ORAL COMM • Encoding – the process of converting the

Nature, Elements, and Functions of message into words, actions or other forms
Communication that the speaker understands
Communication – is a process of sharing • Decoding – the process of interpreting the
and conveying messages or information encoded message of the speaker by the
from one person to another receiver
• Receiver – the recipient of the message or
Nature of Communication someone who decodes the message
• Communication is a process. • Feedback – the reactions, responses, or
– Communication is a human activity information provided by the receiver
– Communication is a complex process • Context – refers to the interrelated
• Communication occurs between two or conditions of communication which affect
more people. how people understand the message
• Barrier – the factors that affect the flow of
• Communication can be expressed through communication
written or spoken words, actions
(non-verbal) or both spoken words and Functions of Communication
nonverbal actions at the same time. • Control/Regulation – communication
Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication functions to control behavior
Modes of verbal communication – written • Social Interaction – communication allows
communication, oral communication individuals to interact with others
Nonverbal communication – sending and • Motivation – communication motivates or
receiving message without the use of words encourages people to live better
• Emotional Expression – communication
Audio and Visual Communication facilitates people’s expression of their
• Audio Communication – uses sounds to feelings and emotion
communicate or any form of transmission • Informative Function – functions to convey
that is based on hearing information
• Visual Communication – use aids such • Instructive Function – to instruct people on
as pictures, drawing, illustrations, and what to do, when and where to do them,
graphic organizers like charts and tables. and why and how to do them
• Persuasive Function – wanting to influence
Elements of Communication the opinion of others to believe and accept
• Speaker – is the person who conveys or your stand and claim on an issue or
sends the message, oral or written problem
• Message – is whatever the sender • Aesthetic Function – communication for
communicates to the receiver or the pleasure and enjoyment
information received by the receiver from
the sender The Tenets of Communication
• Channel – is the medium or means One Important principle that you have to
through which the message is being remember is that communication is
transmitted purposive.
• To express ideas and feelings, needs, and
wants
• To explain your knowledge, opinions, -Listening is not my problem
belief, and other significant ideals. -Listening and hearing are the same
• To relate with other people and form -Good readers are good listeners
cordial relationship with them -Smarter people are better listeners
• To persuade others to believe in your -Listening improves with age
ideas, beliefs, and claims -Listening skills are difficult to learn
• To entertain others with your wit and
humor Objectives of Listening
• To appreciate the present moment and -To learn
experience -To increase one’s understanding
-To advice or counsel
Tenets of Communication by Gamble -To relieve one’s boredom
and Gamble (2012)
• Communication is Dynamic Types of Listening
• Communication is unrepeatable and [Link] listening – listening for
irreversible pleasure and enjoyment.
• Communication is contextualized [Link] listening – listening to provide
• Communication is everywhere emotional support for the speaker.
• Communication is continuous [Link]/Active listening – listening
• Communication is transaction to understand the message of a speaker
• Communication is learned [Link]/Analytical listening – listening to
• Communication is sharing of meanings evaluate a message for purposes of
• Communication has two levels of meaning: accepting or rejecting it.
content and relational
– Words as symbols represent objects or Strategies in Various Speech Situations
concepts. Symbol are arbitrary, they do not
have inherent meaning until we give Speech - Is essential to our being human. It
meaning to them. affects who we are and how we develop as
– Symbols are also ambiguous, there individuals, how we learn and communicate
meaning are not fixed what we known and how we interact with
– Symbols are also abstract, they are not others in our world.
concrete or
Context - Refers to the situation or
Listening and Communication environment involved in a communication

Listening Types of Speech Context

-Most important communication skill [Link] Communication - is the type
Effective Listening of speech used when we talk to ourselves
-Is the process of analyzing sounds, [Link] Communication - involves
organizing them into recognizable patterns, an interchanged of messages and ideas
interpreting the patterns and understanding between or among people
the message by inferring the meaning.
Types of Interpersonal Communication
Fallacies about Listening Dyadic communication
Small group communication Ex. Use of contractions, Use of slang words,
Public Communication Use of simplified grammar
Mass Communication
[Link] style
5 contexts in which interpersonal Used in conversations between people who
communication happens: are very close and know each other quite
Psychological Context well because having a maximum of shared
Relational Context background information.
Situational Context Characterized by an economy of words,
Environmental Context with a high incidence of significant
Cultural Context nonverbal communication, such as gesture,
facial expression, eye contact, and so on.
[Link] Communication - form of Ex. Telling your gf/bf you love them, telling
communication which allows for wider your best friend about your deepest and
coverage darkest problems, asking your family for
advice about serious matters.
Types of Speech Style
[Link] Style Language and Speech Acts
also known as fixed speech Speech Act
it is the most formal communicative style Gives the overview on the occurrences of
that is often used in respectful situation or communication breakdown or
formal ceremony. misunderstandings
Ex. Pledge of Alliance, Shakespeare’s
plays, Wedding, introduction of each other According to Austin and Searle, they
between acquaintance assert that there are three things that are
considered in a communication act:
[Link] Style [Link] is said
Uses formal words and expressions [Link] we actually do when we say it
Most often seen in writing than in speaking [Link] is the expected response or reaction
Ex. Job interview, Business trip, Dinner
party, Prestigious ceremony, Meeting, Speech Act Theory
Academic papers Ludwig Wittgenstein called ordinary
language philosophy the idea that the
[Link] style meaning of language depends on its actual
Known as the Third level of Language use, rather than having an inherent
Is unplanned speech meaning.
Ex. When a student is talking his or her Speech-act theory was originated by Austin
teacher, when a student recites in class (1962) and developed further by Searle
(1969).
[Link] or Informal style
Used in conversations between friends and As explained by Richard Nordquist
insiders who have something to share and (December 2015), speech-act theory is
have shared background information subfield of pragmatics concerned with the
The use of language is general ways in which words can be used not only
to present information but also to carry out transition from one topic to another with a
actions. purpose of possibly closing the
conversation.
As introduced by Oxford philosopher J.L.
Austin and further developed by American [Link] Repair - refers to solving problems
philosopher J.R. Searle, speech-act theory or errors which may interrupt the discussion.
considers the levels of action at which
utterances are said to perform. [Link] - is the process of closing
on-going topics such as summary
Types of Speech Act assessment, acknowledgment, tokens,
[Link] Acts - Roughly equivalent to repetition, laughter, or pauses.
uttering a certain sentence with a certain
meaning in the traditional sense.

[Link] acts - is what the speaker

actually meant when he/she said the
message. (speaker’s intention)

[Link] acts - refers to the effect that

the speech has on the context of the
participant’s world. (impact)

Types of Communicative Strategy

[Link] - is the process whereby a

speaker launches or provides a background
for the discussion topic. Topic nomination or
initiation also happens when the speaker
prompt other members to introduce a new
topic so that the conversation will not end.

[Link] - involves restricting the

discussion to the topic offered or presented.

[Link]-Taking - is the process of providing

equal opportunities to all the participants to
express their views and insights to the
discussion.

[Link] Control - involves the act of

sustaining the topic for the discussion.

[Link] Shifting - refers to the process of