MATH 200/102/Test1/October 3/V1

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ˆ The test consists of 10 pages and 4 questions worth a total of 30 marks.

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Page 1 of 10
1. Consider the the vector ~v = h1, 2, 2i
(a) 2 marks Find cos θ, where θ is the angle ~v makes with k̂ = h0, 0, 1i.

cos θ =

Solution:
• |~v |2 = 12 + 22 + 22 = 9, so |~v | = 3
~v ·k̂ 2
• cos θ = |~v ||k̂|
= 3

(b) 3 marks Find a vector ~t 6= ~0 which is perpendicular to both the vector

~v and the vector k̂ − ̂ (here ̂ = h0, 1, 0i and k̂ = h0, 0, 1i).

~t = h , , i

Solution:
• we can use ~t = ~v × (k̂ − ̂) = h1, 2, 2i × h0, −1, 1i
• so ~t = h4, −1, −1i (or any 6= 0 multiple)

Page 2 of 10
(c) 3 marks Find numbers
√ a and b so that the ~ = ha, b, 0i satisfies
vector w
1
the following: |w|
~ = 5 and proj~v w~ = 3 ~v .

a= ,b =

Solution:
• 5 = |w|~ 2 = a2 + b 2
• 13 ~v = proj~v w w·~
~ v
~ = |~
v |2
~ · ~v = 13 |~v |2 = 3
~v , so a + 2b = w
• 5 = (3−2b)2 +b2 = 5b2 −12b+9, so 0 = 5b2 −12b+4 = (5b−2)(b−2)
11 2
• then a = −1, b = 2 or a = 5
, b= 5

Page 3 of 10
THIS PAGE IS FOR QUESTION 2 ROUGH WORK

Page 4 of 10
2. Consider the point P = (2, 3) and the unit vector ~v = h 35 , 54 i.
(a) 3 marks Fill in the blanks below appropriately.

f( , ) − f( , )
D~v f (P ) = lim
t→0 ( )

Solution:
f (2+ 35 t, 3+ 45 t)−f (2, 3)
• D~v f (P ) = lim t
t→0

(b) 3 marks For the function f (x, y) = x2 y directly evaluate the limit
above to find D~v f (P ).

Solution:
(2+ 35 t)2 (3+ 54 t)−22 ·3 (4+ 12 9 2
t+ 25 t )(3+ 54 t)−12
• D~v f (P ) = lim t
= lim 5
t
t→0 t→0

• so D~v f (P ) = lim 3·12+4·4 + 9·3+12·4 9·4 2

t = 52


5 25
t + 125 5
t→0

Page 5 of 10
3. The concentration of a certain chemical in space is given by the function
C(x, y, z) = z 2 exy . Let P = (0, 2, −1).
(a) 3 marks Calculate the vector ∇C(P ).

Solution:
• ∇C = hz 2 yexy , z 2 xexy , 2zexy i
• so at P , ∇C(P ) = h2, 0, −2i

(b) 2 marks Compute the directional derivative of C at P in the direction

of the vector ~v = h1, 0, 2i.

Solution:
~v
• the directional derivative is D ~v C(P ) = ∇C(P ) · |~v |
|~v|
√ √
• |~v | = 1 + 0 + 4 = 5
• so D ~v C(P ) = h2, 0, −2i · √1 h1, 0, 2i = − √25
|~
v| 5

Page 6 of 10
(c) 2 marks Along which unit vector ~v at P does the concentration de-
crease most rapidly?

Solution:
∇C(P )
• − |∇C(P )|
= h− √12 , 0, √12 i

(d) 2 marks Find all unit vectors along which the rate of change of con-
centration at P is zero.

Solution:
• for such ~v = hv1 , v2 , v3 i, we need 0 = ∇C(P ) · ~v = 2(v1 − v3 )
• so v3 = v1 , while v2 is free;
1
• since ~v is also unit-length, ~v = √
2a2 +b2
ha, b, ai (for any a, b)

Page 7 of 10
THIS PAGE IS FOR QUESTION 4 ROUGH WORK

Page 8 of 10
4. Let F (x, y, z) = xy 2 + yz 3 . Note that F (3, 2, 1) = 14.
(a) 3 marks Write the differential dF at point (3, 2, 1).

Solution:
• the partials are Fx = y 2 , Fy = 2xy + z 3 , Fz = 3yz 2
• so at (3, 2, 1), Fx = 4, Fy = 13, Fz = 6
• and so the differential is dF = 4dx + 13dy + 6dz

(b) 2 marks Using linear approximation, determine an approximate value

of F (x, y, z) when (x, y, z) is close to (3, 2, 1).

Solution:
• F (x, y, z) ≈ F (3, 2, 1) + dF = 14 + 4dx + 13dy + 6dz
• set dx = x − 3, dy = y − 2 and dz = z − 1
• F (x, y, z) ≈ 14+4(x−3)+13(y−2)+6(z−1) = 4x + 13y + 6z − 30

(c) 2 marks Suppose that (x, y, z) lies on the the level surface F (x, y, z) =
14. Use your answer above to write an approximate formula for z in
terms of x and y when (x, y) is close to (3, 2).

Solution:
• use the linear approximation 14 = F (x, y, z) ≈ 4x + 13y + 6z − 30
22
• then solve for z: z ≈ 3
− 32 x − 13
6
y

Page 9 of 10
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DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE. WORK ON THIS PAGE WILL NOT

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Page 10 of 10