and transformer.

Trend Analysis
2018 2019 2020
List of Concepts
OD D OD D OD D
Alternating Current 1Q (5M) 1Q (5M)
4Q (1M)
LCR Circuit 2Q (5M) 2Q (3M) 1 Q (5M) 1 Q (2M)
1Q (5M)
AC Generator and 1Q (3M)
1Q (3M)
Transformer 1Q (5 M)

TOPIC-1
Alternating Current

Revision Notes
Alternating current
� Alternating current changes continuously in magnitude and periodically
in direction.
TOPIC - 1
� It is represented by sine curve or cosine curve as I = I0sin wt or I = I0cos wt
Alternating Current .... P. 161
where, I0 is peak value of current and I is instantaneous value of current.
� Frequency of an alternating current supply f, is defined as the number of TOPIC - 2
cycles completed per second. It is measured in Hertz (Hz). In India, the LCR Series Circuits .... P. 169
frequency is 50 Hz.
� The time period T, of an alternating supply, is time taken to complete one TOPIC - 3
cycle. AC Generator and Transformer
� The behaviour of ohmic resistance R in ac circuit is the same as in dc .... P. 181
circuit.
� Alternating current can be produced by using a device called as an alternator.
� AC waveforms are:
Peak and rms value of alternating current/voltage:
� Root mean square or rms is the root mean square of voltage or current in an ac circuit for one complete cycle
denoted by Vrms or Irms.
� Rms value is the standard way of measuring alternating current and voltage as it gives the dc equivalent values.
� Rms value of ac is also called effective value or virtual value of ac represented as Irms, Ieff or Iv shown as
I
I rms = 0 = 0.707I0
2
� Rms voltage value is the square root of averages of the squares of instantaneous voltages in a time
varying waveform.
V
Vrms = 0 = 0.707 V0
2
� AC voltage applied to pure inductive circuits:
L V = Vmsin wt
 π p
i = im  sin ωt −  [which shows current lags the voltage by ]
V = Vmsin wt  2 2
imVm
Average PL = [sin (2wt)] = 0 [Since average of sin 2wt over a complete cycle is zero]
2
Thus the average power supplied to an inductor over one complete cycle is zero.
AC applied to pure capacitive circuit:
V = Vm sin wt
 p p
C I = Im sin  ωt +  [which shows current leads the voltage by ]
 2 2
I mVm
V = Vmsin wt Average PC = sin( 2ωt ) = 0 [Since average of sin 2wt over a complete cycle is zero]
2
Thus the average power supplied to an capacitor over one complete cycle is zero.
� Phasor-diagram: A phasor diagram represents sinusoidal ac current and sinusoidal voltage in a circuit along with
the phase difference between current and voltage. The length of phasor is proportional to the instantaneous values
of V and I and the maximum length is proportional to V0 and I0.

Phasor diagram of purely Inductive circuit Graphical representation of V and i versus wt.
Reactance and Impedance
� When an ac current is passed through a resistance, a voltage drop is produced which is in phase with the current
and is measured in ohms (Ω).
� Reactance is the inertia against the motion of electrons where an alternating current after passing through it
produces a voltage drop which is 90° out of phase with the current.
� Reactance is shown by “X” and is measured in ohms (Ω).
� Reactance is of two types: inductive and capacitive.
� Inductive reactance is linked with varying magnetic field that surrounds a wire or a coil carrying a current.
� Inductive reactance (XL) is the resistance offered by an inductor and is given by XL = wL = 2pfL
� Through a pure inductor, alternating current lags behind the alternating emf by phase angle of 90o.
� Capacitive reactance is linked with changing electric field between two conducting surfaces separated from each
other by an insulating medium.
� Capacitive reactance (XC) is the resistance offered by a capacitor and is given by
1 1
XC = =
ωC 2 πfC
 � Through a pure capacitor, alternating current leads the alternating emf by a phase angle of 90o.
� Impedance is the comprehensive expression of all forms of opposition to electron flow, including resistance and
reactance, where an alternating current after passing through it produces a voltage drop between 0o and 90o which
will be out of phase with current given as,
Z = R2 + X 2
where, Z = Impedance of circuit, R = Resistance, X = Reactance
LC Oscillations (qualitative treatment only)
L C Oscillations:
L
L
+++++ + + +
L C C C
––––– – – –

At t=0, UE= Max, & UB= 0 At t=T/B, UE= UB At t=2T/8, UE= 0, & UB= Max
L L
L
– – – ––––– – – –
C C C
+ + + +++++ + + +

At t=3T/8, UE= UB At t=4T/8, UE= Max, & UB= 0 At t=5T/8, UE= UB

L L
+++++
+ + +
L C
C C –––––
– – –

At t=6T/8, UE= 0 & UB= Max At t=T, UE= Max, & UB= 0
At t=7T/8, UE=UB

� LC circuit comprises of inductor and capacitor connected in series where energy from the cell is given to capacitor
which keeps on oscillating between inductor and capacitor.
� When ac voltage is applied to the capacitor, it keeps on charging and discharging continuously.
� When capacitor is fully charged, it starts discharging and charge gets transferred to the inductor which is connected
to capacitor.
� Due to change in current, there is change in magnetic flux of the inductor in the circuit, which induces an emf in the
inductor.
dI
� The emf is given by e = − L which opposes the growth of the current.
dt
� When capacitor gets completely discharged, all the energy stored in it, gets stored in the inductor as a result of
which, inductor starts charging the capacitor and energy stored in the capacitor starts increasing.
� As there is no current in the circuit, energy in the inductor is zero, so total energy of LC circuit will be
1 q2
UE = .
2 C
� Band Width: It is the range of angular frequencies over which the average power is greater than ½ the maximum
value of average power.
� Impedance: In an ac, the impedance is analogous to resistance in a dc circuit that measures the combined effect of
resistance, capacitive reactance and inductive reactance.

Key Formulae
I0
rms value for current
� Irms =
2
V0
rms value for voltage
� Vrms =
2

Power
� P = VrmsIrms
 � In a purely inductive circuit if,V = Vmsin wt
 π Vm
i = im sin  ωt −  , where im = and XL = wL
 2 XL
(Pavg)L = 0
� In a purely capacitive circuit if,V= Vm sin wt
 π Vm 1
i = im sin  ωt +  where, im = and XC =
 2 XC ωC
1 R
� Average Power = V0 I 0 cos φ = Vrms I rms cos φ (where, cos f = is power factor)
2 Z
�
Z= R 2 + ( X L − X C )2

dI
� Induced emf = e = −L
dt

1 q2
� Energy in LC circuit, UE =
2C

Q. 1. An electric lamp when connected to a 100 V dc 300

supply, it draws 10 A current. The lamp is now
Or, L=
2pf
connected to 200 V, 50 Hz supply.
300
(i) Calculate the inductance of choke required.
Or, L=
2π× 50
(ii) Find the value of the resistance which can
replace the choke. ∴ Inductance = L = 0.055 H 1
(iii) Which arrangement is better (i) or (ii)?  Step III. The resistance required to replace the choke
Solution: = 20 – 10 = 10 Ω
Step I: Resistance of the lamp = R = V/I = 100/10 = 10 Step IV. Use of choke will be better.
Ω Total power supplied when choke is
Step II: When connected to 200 V, 50 Hz ac supply, connected = VIcosφ
inductor is connected in series to keep the R
value of current same as before. = VI ×
Z
Impedance = Z = V/I = 200/10 = 20 Ω 10
= 200 × 10 ×
Z= R2 + XL2 20
= 1000 W  ½

Or, 20 = 102 + XL2
Step V. Total power supplied when a resistor is

Or, 202 – 102 = XL2 1 connected replacing the choke = VI = 200 ×

Or, 2
XL = 300 10 = 2000 W
Since power supply is less when choke is

Or, wL = 300
connected then use of choke is the better

Or, 2pfL = 300 option.  1
 Mnemonics

Concept: A.C. in pure inductive and capacitive circuit

Mnemonics: Chocolate Cookies are Very Interesting !
Interpretation:
Chocolate: Current leads
Cookies are: in Capacitive circuit
Very: Voltage leads
Interesting !: in Inductive circuit

Objective Type Questions (1 mark each)

[A] Very Short Answer Type Questions  T   T   2T   T 

t=  − = = 
2 4  8  4
Q. 1. An alternating current from a source is given
by i=10 sin 314 t. What is the effective value of  1 
current and frequency of source?
Given f = 50 Hz, hence T =   sec
 50 
U [SQP 2020-21]
Ans. 7.07A, 50Hz ½+½ T 
\ t=  
4
Detailed Answer:
Ieff = I0/√2  
1
= 10/√2 = 
 {50 × 4 } 
= 7.07A  ½
 1  1
Angular frequency = w = 314 = s
 200 
Or, 2pf = 314 
Or, f = 314/2p ½ Commonly Made Error
\ f = 50 Hz  The students are confused about the basic equations
Q. 2. Why alternating current cannot be measured by a of the alternating current variation with time.
d.c. ammeter ? U
Ans. The full cycle of alternating current consists of two Answering Tip
half cycles. For one half, current is positive and for  Carefully observe the graph and then relate the
second half, current is negative. Therefore, for an given time periods to the equation of the alternating
a.c. cycle, the net value of current average out to current.
zero. Q. 4. The frequency of an alternating voltage is
Hence, the alternating current cannot be measured 50 cycles/sec and its amplitude is 120 V. Find rms
by DC ammeter.  1
value of current. A
Q. 3. An a.c. source is rated at 220 V, 50 Hz. What is the
Ans. The frequency of an alternating current voltage,
time taken for the voltage to change from its peak
value to zero ? f = 50 cycles /sec
Amplitude of the ac voltage (V0) = 120V
Ans. Vm
V
Vrms = 0 ½
2 
where Vrms denotes root mean square value
of voltage , V0 is the peak value of voltage or
amplitude. So,
0 (T/4)

Vrms = 60 2
(T/2)
= 60 × 1.414

Time to change from peak value to zero is = 84.84 V ½
 Q. 5. What is the average or mean value of current for Ans. Let Q denote maximum charge on capacitor.
half cycle of an a.c. ? R Let q denote charge when energy is equally shared
Ans. 0.6371m  1
1  1 Q2  1 q2
Q. 6. Plot a graph showing variation of capacitive ∴  = ⇒ Q 2 = 2q 2
2 2 C  2 C
reactance with the change in the frequency of the
Q
ac source. U ∴ q= . 1
2 
Ans.
Commonly Made Error
Xc  The students are not able to apply the formula for
the energy stored in the capacitor in terms of its
charge and capacitance.
1
Answering Tip
 The factor of 1/2 should be carefully taken into
f
account while performing the calculations.
Q. 7. Can ever the rms value be equal to the peak value
Q. 11. What are the dimensions of the impedance?
of an ac?  U
(a) [ML2T-3I–2] (b) [M–1L–2T3I2]
Ans. Yes, the rms value of an ac is equal to the peak value 3 –3 –2
(c) [ML T I ] (d) [M–1L–3T3I2]
in case of a square wave only but it is not possible
in case of sinusoidal wave form.1 Ans. Impedance has the same dimensions as that of the
Q. 8. When an alternating current is passed through a resistance:
moving coil galvanometer, it shows no deflection. V
R=
Why? R I
Ans. The moving coil galvanometer is designed so as to ML2T −3 I −1 
= 
measure the average value of the current, which I
is zero for the complete cycle of ac. Hence, no = [ ML2T −3 I −2 ]  1
deflection is shown by the galvanometer. 1
Q. 9. Calculate the rms value of the alternating current
[B] ASSERTION REASON TYPE QUESTIONS
as shown in the figure: A
For the following questions, two statements are
gives one labelled as Assertion (A) and the other
2A
labelled as Reason (R). Select the correct answer to
these questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as
given below.
I O
t (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct
explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct
2A
explanation of A
Ans. 2A
(c) A is true but R is false
I1 I3 (d) A is false and R is also false
Q. 1. Assertion (A): An alternating current does not
I2 show any magnetic effect.
Reason (R): Alternating current changes direction
2A
with time.
(2)2 + ( −2)2 + 2 2 Ans. (d)  1
Irms =
3
Explanation: Current or moving charged particle
12 creates magnetic field irrespective of direct
= = = 4 2A 1
3 current or alternating current. So assertion is
Q. 10. In an oscillating LC circuit the maximum charge false. Alternating current changes direction with
on the capacitor is Q. Find the amount of charge time. So, the reason is true, but cannot explain the
on the capacitor when the energy is stored equally assertion.
between the electric and magnetic field.
 Short Answer Type Questions-I (2 marks each)

Q. 1. If a charged capacitor C is short circuited through Or, 2202 = 1102 + XC2

an inductor L, the charge and current in the circuit
Or, XC = 110 3
oscillate simple harmonically.
(a) In what form the capacitor and the inductor store 1
Or, = 110 3
energy ? 2rfC
(b) Write two reasons due to which the oscillations
1
become damped. R Or, C=
Ans. (a) The capacitor stores energy in the form of 2r110 3
electric field and the inductor stores energy in the ∴ C = 16.7 μf 1
form of magnetic field.  1 Q. 3. An alternating voltage V = 140 sin 314t is
(b) Oscillations become damped due to: connected across a 50 Ω resistor. Find
(i) Resistance of the circuit ½ (i) The frequency of the source
(ii) Radiation in the form of Em waves. ½ (ii) The r.m.s. current through the resistor. A
Q. 2. The current through a resistor is 2 A when Ans. (i) Comparing the given equation of voltage with
connected to a 220 V, 50 Hz line. Find the value of V = V0 sin ωt
capacitor which is to be connected to reduce the ω = 314
current to 1A. U
or, 2πf = 314
Ans. To reduce the current from 2 A to 1A, the impedance 314
is to be doubled. ∴ Frequency = f = = 50 Hz  1
2r
When only R is present, then R = V/I = 220/2
= 110 Ω VRMS
(ii) IRMS =
Now a capacitor C is connected in series and the R
impedance becomes 220 Ω. V0
Or, IRMS =
Z= 2
R + X C2 2
140
Or, 220 = 110 2 + X C2 Or, IRMS =
1 2 × 50

∴ IRMS = 1.98 A  1

Short Answer Type Questions-II (3 marks each)

Q. 1. A source of ac voltage V = V0sin wt, is connected V0

across a pure inductor of inductance L. Derive the
Integrating, i= − cos ωt ½
ωL
expressions for the instantaneous current in the
circuit. Show that average power dissipated in the V0 π  π 
\i= −
sin  − ωt  = I 0 sin  − ωt  ½
circuit is zero. U [Foreign I, II, III 2017] ωL 2  2 
Ans. Derivation of instantaneous current 2 V0

where, I0 = ½
Derivation of average power dissipated 1 ωL
Given: V = V0sin wt
Average power,
di V T
V= L Þ di = dt
dt L
Pav = ò Vidt
0

T
L −V02

=
ωL
∫ sin ωt cos ωt dt
0

T
−V02
2ωL ∫0

= sin(2ωt)dt
V = V0 sin t

V0
= 0 1
\
di = sin ωtdt ½ [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2017]
L
 Long Answer Type Questions (5 marks each)

Q. 1. (a) Derive the expression for the current flowing

Peak voltage drop across R is I0R
in an ideal capacitor and its reactance when
Peak voltage drop across C is I0 XC.
connected to an ac source of voltage V=V0 sinωt.
Voltage cross R is in phase with the current.
(b) Draw its phasor diagram.
Voltage across C lags the current by 90°.
(c) If resistance is added in series to capacitor what
So, the voltage drops across R and across C are also
changes will occur in the current flowing in the not in phase. They are also out of
circuit and phase angle between voltage and
phase by 90°.
current.  A [SQP 2020-21]

So, V0 = ( I 0 R ) 2 + ( lm X C ) 2
Ans. (a) Derivation of instantaneous current
π 1 V0
 \
I0 =
i = io sin  ωt +   1
 2 R + X C2
2

1
The phase angle by which the current leads the
Reactance, XC = 1 applied voltage is
ωC  I0R R
(b) Phasor diagram showing v and i relation in pure C
φ φ
 1 I0Xc. X
Z
(c) Explanation that adding R it will behave RC series I0Z
ac circuit.
Calculation of current and phase angle. 1+1 XC
Phase Angle = f = tan–1
1
Detailed Answer: R 
(a) An alternating voltage V = V0 sin ωt is supplied
Q. 2. A device X is connected across an ac source of
across the two ends of a capacitor of capacitance C.
voltage V = V0sin wt. The current through X is
At any instant the charge on capacitor = q
 π
q = CV = CV0 sin wt given as I = I0sin  ωt +  .
 2
C (a) Identify the device X and write the expression for
V=V0 sin ωt
1 its reactance.
(b) Draw graphs showing variation of voltage and
 current with time over one cycle of ac, for X.
(b)
Current = I = dq/dt (c) How does the reactance of the device X vary
d with frequency of the ac ? Show this variation
= (CV0 sin wt)

dt graphically.
= wCV0 cos wt
(d) Draw the phasor diagram for the device X.
V0  π U [Delhi & OD, 2018]
= sin  ωt + 
1 / ωC  2 Ans. (a) Identification of device and its reactance.


π  V0  ½+½
= I0 sin  ωt + 
 I 0 = 1 / ωC 
 2    (b) Graphs of voltage and current with time 1+1
(c) Variation of reactance with frequency ½

Reactance = XC = 1/wC  1

Phasor diagram: (Graphical variation) ½
I0 (d) Phasor Diagram 1
90°
(a) X: Capacitor ½
1 1
Reactance, Xc = = 2pVC ½
1 ωC
V0 
(c) A resistor is now connected with the capacitor in
V
series:
R C (b) i
½+½

VR (b)
VC
0 t,  2π t,

V=V0 sint
 L
Ans. (i)
V
(b) i
½+½
(b) V
0 t,  2π t,
di
Induced emf = e =– L
dt
(c) Reactance of the capacitor varies in inverse di
Net voltage = V – L 1
1 dt 
proportion to the frequency i.e. , Xc µ 1
f
Applying Kirchhoff’s law:
di
V–L =0
dt
di
Vm sin wt = L
Xc dt
Vm
1 di = sin ωtdt
L
f Vm
i= − cos ωt 1
ωL 
(d) V
Vm sin t
Vm  π
i= − sin  ωt − 
ωL  2
t π
1 i = im sin(ωt − )
imsin t 2 2
p
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018]
Hence current lags by 1
2 
Q. 3. (i) Prove that current flowing through an ideal
inductor connected across an ac source lags the (ii) L = 100 mH
voltage by π/2. Average power dissipation
(ii) An inductor of self inductance 100 mH and a = VRMS iRMS cos j  1
bulb are connected in series with an ac source of π
= 10 × 1 × cos
rms voltage 10 V, 50 Hz. It is found that effective 4
voltage of the circuit leads the current by phase 10
π/4. = W

2
Calculate the inductance of the inductor used
and average power dissipated in the circuit, if a
= 5 2 W 1
current of 1 A flows in the circuit.  R&A

TOPIC-2
LCR Series Circuit

Revision Notes
LCR series circuit
� In an LCR series circuit with resistor, inductor and capacitor, the expression for the instantaneous potential
difference between the terminals a and b is given as
V=Vmsin wt,
a b

R L C
 � The potential difference in this will be equal to the sum of the magnitudes of potential differences across R, L and
C elements as
dI 1
V = Vm sin ωt = RI + L + q
dt C

where, q is the charge on capacitor.
� The steady state situation will be

Vm Vm
i= sin( ωt − φ ) and im =
 1 
2  1 
R 2 +  ωL −  R 2 +  ωL − 
 ωC   ωC 

1
ωL −
where, φ = tan −1 ωC
R
�
From the equation, steady-state current varies sinusoidal with time, so steady-state current can be
written as I = Im sin (wt – f)
� In an LCR circuit:
X LL =
X =ωωLL
11
X =
XCC = ωC
ωC
11
X=
X =X X LL −
−X XC =
= ω
ω L
L −
− ω
ωC
C
C
2 2
Z =
Z= R +X R 2 + X2
Vm V
Vm V
II m = V m = m = Vm
m
m= 2 2 = 2 2 = Z
R2 +
R + (( X
XL −−XX C ))2 R
R 2 + X2
+ X Z
L C
Here, Z = Impedance of the circuit, X = Reactance of the circuit, XL and XC = Inductive and Capacitive reactance.
� For steady-state currents, maximum current Im is related to maximum potential difference Vm by
V
Im = m
Z
� Total effective resistance of LCR circuit is called Impedance (Z) of the circuit given as
Z = R 2 + ( X L − X C )2
� The angle by which alternating voltage leads the alternating current in LCR circuit is given by
X − XC
tan φ = L
R
� In an LCR circuit, impedance triangle is a right-angled triangle in which base is ohmic resistance R, perpendicular
is reactance (XL – XC) and hypotenuse is impedance (Z)
XL–XC


R
� When a condenser of capacity C charged to certain potential is connected to inductor L, energy stored in C oscillates
between L and C where frequency of energy oscillations is given by
1
XL = XC or f =
2π LC
� In LCR circuit, if there is no loss of energy, then total energy in L and C at every instant will remain constant.
� Sign for phase difference (f) between I and E for a series LCR circuit:
f is positive, when XL > XC.
f is negative, when XL < XC.
f is zero, when XL = XC.
f = p/2, when w = ¥.
f = –p/2, when w = 0.
Resonance
� Circuit in which inductance L, capacitance C and resistance R are connected in series and the circuit admits
maximum current, such circuit is called as series resonant circuit.
� The necessary condition for resonance in LCR series circuit is: VC = VL
2 1 1
XL = XC which gives ω = or f =
LC 2 π LC
� In this, frequency of ac fed to circuit will be equal to natural frequency of energy oscillations in the circuit under conditions,
Z=R
E0 E0
I0 = =
Z R
� The sharpness of tuning at resonance is measured by Q factor or quality factor of the circuit given as
1 L
Q=
R C
� At series LCR resonance or acceptor circuit, current is maximum.
E
I max =
R
Power in AC circuits
� When the current is out of phase with the voltage, the power indicated by the product of the applied voltage and
the total current gives apparent power.
� If the instantaneous values of the voltage and current in an ac circuit are given by
E = E0sin wt
i = i0sin (wt – f)
where f is the phase difference between voltage and the current. Then, the instantaneous power
Pin = E × i = E0i0sin [Link] (wt – f)
1
or average power Pavg = E0i0 cos φ
2
E0 i0
= × cos φ = Vrms × Irms × cos f
2 2
where, cos f is known as power factor.
� Power factor (cos f) is important in power systems as it shows how closely the effective power equals the apparent
power which is given as:
Effective power
cos φ =
Apparent power

� The value of power factor varies from 0 to 1.

� The instantaneous rate at which energy is supplied to an electrical device by ac circuit is
P = VI
� Average power in LCR where, XL = XC over a complete cycle in a non-inductive circuit or pure resistive circuit is
given as P = V0I0 or I02R
Wattless Current
� The average power associated over a complete cycle with pure inductor or pure capacitor is zero which makes
current through L and C as wattless or idle current.
� In LCR circuit at resonance, the power loss is maximum, so
Wattless component of current = Irms sin f
Power component of current = Irms cos f
� Phase angle: It is the amount by which the voltage and current are out of phase with each other in a circuit.
� Power factor: It is the amount by which the power delivered in the circuit which is less than the theoretical
maximum value of the circuit due to voltage and current being out of phase.
� Quality factor: It is a dimensionless quantity that shows sharpness of the peak of bandwidth.
� Resonant frequency: It is the frequency at which the amplitude of the current is maximum where circuit oscillates
when not driven by voltage source.
Know the Formulae
 Impedance for a series LCR circuit,
1 /2
  1  
2
Z = R 2 + X 2 =  R 2 +  ωL −   .
  ωC  

E0 I 0
 Average power, P = cos f = Vrms Irms cos f
2
Resistance R True power
 Power factor, cos f = = =
Impedance Z Apparent power

1 L
 Quality factor Q =
R C

Objective Type Questions (1 mark each)

Ans. Phase difference = cos–1 (0.5) = 600

[A] Very Short Answer Type Questions
Q. 1. When the selectivity of a series LCR circuit will be [B] ASSERTION REASON TYPE QUESTIONS
large? U [CBSE DEL SET 1, 2020 MODIFIED] For the following questions, two statements are
Ans. When L is large and R is small.  1 given-one labelled as Assertion (A) and the other
Q. 2. What is the power factor of a series LCR circuit at labelled as Reason (R). Select the correct answer to
these questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as
resonance? U [CBSE DEL SET 1, 2020 MODIFIED]
given below.
Ans. The power factor of a series LCR circuit at resonance (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct
is unity.  1 explanation of A
Q. 3. A series combination of an inductor (L), (b) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct
capacitor (C) and a resistor (R) is connected across explanation of A
an a.c. source of emf of peak value E0 and angular (c) A is true but R is false
frequency (ω). Plot a graph to show variation of (d) A is false and R is also false
impedance of the circuit with angular frequency 1. Assertion (A): The dimension of L/R is time.
(ω). U [CBSE DEL SET, 2020]
Reason (R): Time constant (L/R) should be
Ans.
increased to reduce the rate of increase of current
through a solenoid.
z
Ans. (b) 1
1 Explanation: For a solenoid, the magnitude of
ω induced emf

Q. 4. What is the phase difference between the current di
e= L
and voltage in a series LCR circuit at resonance?  dt
U [CBSE DEL SET 2, 2020 MODIFIED] e  L   di 
i= =
Ans. At resonance, phase difference is zero.
R  R   dt 
Q. 5. For an ideal conductor, connected across a
sinusoidal ac voltage source. State which one of di i
the following quantity is zero: =
dt L

(i) Instantaneous power R
(ii) Average power over full cycle of the ac voltage
source. U [Foreign 2016]

In left hand side of the above equation, denominator
is time. So, in right hand side the denominator
Ans. Average power over full cycle of ac voltage source should be time. So, dimension of LR is time.
is zero. 1
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] So, the assertion is true.
Q. 6. The power factor of an ac circuit is 0.5. What is the If L/R increases, di/dt decreases.
phase difference between voltage and current in So, reason is also true.
the circuit ? A [O.D. I, 2016] But reason cannot properly explain the assertion.
 Short Answer Type Questions-I (2 marks each)

Q. 1. A resistor R and an inductor L are connected in series Ans. (i) Impedance of LCR circuit = Z= R 2 + ( X L − X C )2
to a source of voltage V = Vo sin ωt. The voltage
p Impedance will be minimum when (XL − XC)2 = 0,
is found to lead current in phase by . If the
4 or, XL = XC
inductor is replaced by a capacitor C, the voltage 1
or, w=
p LC 
lags behind current in phase by . When L, C and 1
4
(ii) For wattless current to flow, the circuit should not
R are connected in series with the same source, have any Ohmic resistance i.e. R = 0 1
Find the: Q. 3. The figure shows a series LCR circuit connected to
(i) average power dissipated and a variable frequency 200 V ac source.
(ii) instantaneous current in the circuit Find (i) the source frequency which drives the
circuit to resonance.
Ans. For LR circuit  A [CBSE OD SET 1, 2020]
(ii) the quality factor (Q) of the circuit. A
XL
= tan 45˚ = 1 C
R L R

So, Xl = R 50 mH 80f 40
For CR circuit
XC
= tan 45° = 1
R
So, Xc = R 1
For LCR circuit Ans. (i) Resonance frequency = w0 =
LC
When L, C and R are connected in series, then
actually three R are connected in series. Equivalent 1

or, w0 =
impedance = 3R. Thus Circuit is resistive. 50 × 10 −3 × 80 × 10 −6
V = V0sin ωt

or, w0 = 500
and I = I0sin ωt 1
(i) Average power dissipation, P = VI
or, 2pf =500
P = V0sin ωt × I0sin ωt 500
\
f= = 80 Hz 1
Over full cycle, 2π 
V I w0 L
PAVG = m × m ½
2 2 (ii) Quality factor = Q =
R
(ii) Instantaneous current, I = I0sin ωt ½
500 × 50 × 10 −3
Q. 2. In a series LCR circuit, obtain the conditions
or, Q=
40
under which
(i) impedance of the circuit is minimum. \
Q = 0.625 1
(ii) wattless current flows in the circuit. A

Short Answer Type Questions-II (3 marks each)

Q. 1. A capacitor (C) and resistor (R) are connected in

Ans. Calculation of impedance 2
series with an ac source of voltage of frequency
Calculation of inductance 1
50 Hz. The potential difference across C and R
are respectively 120 V, 90 V, and the current in (i) Z = R 2 + X C2 ½
the circuit is 3 A. Calculate (i) the impedance of VR
R= = 30 Ω ½
the circuit (ii) the value of the inductance, which IR
when connected in series with C and R will make VC 120
the power factor of the circuit unity. XC = = = 40 Ω ½
IC 30
 R [CBSE OD SET 1, 2019]
 (b) Calculate the impedance of the circuit and
Z = (30)2+(40)2 = 50 Ω amplitude of current at resonance.
½
(c) Show that potential drop across LC combination
XC = X L
is zero at resonating frequency.
(ii) As power factor =1
A [CBSE OD SET 1, 2019]
100πL = 40½
2 Ans. Determining the source frequency1
L= henry Calculating impedance½
5π ½
 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019]
For showing potential drop across LC 1½

Detailed Answer: 1 1 1
(a) ω= = =
Given: In R-C circuit, LC 5 × 80 × 10 −6 400 × 10 −6
Source frequency, f = 50 Hz
1000
Potential difference across 'C', VC = 120 V    ω = 20 = 50 Hz 1

Potential difference across 'R', VR = 90 V
Circuit current (i) = 3 A (b) Z = R = 40 Ω
(i) Impedance of the circuit (Z) 1000
Since, V2 = VR2 + VC2    ω =
= 50 Hz ½
20
(iZ)2 = VR2 + VC2
230 2 230 2
VR 2 + VC 2 =
I mmax = = 8.1 A ½

or, Z= R 40
i
230 2 1
( 90 )2 + (120 )2 Vc = I mmax X c = × = 2033 volt

= 40 ωC
3
230 2
Z = 50 Ω 2 =

max
VL I=
m XL × 2 πν L = 2033 volt ½
40
(ii) Let the inductance 'L' be added in series with R and
C to make power factor unity. (c) VC – VL = 0½
R  [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019]
So, Power factor, P =
Z Detailed Answer:
R Given: Source voltage, V = 230 V
1=
R + ( X L − X C )2
2
R = 40 Ω, C = 80 mF, L = 5.0 H
(a) At resonance condition,

or, R2 = R2 + (XL – XC)2 VC = VL

or, XL = XC...(i) or, iXC = iXL

Since, VC = iXC 1
V 120 V or, = 2pfL
2pfC

or,      XC = C = = 40 W
i 3A
1

Hence, from equation (i), or, f=
2p LC
XL = 40
1
2pfL = 40
= 2 π ( 5.0 ) × ( 80 × 10 −6 ) Hz
40
So, L=
2pf = 7.96 Hz 1
40 (b) At resonance, XC = XL

=
2 × π × 50 So, the impedance of the circuit
L = 0.13 H  1 Z= R 2 + ( X L − X C )2
Q. 2. The figure shows a series LCR circuit connected

or, Z = R[as XL = XC]
to a variable frequency 230 V source.

or, Z = 40 W
40  V
Since, Irms = in
Z
230 V 80 F V
Amplitude of current, I0 = 2 Irms = 2 × in
Z

230 V
= 2× = 8.13 A 1
5.0 H 40 Ω
(a) Determine the source frequency which drives the
(c) At resonance condition,
circuit in resonance.
 XL = XC in phase with the voltage. Calculate the power
or, iXL = iXC dissipated in the circuit.
or, VL = VC U [O.D. I, 2016]
or, the potential drop across LC combination Ans. R = 100 Ω, L = 4/π2 H, VRMS = 200 V, f = 50 Hz
VL – VC = 0. 1 When current and voltages are in phase,
Q. 3. (i) Find the value of the phase difference between 1
the current and the voltage in the series LCR 2πfL = ½
2pfC
circuit shown below. Which one leads in phase: 
current or voltage ? 4 1
or, 2π × 50 × 2 =
(ii) Without making any other change, find the value p 2 π × 50 C
of the additional capacitor C1, to be connected in
parallel with the capacitor C, in order to make the 1
\ C= × 10–4 F  1
power factor of the circuit unity. 4
U [CBSE DEL SET I, 2017] When the current is in phase with the voltage then,
L = 100 mH C=2 F Z = R = 100 Ω
R = 400
V
\ Current = irms = rms ½
R 
200
= =2A ½
100
Power = 200 × 2 × cos 0°
V = V0 sin (1000 t + ) = 400 W ½
Q. 5. The current, in the LCR circuit shown in the
Ans. (i) Calculation of phase difference between current
figure is observed to lead the voltage in phase.
and voltage 1
Without making any other change in the circuit,
Name of quantity which leads ½ a capacitor, of capacitance C0, is (appropriately)
(ii) Calculation of value of 'C1', is to be connected in joined to the capacitor C. This results in making
parallel 1½ the current, in the ‘modified’ circuit, flow in phase
(i) XL = wL = (1000 × 10–3) W with the applied voltage.
= 100 W Draw a diagram of the ‘modified’ circuit and obtain
1  1  an expression for C0 in terms of w, L and C.
XC = = −6 
Ω
ωC  1000 × 2 × 10  L
= 500 W ½ R
C

Phase angle
X L − XC

tan f =
R V = V0 sin t
100 − 500 U [Foreign 2016]

tan f = = −1
400 Ans. The current leads the voltage in phase.
π Hence, Xc > X L

f= − ½
4 For resonance, we must have ½
As XC > XL, f phase angle is negative), hence New value of Xc = X L
current leads voltage ½
 1 

We, therefore, need to decrease Xc =  . This
(ii) To make power factor unity,  ωC 

XC' = XL requires an increase in the value of C. Hence,
1 capacitor C0 should be connected in parallel
= 100 ½
ωC ' across C. ½


C' = 10 mF ½
The diagram of the modified circuit is as shown.

C0
C' = C + C1
10 = 2 + C1

C1 = 8 mF ½
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2017] L C R
Q. 4. A capacitor of unknown capacitance, a resistor of 100 W
and an inductor of self inductance L = (4/p2) henry
are connected in series to an ac source of 200 V
and 50 Hz. Calculate the value of the capacitance V = V0 sin t
1
and impedance of the circuit when the current is

For resonance, we have Vm im
1
P = × cos φ ½
= wL ½ 2 2
ω ( C + C0 )


\
P = Vrms Irms cos f ½
 1 
\
C0 =  2 − C  ½
Wattless current is the current which flows in the
ω L 
circuit but no power dissipation occurs. ½
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016]

It is realized only when circuit is purely inductive
Q. 6. A 200 mH (pure) inductor and a 5 mF (pure)
±π
capacitor are connected one by one, across a or capacitive, i.e., when cos f = 0 or f = ½
sinusoidal ac voltage source of 2
V = [70.7sin (1000 t)] voltage. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016]
Obtain the expression for the current in each Q. 8. A source of ac voltage V = V0 sin wt is connected
case. A [Foreign, 2016] to a series combination of a resistor ‘R’ and a
Ans. For the applied voltage capacitor ‘C’. Draw the phasor diagram and use it
V = 70.7sin (1000 t), we have to obtain the expression for (i) impedance of the
V0 = 70.7 volts ½ circuit and (ii) phase angle. U [O.D. I, II, III 2015]
w = 1000 rad/s ½ Ans. The Pythagoras theorem gives
For the inductor 2
Vm = Vrm 2 2
+ Vcm
V 70.7
io = 0 = A Substituting the values of Vrm and Vcm into this
ωL 1000 × 200 × 10−3
equation, gives
= 35.35 × 10–2 A
Vm2 = (imR)2 + (imXC)2
= 0.3535 A ½
\ Expression for current is 2 2
= im (R + X C2 )
π
i = (0.3535)sin  1000 t −  ½ Vm
 2 \
im =
R + X C2
2 ½

For the capacitor
V0 \ The impedance of the circuit is given by:


i0 = = V0 . wC
 1 
  1
 ωC  Z= R 2 + X C2 = R2 +
ω 2C 2
= 70.7 × 1000 × 5 × 10–6 A

= 353.5 × 10–3 A = 0.3535 A
½ The phase angle is the angle between VR and V. Hence
\ Expression for current is
X 1
tan f = C = ½
R ωCR
 π

I = 0.3535sin 1000t +  ½
 2 The circuit diagram and the phasor diagram, for the
given circuit, are as shown.
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] R
A B
Q. 7. Derive the expression for the average power
dissipated in a series LCR circuit for an ac source
of a voltage, V = Vm sin wt, carrying a current,
i = im sin (wt + f) E C

Hence define the term “Wattless current”. State

under what condition it can be realized in a
½
circuit. U [Delhi Comptt. 2016]
I
Ans. V = Vm sin wt
i = im sin (wt + f)
Power at any instant, VR

P = Vi = Vmimsin wt sin (wt + f)

V i
P = m m [cos f – cos (2wt + f)] ½ ωt +φ
2 VL
½

The average of second term in the above
expression is zero over a full cycle. ½
Vmim
\ Average Power = P =
cos f VC
2
 Derivation, Predict your observation when the system is
The voltage equation, for the circuit, can be written as: connected first across a dc and then an ac source.
V R + VC = V ½ What happens in each case if the capacitance of
The phasor relation, whose vertical component the capacitor is reduced ? A&E
gives the above equation, is Ans. (i) When an ideal capacitor is connected with ac
VR + VC = V source, the current flow continuously but due to
vcm dielectric in between the plates of capacitor, there
VR V is no current, i.e.,
m

Iavg = 0
vr

 \ Pavg = V × Iavg
vm
Pavg = 0 1
t
(ii) For dc, lamp will not shine as capacitor blocks dc
even if we reduce the capacitance, the lamp will
Vc ½
not shine. 1
Q. 9. (i) When an ac source is connected to an ideal Lamp will shine, if ac is used on reducing C, with
capacitor show that the average power supplied increase of impedance.
by the source over a complete cycle is zero. Hence, lamp will shine less brightly. 1
(ii) A lamp is connected in series with a capacitor.

Long Answer Type Questions (5 marks each)

Q. 1. (a) Show that an ideal conductor does not dissipate X 20

∴ L= L =
power in an a.c. circuit. 2p f 2 π × 100
(b) The variation of inductive reactance (XL) of an = 0.032 H = 32 mH 1½
inductor with the frequency (f) of the a.c. source (ii) Power dissipation is maximum when
of 100 V and variable frequency is shown in the 1
figure. 2πfL =
2pfC

f = 300 s–1
L = 0.032 H
1
2πfL =
2pfC
1
Or, 2π × 300 × 0.032 =
2 π× 300 × C
∴ C = 8.8 × 10–6 F = 8.8 μF 1½
Q. 2. (a) In a series LCR circuit connected across an ac
(i) Calculate the self-inductance of the inductor.
source of variable frequency, obtain the expression
(ii) 
When this inductor is used in series with a for its impedance and draw a plot showing its
capacitor of unknown value and a resistor of 10 variation with frequency of the ac source.
Q at 300 s-1, maximum power dissipation occurs
(b) What is the phase difference between the voltages
in the circuit. Calculate the capacitance of the
across inductor and the capacitor at resonance in
capacitor.
the LCR circuit ?
Ans. (a) Power dissipation = P = VrmsIrmscos φ ½
(c) When an inductor is connected to 200 V dc voltage,
R a current of 1A flows through it. When the same
cos φ = . ½
Z inductor is connected to a 200 V, 50 Hz ac source,
For ideal inductor R = 0 only 0.5 A current flows. Explain why ? Also
∴ cos φ = 0 calculate the self inductance of the inductor.
∴ P = VrmsIrmscos φ = 0 R [CBSE DEL SET I, 2019]
Thus, ideal inductor does not dissipate power in an Ans. (a) Derivation of the expression for impedance  2
ac circuit.  1
Plot of impedance with frequency ½
(b) (i) Inductive reactance = Xl = 2πfL
X (b) Phase difference between voltage across inductor
∴   L = L and capacitor ½
2pf
(c) Reason and calculation of self induction
From graph f = 100 Hz
 ½+ 1½
Xl = 20 Ω
 Q. 3. A device X is connected across an ac source of
(a) voltage V = V0sin wt. The current through X is
C  π
 1 given as I = I0sin  ωt +  .
 2
VR
B V A (a) Identify the device X and write the expression for
its reactance.
VL+VC I (b) Draw graphs showing variation of voltage and
Φ
ωt current with time over one cycle of ac, for X.
(c) How does the reactance of the device X vary
 with frequency of the ac ? Show this variation
V = Vm
graphically.
VR = VRm (d) Draw the phasor diagram for the device X.
VL = VLm U [CBSE 2018]
      1
Ans. (a) Identification of the device X Expression for
From the figure, the pythagorus theorem gives reactance. 1
Vm 2 = VRm 2 + (VLm − VCm )
2 (b) Graphs of voltage and current with time 1+1
(c) Variation of reactance with frequency ½
VRm = im R , VLm = im X L , VCm = im X C (Graphical variation) ½
Vm = im Z  ½ (d) Phasor Diagram 1
(a) X: Capacitor ½
(Vm )2 = (im Z ) = (im R ) + (im X L − im X C )
2 2

1 1
Reactance, Xc = = ½
Z2 = R 2 + ( X L − XC )
2
or, ωC 2pVC

Z = R2 + ( X L − XC )
2
\ ½
V
[Note: award these two marks, If a student (b) i
does it correctly for the other case i.e., (VC > VL)] ½+½
(b)
0 t, 2π
Impedance

 t,

(c) Reactance of the capacitor varies in inverse

proportion to the frequency i.e. , Xc µ 1 1
Z=R f

Frequency ½
Xc
(b) Phase difference between voltage across inductor
and the capacitor at resonance is 180° ½ 1
(c) Inductor will offer an additional impedance to ac
f
due to its self inductance. ½
Vrms 200 V
R= = = 200 Ω Vm sin t
I rms 1

Impedance of the inductor, t

1
V 200 imsin t 2
Z = rms = = 400 Ω ½
I rms 0.5
 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018]
Since, Z = R + (XL )
2 2 Q. 4. A device ‘X’ is connected to an ac source
V = V0 sin ωt. The variation of voltage, current and
power in one cycle is shown in the following graph:
∴ ( 400 )2 − ( 200 )2 = ( X L ) 2 Y A
X L = 600 × 200 = 346.4 ½ B C

XL 364.4
Inductance (L) = = = 1.1 H ½ π/ 3π/ 2π ωt
ω 2 × 3.14 × 50 0 2 π 2

[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019]
 (a) Identify the device ‘X’.½ Q. 5. (i) An a.c. source of voltage V = V0 sin ωt is
(b) Which of the curves A, B and C represent the connected to a series combination of L, C and R.
voltage, current and the power consumed in the Use the phasor diagram to obtain expressions for
circuit? Justify your answer.  1½ impedance of the circuit and phase angle between
(c) How does its impedance vary with frequency of voltage and current. Find the condition when
the ac source? Show graphically. 1 current will be in phase with the voltage. What is
(d) Obtain an expression for the current in the circuit the circuit is this condition called?
and its phase relation with ac voltage. 2 (ii) In a series LR circuit XL = R and power factor of
Ans. (a) Identification ½ the circuit is P1. When capacitor with capacitance
(b) Identifying the curves 1 C such that XL = XC is put in series, the power
Justification½ P
factor becomes P2. Calculate 1 .
(c) Variation of Impedance P2
with frequency ½
Graph½ U [CBSE DEL SET 1, 2016]
(d) Expression for current 1½ Ans. (i) Obtaining expression for impedance and phase
Phase relation ½ angle  1½ + 1
(a) The device X is a capacitor½ Condition of current being in phase with voltage
(b) Curve B voltage ½
Curve C current½ Naming of circuit condition  ½
Curve A power½
P1
Reason: The current leads the voltage in phase, (ii) Calculation of 1½
p P2
by 2 for a capacitor.½

(c) 1 1 R
Xc = ( Xc µ ) ½ (i)
ωc ω


ε c
XC
L
½
vCm –
vLm

VR V
vRm

  ω ½
V = Vo sin ωt
q = CV =CVo sin ωt½ vm
dq
I= = ω cVo cos ω t t
dt ½
= I o sin( ω t + π )
2
½ V C +V L

C
From Figure
→ → → →

V = VL + VR + VC  ½
→
where |VR | = imR
→ →
|VL + VC | = VCm – VLm ½

= im(XC – XL)
v=vc sin wt ⇒ 2
Vm 2
= VRm + (VCm – VLm)2
       ½
l2mZ2 = lm
2 2 2
R + Im (XC – XL)2
Current leads the voltage, in phase , by p 2


⇒ Z= R 2 + ( X C − X L )2
(Note: If the student identifies the device X as an
Inductor but writes correct answers to parts (c)
From Figure
and (d) (in terms of an inductor), the student be VCm − VLm
tan φ =
given full marks for (only) these two parts ) VRm  ½
 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2017]
 im ( X C − X L ) XL
=
im R

 ½ Inductive
Reactance
−1  X C − X L 
φ = tan  
 R  ½
Condition for current and voltage are in phase:
VL = VC or XL = XC ½
Circuit is called Resonant circuit. ½
R R 1 Frequency (Hz) ½
(ii) Power factor, P1 = = =
Z R2 + R2 2 (b) (The current leads the voltage by an angle q where
p
(as XL = R) ½ 0 < q < ). The required phasor diagram is as shown
2
Power factor when capacitor C of reactance
XC = XL is put in series in the circuit l
R R
P2 = =
Z R =1
as Z = R at resonance ½ V

1
P1 2 = 1 
\ = t
P2 1 2 ½ I 1
 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016]
Q. 6. (a) Draw graphs showing the variations of  1 
[Here, q = tan–1 

inductive reactance and capacitive reactance with  ωCR 
frequency of the applied ac source. (c) In device X:
(b) Draw the phasor diagram for a series RC circuit p
connected to an ac source.
Current lags behind the voltage by
2
(c) An alternating voltage of 220 V is applied across
a device X, a current of 0.25 A flows, which lag \ X is an inductor.

p
In device Y: ½
behind the applied voltage in phase by radian.
Current in phase with the applied voltage.
2
\ Y is resistor.
½
If the same voltage is applied across another
device Y, the same current flows but now it is in
We are given that
phase with the applied voltage. 220

0.25 =
(i) Name the devices X and Y. XL
(ii) Calculate the current flowing in the circuit when 220
the same voltage is applied across the series
or XL = Ω = 880 Ω ½
0.25
combination of X and Y. U [CBSE Comptt. 2018]
220
Ans. (a) Drawing the two graphs ½+½
Also 0.25 =
R
(b) Drawing the phasor diagram 1
(c) (i) Naming the devices ½+½ 220
\
XR = Ω = 880 Ω ½
(ii) Calculating the current flowing 2 0.25
(a) The two graphs are as shown below:
For the series combination of X and Y,
XC

Equivalent impedance = (
X L2 + R 2 = 880 2 Ω ½)
Capacitive
220
Reactance \ Current flowing =
A = 0.177 A ½
880 2
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018]
Q. 7. (i) Prove that an ideal capacitor in an ac circuit
does not dissipate power.
½ (ii) An inductor of 200 mH, capacitor of 400 μF and a
Frequency (Hz) resistor of 10 W are connected in series to ac source
of 50 V of variable frequency. Calculate the:
 (a) angular frequency at which maximum power 10  200 mH

dissipation occurs in the circuit and the

R
corresponding value of the effective current, and L C

(b) value of Q-factor in the circuit.

A [O.D. Comptt I, II, III 2017]
V = 50 V
Ans. (i) Average Power dissipation is zero 2
(ii) Numerical 3 Ans. (i) Calculation of capacitance 1
(i) Try yourself, Similar to Q. 1(a), Long Answer Type (ii) Q-factor of circuit and its importance 2
Questions-I 2 Calculation of average power dissipated 2
1 (i) As power factor is unity,
(ii) (a) w0 = ½
LC \ XL = XC ½
1 1
= Þ w= ½
( 200 × 10−3 × 400 × 40−6 )1 / 2 LC
1 1
= rad/s
8 × 10−5 100 = ½
200 × 10 −3 × C

10 3 104 × 2 × 102 × 10–3 × C = 1 ½

= rad/s
80 1
C= F
@ 111 rad/s. 1 2 × 10 3
V 50 = 0.5 × 10–3 F ½
I = = = 5A ½
R 10 = 0.5 mF ½
1 L 1 L
(b) Q = (ii) Quality factor, Q= ½
R C R C
1 200 × 10 −3 1 200 × 10 −3
= = 5 1 =
10 400 × 10 −6 10 0.5 × 10 −3
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2017]
1
= × 20 = 2 ½
Q. 8. In the following circuit, calculate (i) the capacitance 10
of the capacitor, if the power factor of the circuit is
Significance: It measures the sharpness of
unity, (ii) the Q-factor of this circuit. What is the resonance.
significance of the Q-factor in ac circuit ? Given Average Power dissipated,
the angular frequency of the ac source to be 100 P = VrmsIrms cos f
rad/s. Calculate the average power dissipated in 50
= 50 × × 1 W
the circuit.  A [O.D. Comptt I, II, III 2017] 10
= 250 watts 1
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2017]

TOPIC-3
AC Generator and Transformer
Revision Notes
AC generator
� An alternator is an electrical machine which converts mechanical energy into alternating electrical
energy.
� Alternator or a synchronous generator has a stator and rotor.
� It is similar to the basic working principle of a dc generator.
� It works on the principle of electromagnetic induction where a coil gets rotated in uniform
magnetic field, sets an induced emf given as:
e = e0 sin wt = NBAw sin wt
Transformer
� Transformer is an electrical device used for changing the alternating voltages.
It is based on the phenomenon of mutual induction.
� The main use of transformer is in transmission of ac over long distances at extremely high voltages which reduces
the energy losses in transmission.
� It comprises of two sets of coils which are insulated from each other and are wound on soft-iron core.
� In this, one of the coil is called as primary (input coil) having Np turns while other coil is secondary (output coil)
having Ns turns, so we have
Es I p N s
= = =k
Ep I s N p

� Transformer Ratio:
N   Np 
Es =  s  Ep and I s =   I p
N 
 p  Ns 

N s Vs
= is defined as the transformer ratio.
N p Vp

Np Vp
The value of turns ratio of a transformer = =n
Ns Vs
� Step-up transformer: If secondary coil has more number of turns than primary (Ns > Np), voltage gets stepped up
(Vs > Vp).
N
In this, there is less current in secondary as compared to primary ( s > 1 and Is < Ip).
Np

The value of transformer ratio k>1

� Step-down transformer: In this, the secondary coil has less number of turns than primary (Ns < Np). In this,
Vs < Vp and Is > Ip as voltage gets stepped down or reduced with increase in current.
In this, value of transformer ratio k<1
� The main use of transformers is in stepping up voltage for power transmission.
� Electric power can be transmitted efficiently at high voltages than at low voltages due to less (I2R) heat loss in a high
voltage / low current transmission. Soft iron-core

� Efficiency of transformer:
Secondary

Output power

Secondary
Primary

Primary

h =
Input power

Es I s
h = Shell type coil and Core type coil and
Ep I p
core arrangement core arrengement
� Inspite of heavy power losses, the efficiency in a transformer is usually above 90%.
� An ideal transformer is 100% efficient as it delivers all energy it receives.
� Real transformer is not 100% efficient and at full load, its efficiency lies between 94% to 96%.
� A transformer operating with constant voltage and frequency with very high capacity, efficiency results as 98%.
� Energy losses in transformers:
1. Flux Leakage
2. Resistance of windings
3. Eddy currents
4. Hysteresis

Know the Formulae

For transformer:
Es I p N s
� = = =k
Ep I s N p

N   Np 
� Vs =  s  Vp and I s =   I p
N 
 p  Ns 
� The value of transformer ratio is greater than 1 for step up transformer and less than 1 for step-down transformer.
EI
� η= s s
Ep I p
 Output power
� %Efficiency = × 100%
Input power
Input power − Losses
= × 100%
Input power

For generator:
� e = e0sin wt = NBAw sin wt
e NBAω sin ωt
� I = =
r R

Very Short Answer Type Questions (1 mark each)

Q. [Link] the two characteristic properties of the Q. 3. Why do we prefer carbon brushes than copper in
material suitable for making core of a transformer. an ac generator? R
R
Ans. The carbon brushes used in case of the generator
Ans. Any two of the following:
(i) Low coercivity / Low retentivity ½ are corrosion free. On small expansion on heating,
(ii) Low hysteresis loss  ½ it maintains the proper contact as well.  1
OR Q. 4. What is the relationship between the
(i) High magnetic susceptibility / High Permeability½ transformation ratio and the voltage? R
(ii) High resistivity ½
Ans. If all the magnetic flux due to any current in the
Q. 2. Does the step down transformer violate the
primary is linked with the secondary, then
principle of conservation of energy? U
Ans. No, it does not violate the principle of conservation N s Vs
= = k
of energy. If a voltage is increased, the current is N p Vp

decreased in the same ratio and the product VI
(power) remains constant.  1
where k is the transformation ratio  1

Short Answer Type Questions-I (2 marks each)

Q. 1. State the underlying principle of a transformer. 4000 1

How is the large scale transmission of electric
Or, =
VS 10
energy over long distances done with the use of
transformers ? R \
VS = 40000 V  1

At destination village:
Ans. A transformer is based on the principle of mutual
VP NP
induction which states that due to continuous
For step-up transformer, =
change in the current in the primary coil, an emf VS NS
gets induced across the secondary coil. 1 40000 N
Electric power generated at the power station, is = P
200 NS
stepped-up to very high voltages by means of a
step-up transformer and transmitted to a distant NP
= 200 : 1  1
place. At receiving end, it is stepped down by a NS

step-down transformer. 1 Q. 3. An athlete peddles a stationary tricycle whose
Q. 2. A power generating station produces electric pedals are attached to a coil having 100 turns
power 600 kW at 4000 V which is to be transported each of area 0.1 m2. The coil, lying in XY plane, is
to a distant village. The turns ratio of the step up rotated in this plane at the rate of 50 rpm, about the
transformer used at the generating station is 1:10. z-axis, in a region where a uniform magnetic field
In the village if the voltage to be supplied at 200V, → ^
B = 0.01k Tesla is present. Find the (i) maximum
then what will be the turns ratio of the step-down
emf generated (ii) average emf generated in the
transformer?
coil over one complete rotation.
Ans. At generating station:
Ans. (i) Maximum emf generated = e0 = NBAw
VP NP
For step-up transformer, = e0 = NBA x 2πf ½
VS NS
 50 p

Or, e0 = 100 × 0.01 × 0.1 × 2p × ½ \
e0 = V = 0.52 V ½
60  6
(ii) The average emf generated in the coil over
complete rotation is 0.  ½

Short Answer Type Questions-II (3 marks each)

Q. 1. Explain with the help of a diagram, the working of efficient transfer of energy from the primary coil to
a step-down transformer. Why is a laminated iron the secondary coil and causes energy loss in form
core used in a transformer ? of heat generation in the core. 1
R & U [CBSE OD SET 1, 2020] Q. 2. (a) Name the device used to change the alternating
Ans. Working of a step-down transformer: voltage to a higher or lower value. State one cause
A step-down transformer converts a high voltage at for power dissipation in this device.
the primary side to a low voltage at the secondary (b) Explain with an example, how power loss is
side. reduced if the energy is transmitted over long
Transformer works on the principle of “Faraday’s distances as an alternating current rather than a
law of electromagnetic induction”. direct current. R & U [CBSE OD SET 1, 2018]
The emf induced is determined by the number of Ans. (a) Transformer is used to change the alternating
turns in primary and secondary windings. This voltage to a higher or lower value.
ratio is called as turn ratio. One cause of power dissipation in transformer is
The voltage reduction capability of step-down the resistance (I2R loss) of the copper wire used for
transformers depends on the turn ratio of the winding. 1½
primary and secondary coils. As the number of (b) At the generation end, the alternating voltage is
turns in secondary coil is kept less as compared stepped up by using a step-up transformer. So, the
to the number of turns in primary coil, so the corresponding current reduces. It is transmitted
amount of flux linkage to the secondary coil of the through transmission lines. So, there will not be
transformer is less compared to the primary coil. any appreciable I2R loss. At the receiving point,
Accordingly, the emf induced will be less in the the voltage is stepped down to the desired level
secondary coil. by using a step-down transformer and then it is
NS VS distributed to consumers.
= 1
N p Vp This step-up and step down is not so easy process

for direct voltage.  1½
Here,
Q. 3. (a) What is the principle of transformer?
Ns = Number of turns in secondary coil
(b) Explain how laminating the core of a transformer
Np = Number of turns in primary coil helps to reduce eddy current losses in it.
Vs = Voltage in secondary coil (c) Why the primary and secondary coils of a
Vp = Voltage in primary coil ½ transformer are preferably wound on the same
The number of turns in secondary winding is core? R&U
always less than the number of turns in the primary Ans. (a) Try Yourself. See Q. No. 1 of 2 Marks Questions.
winding of the transformer, i.e. Np > Ns. ½
 1
As the number of turns is less in secondary coil, so
(b) Each lamination being thin, its resistance is high.
the induced emf (output voltage) in the secondary
So, the eddy current is confined within thin
coil will be less than the primary input voltage.
lamination. Thus reduces the net eddy current. 1
Laminated iron core is used in transformers to
(c) For maximum sharing of magnetic flux, both the
reduce the Eddy current which prevents the
coils are preferably to be wound on the same core. 1

Long Answer Type Questions (5 marks each)

Q. 1. (a) Draw a labelled diagram of a step-up

transformer. Obtain the ratio of secondary to Ans. (a) Labelled diagram of a step-up transformer 1½
primary voltage in terms of number of turns and Derivation of ratio of secondary and primary
currents in the two coils. voltage  2
(b) A power transmission line feeds input power at (b) Calculation of number of turns in the secondary
2200 V to a step-down transformer with its primary  1½
windings having 3000 turns. Find the number of
turns in the secondary to get the power output at
220 V.  A [CBSE DEL SET 1, 2017]
 (a) Soft iron-core (iii) R
 atio of primary and secondary currents in
terms of turns  1
(iv) Current drawn by primary

Secondary
Primary

Formula:  ½
Calculation and result  ½+½
(i) and (ii) Try & Yourself, See Q. No. 1 of Short

Alternatively: Answer Type Questions-II.  1+1
Soft iron-core (iii) For an ideal transformer,
ipVp = isVs½
i V N

Secondary
p s s
Primary

\     = =
i V N  1
s p p

 1 (iv) We have

[Note: Deduct ½ mark, if labelling is not done]     ipVp = isVs = 550 W

When ac voltage is applied to primary coil, Vp = 220 V
the resulting current produces an alternating
550 5
magnetic flux, which also links the secondary coil.   ip = = = 2.5A ½+ ½+ ½
220 2

The induced emf, in the secondary coil, having
Ns turns, is  [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016]
dϕ Q. 3. (i) Describe, the working principle of a step-
es = – Ns
dt ½ up transformer with the help of a suitable diagram.

This flux, also induces an emf, called back emf, in Obtain the relation between input and output
the primary coil. voltages in terms of the number of turns of primary
and secondary windings and the currents in the
dϕ
es = – Ns ½
input and output circuits.
dt (ii) Given the input current 15 A and the input voltage
But ep = Vp of 100 V for a step-up transformer having 90%
and es = Vs ½ efficiency, find the output power and the voltage
Vs in the secondary if the output current is 3 A.
N
⇒ = s ½ R & A [Foreign I, II, III 2017]
Vp Np
 Ans. (i) Diagram ½
For an ideal transformer

Principle ½
lp Vp = is Vs ½
Vs i
Relation between voltage, number of turns, and
Þ = p Currents 2½
Vp is
 ½
(ii) Input power ½
Ns Vs
(b) =
Output power ½
Np Vp ½
 Output voltage ½
Ns 220 (i) Try Yourself See Q. No. 1 of 5 marks Questions. 1+1
=
3000 2200
Vs Ns Ip
\
Ns = 300 ½ \ = = 1
Vp Np Is
 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2017]
Q. 2. (i) Draw a labelled diagram of a step-down (ii) Input power, Pi = Ii × Vi = 15 × 100 = 1500 W ½
transformer. State the principle of its working. 90
(ii) Express the turn ratio in terms of voltages. Power output, P0 = Pi × = 1350 W ½
100
(iii) Find the ratio of primary and secondary currents
in terms of turn ratio in an ideal transformer. Þ I0V0 = 1350 W ½
(iv) How much current is drawn by the primary of a 1350
transformer connected to 220 V supply when it Output voltage, V0 = V = 450 V ½
3
delivers power to a 110 V – 550 W refrigerator?
A [CBSE OD SET I, 2016] [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2017]

Ans.(i) Labelled diagram  1 Q. 4. (a) State the principle of working of a transformer.

Principle  1 (b) Define efficiency of a transformer.
(ii) Expression for the turn ratio in terms of voltage (c) State any two factors that reduce the efficiency of
a transformer.
½
 (d) Calculate the current drawn by the primary of a (iii) hysteresis losses ½+½
90% efficient transformer which steps down 220 V
to 22 V, if the output resistance is 440 W. (iv) magnetic flux leakage losses (Any two)
U & A [CBSE Comptt. I, II, III 2018] (d) We have
Ans. (a) Principle of working 1 Vs I s
(b) Defining efficiency 1 Vp I p = 90% = 0.9


(c) Any two factors ½+½ 22 I s
(d) Calculating the current drawn 2 \ = 0.9
220 I p
(a) Try it Yourself. See Q. No. 1 of 5 marks Questions. 1
(b) The efficiency of a transformer equals the ratio of Is 0.9
or, = =9
the output power to the input power. 1 Ip 0.1
Alternatively:
 22 
output power  

Efficiency= Is  440 
input power \ Ip = = A
9 9
Vs I s 1

Efficiency =
= A
Vp I p 180
(c) (i) Eddy current losses
= 0.0056 A 2
(ii) joule heat losses [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018]

Visual Case-based Questions (1×4=4 marks)

Attempt any 4 sub parts-from the given 5 Question.

When capacitive reactance (XC) is equal to the
Each question carries 1 mark. inductive reactance (XL), then the resonance occurs
1. Tuning a radio set: In essence the simplest tuned 1
and the resonant frequency is given by ω0 =
radio frequency receiver is a simple crystal set. LC
Desired frequency is tuned by a tuned coil /
current amplitude becomes maximum at the
capacitor combination, and then the signal is resonant frequency. It is important to note that
presented to a simple crystal or diode detector resonance phenomenon is exhibited by a circuit
where the amplitude modulated signal, is only if both L and C are present in the circuit.
demodulated. This is then passed straight to the Only then do the voltages across L and C cancel
headphones or speaker. In radio set there is an each other (both being out of phase) and the
LC oscillator comprising of a variable capacitor (or V
sometimes a variable coupling coil) , with a knob current amplitude is m , the total source voltage
R
on the front panel to tune the receiver.
appearing across R.
Capacitor used in old radio sets is gang capacitor.
This means that we cannot have resonance in a RL
It consists of two sets of parallel circular plates one
or RC circuit.
of which can rotate manually by means of a knob.
(i) Name the phenomenon involved in tuning a radio
The rotation causes overlapping areas of plates
set to a particular radio station.
to change, thus changing its capacitance. Air gap
(a) Stabilization (b) Rectification
between plates acts as dielectric.
(c) Resonance (d) Reflection
The capacitor has to be tuned in tandem
Ans. (c) 1
corresponding to the frequency of a station so that
Explanation: Phenomenon involved in tuning a
the LC combination of the radio set resonates at the
radio set to a particular radio station is resonance.
frequency of the desired station.
The capacitor has to be tuned in tandem
corresponding to the frequency of a station. So,
that the LC combination of the radio set resonates
at the frequency of the desired station.
(ii) Resonance may occur in:
(a) RL circuit
(b) RC circuit
(c) LC circuit
(d) Circuit having resistor only
 Ans. (c)  1

Explanation: A simple radio receiver is a simple
crystal set with a coil and capacitor combination.
Desired frequency is tuned by tuning the coil -
capacitor combination. Tuning means to make
capacitive reactance (XC) equal to the inductive
reactance (XL), so that the resonance occurs.
(iii) Resonance frequency is equal to:
1 1
(a) (b)
LC LC
L C At generating station, normally voltage is stepped
(c) (d)
C L up to around thousands of volts. Power losses
increase with the square of current. Therefore,
Ans. (b) 1
keeping voltage high current becomes low and the

Explanation: The resonant frequency is given by
loss is minimized.
1
ω0 = Another option of minimizing loss is the use of wires
LC of super-conducting material. Super-conducting
(iv) Resonance occurs only when: materials are capable of conducting without
(a) XC = R (b) XL = R resistance, they must be kept extremely cold,
nearly absolute zero, and this requirement makes
(c) XL = XC (d) XC > XL
standard super-conducting materials impractical to
Ans. (c)  1 use. However, recent advances in super-conducting

Explanation: At resonance, capacitive reactance materials have decreased cooling requirement. In
(XC) is equal to the inductive reactance (XL). Circuit Germany recently 1 km super-conducting cable
is totally resistive and the current amplitude have been installed connecting the generating
becomes maximum. station and the destination. It has eliminated the
(v) Capacitor used in radio set for tuning is a: line loss and the cable is capable of sending five
(a) Parallel plate capacitor times more electricity than conventional cable.
Using super-conducting cables Germany has also
(b) Spherical capacitor
get rid of the need of costly transformers.
(c) Paper capacitor
Transformers generate waste heat when they are in
(d) Electrolytic capacitor operation and oil is the coolant of choice. It transfers
Ans. (a) 1 the heat through convection to the transformer

Explanation: Capacitor used in old radio is a housing, which has cooling fins or radiators similar
parallel plate capacitor. It consists of two sets of to heat exchangers on the outside.
parallel circular plates , one of which can rotate Flush point is a very important parameter
manually by means of a knob. The rotation of transformer oil. Flashpoint of an oil is the
causes overlapping areas of plates to change, thus temperature at which the oil ignites spontaneously.
changing its capacitance. This must be as high as possible (not less than
2. At power plant, a transformer increases the voltage 160º C from the point of safety).
of generated power by thousands of volts so that it Fire point is the temperature at which the oil flashes
can be sent of long distances through high-voltage and continuously burns. This must be very high for
transmission power lines. Transmission lines are the chosen oil (not less than 200º C).
bundles of wires that carry electric power from (i) Which of the following statement is true for long
power plants to distant substations. distance transmission of electricity?

At substations, transformers lower the voltage of (a) Step-down transformer is used at generating
incoming power to make it acceptable for high- station and step-up transformer is used at
volume delivery to nearby end-users. destination substation

Electricity is sent at extremely high voltage (b) Step-down transformers are used at generating
because it limits so-called line losses. Very good station and destination substation
conductors of electricity also offer some resistance (c) Step-up transformers are used at generating
and this resistance becomes considerable over long station and destination substation
distances causing considerable loss. (d) None of the above
Ans. (d) Ans. (b)
Explantion: At power plant, a step-up transformer Explanation: At generating station, normally
increases the voltage of generated power by voltage is stepped up to around thousands of volts.
thousands of volts, so that it can be sent of long Power losses increase with the square of current.
distances through high-voltage transmission Therefore, keeping voltage high current becomes
power lines. low and the loss is minimized.
At substations, step-down transformers lower the
(iv) Oil transfers heat from transformer winding by
voltage of incoming power to make it acceptable
the process of:
for high-volume delivery to nearby end-users.
(ii) Super-conducting transmission line has the (a) Convection (b) conduction
following advantages: (c) Radiation (d) All of these
(a) Resistance being zero, there is no I2R loss Ans. (a)
(b) There is no requirement of costly step-up and Explanation: Transformers generate waste heat
step-down transformers when they are in operation and oil is the coolant of
(c) Cable is capable of sending more electricity choice. It transfers the heat through convection to
(d) All of the above the transformer housing.
Ans. (d) (v) Flush point of an oil is
Explanation: Super-conducting materials are (a) the temperature at which the oil flashes and
capable of conducting without resistance. So, this continuously burns
eliminates the line loss and the cable is capable of
(b) the temperature at which the oil ignites
sending more electricity than conventional cable.
spontaneously
Using super-conducting cables one can get rid of
the need of costly transformers. (c) the temperature at which the oil stars boiling
(iii) Why does stepping up voltages reduce power (d) The temperature at which the oil forms fumes
loss? Ans. (b)
(a) Since resistance of conductor decreases with Explanation: Flush point is a very important
increase of voltage parameter of transformer oil. Flashpoint of an
(b) Since current decreases with increase of voltage oil is the temperature at which the oil ignites
(c) Both of the above spontaneously. This must be as high as possible
(d) None of the above (not less than 160° C from the point of safety).

qq
 SELF ASSESSMENT PAPER-4
Time : 1 Hours Maximum Marks : 25

SECTION - A

1. (i) A square of side L meters lies in the x–y plane in a region where the magnetic field is given by B = B0 ( 2i  3 j  4 k )
Tesla, where B0 is constant. What will be the magnitude of flux passing through the square? 1
(ii) If the number of turns per unit length of a coil of a solenoid is doubled, how will its self induction change? 1
(iii) A metallic piece gets hot when surrounded by a coil carrying high frequency alternating current. Why? 1
(iv) An iron-cored solenoid has self-inductance 2.8 H. When the core is removed, the self inductance becomes 2 mH.
What is the relative permeability of the core used ? 1
2. For question number 2 two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R).
Select the correct answer to these questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false and R is also false
(i) Assertion (A) : At the timing of switching ON and OFF there is a high possibility of an electric bulb to fuse.
Reason (R) : A surge is produced due to inductive effect at the time of switching ON and OFF. 1
(ii) Assertion (A) : Faraday’s laws are consequence of conservation of energy.
Reason (R) : In a purely resistive ac circuit, the current lags behind the voltage. 1
3. Read the Passage given below and answer any 4 Questions.
Tuning a radio set : In essence the simplest tuned radio frequency receiver is a simple crystal set. Desired frequency
is tuned by a tuned coil / capacitor combination, and then the signal is presented to a simple crystal or diode
detector where the amplitude modulated signal, is demodulated. This is then passed straight to the headphones
or speaker. In radio set there is a LC oscillator comprising of a variable capacitor (or sometimes a variable coupling
coil) , with a knob on the front panel to tune the receiver. 4

Capacitor used in old radio sets is gang capacitor. It consists of two sets of parallel circular plates , one of which can
rotate manually by means of a knob. The rotation causes overlapping areas of plates to change, thus changing its
capacitance. Air gap between plates acts as dielectric.
The capacitor has to be tuned in tandem corresponding to the frequency of a station. so that the LC combination
of the radio set resonates at the frequency of the desired station.
When Capacitive reactance (XC) is equal to the inductive reactance (XL), then the resonance occurs and the resonant
1
frequency is given by ω0 =
LC
Current amplitude becomes maximum at the resonant frequency.
It is important to note that resonance phenomenon is exhibited by a circuit only if both L and C are present in
the circuit. Only then do the voltages across L and C cancel each other (both being out of phase) and the current
amplitude is Vm /R, the total source voltage appearing across R. This means that we cannot have resonance in a RL
or RC circuit.
 (i) Name the phenomenon involved in tuning a radio set to a particular radio station.
(a) Stabilization (b) Rectification
(c) Resonance (d) Reflection
(ii) Resonance may occur in
(a) RL circuit (b) RC circuit
(c) LC circuit (d) Circuit having resistor only
(iii) Resonance frequency is equal to :
1 1
(a) (b)
LC LC

L C
(c) (d)
C L
(iv) Resonance occurs only when :
(a) XC = R (b) XL = R
(c) XL = XC (d) XC > XL
(v) Capacitor used in radio set for tuning is a :
(a) Parallel plate capacitor (b) Spherical capacitor
(c) Paper capacitor (d) Electrolytic capacitor

SECTION - B
4. The figure shows two sinusoidal curves representing oscillating supply voltage and current in an ac circuit.

i(t) E(t)

O
T/8 T/4 t

Draw a phasor diagram to represent the current and supply voltage appropriately as phasors. State the phase
difference between the two quantities. 2
5. State the underlying principle of a transformer. How is the large scale transmission of electric energy over long
distances done with the use of transformers ? 2

SECTION - C
6. State Lenz’s law. Explain, by giving examples that Lenz’s law is a consequence of conservation of energy. 3
7. A source of ac voltage V = V0sin wt, is connected across a pure inductor of inductance L. Derive the expressions
for the instantaneous current in the circuit. Show that average power dissipated in the circuit is zero. 3

SECTION - D
8. A device ‘X’ is connected to an ac source V = V0sin ωt. The variation of voltage, current and power in one cycle is
shown in the following graph :
Y A
B C

t
0 π 2π

(i) Identify the device ‘X’.

(ii) Which of the curves A, B and C represent the voltage, current and the power consumed in the circuit ? Justify
your answer.
 (iii) How does its impedance vary with frequency of the ac source ? Show graphically.
(iv) Obtain an expression for the current in the circuit and its phase relation with ac voltage 5