Heat Transfer (ME F220)

Dr Mrinal K Jagirdar
BITS Pilani Mechanical Engineering Department
BITS Pilani Hyderabad Campus
Hyderabad Campus
 BITS Pilani
Hyderabad Campus

ME F220 Heat Transfer, Lecture 4

 The Heat Equation
• Cartesian Coordinates:

  T    T    T  T
 k   k   k   
q   c
x  x  y  y  z  z 
p
t

Net transfer of thermal energy into the Change in thermal

control volume (inflow-outflow) Thermal energy energy storage
generation

• Cylindrical Coordinates:
1   T  1   T    T   T
 kr  2  k    z  k z   q   c p
r r  r  r      t

• Spherical Coordinates:

1   2 T  1   T  1   T  T
2 r 
kr 
 2 2  k    k sin    
q   c p
r  r  r sin      r 2 sin      t
 Confusion with regards to the sign
Sign of Heat Transfer
 Heat flux vector
 Heat from 1st of Thermodynamics
One-Dimensional, Steady-State
Conduction without
Thermal Energy Generation

Chapter Three
Sections 3.1 through 3.4
Methodology

Methodology of a Conduction Analysis

• Specify appropriate form of the heat equation.
• Solve for the temperature distribution.
• Apply Fourier’s law to determine the heat flux.

Simplest Case: One-Dimensional, Steady-State Conduction with No Thermal Energy

Generation.

• Common Geometries:
– The Plane Wall: Described in rectangular (x) coordinate. Area
perpendicular to direction of heat transfer is constant (independent of x).
– The Tube Wall: Radial conduction through tube wall.
– The Spherical Shell: Radial conduction through shell wall.
Plane Wall
The Plane Wall
• Consider a plane wall between two fluids of different temperature:

• Heat Equation:
d  dT 
k 0 (3.1)
dx  dx 

• Implications:
Heat flux  qx  is independent of x.
Heat rate  q x  is independent of x.
• Boundary Conditions: T  0   Ts ,1, T  L   Ts,2

• Temperature Distribution for Constant k :

x
T  x   Ts ,1  Ts ,2  Ts ,1  (3.3)
L
Plane Wall (cont.)

• Heat Flux and Heat Rate:

dT k
qx   k  Ts,1  Ts ,2  (3.5)
dx L
dT kA
qx   kA  Ts ,1  Ts,2  (3.4)
dx L
 T 
• Thermal Resistances  Rt   and Thermal Circuits:
 q 
L
Conduction in a plane wall: Rt ,cond  (3.6)
kA
1
Convection: Rt ,conv  (3.9)
hA
Thermal circuit for plane wall with adjoining fluids:

1 L 1
Rtot    (3.12)
h1 A kA h 2 A
T,1  T,2
qx  (3.11)
Rtot
Plane Wall (cont.)

• Thermal Resistance for Unit Surface Area:

L 1
Rt,cond  Rt,conv 
k h
Units: Rt  K/W Rt  m 2  K/W
• Radiation Resistance:
1 1
Rt ,rad  Rt,rad 
hr A hr

hr   Ts  Tsur  Ts2  Tsur
2
 (1.9)

• Contact Resistance:

T T Rt,c
,  A B
Rtc Rt ,c 
qx Ac

Values depend on: Materials A and B, surface finishes, interstitial conditions, and
contact pressure (Tables 3.1 and 3.2)
Plane Wall (cont.) • Composite Wall with Negligible
Contact Resistance:

T,1  T,4
qx  (3.14)
 Rt

For the temperature distribution

shown, kA > kB < kC.

1  1 LA LB LC 1  Rtot
 Rt  Rtot       
A  h1 k A k B kC h4  A
• Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient (U) :
A modified form of Newton’s law of cooling to encompass multiple resistances
to heat transfer.
qx  UAToverall (3.17)

1
Rtot  (3.19)
UA
Plane Wall (cont.)

• Series – Parallel Composite Wall:

Assuming isothermal
surfaces perpendicular
to x-direction.

Assuming adiabatic
surfaces parallel
to x-direction.

• Note departure from one-dimensional conditions for k F  kG .

• Circuits based on assumption of isothermal surfaces normal to x direction or

adiabatic surfaces parallel to x direction provide approximations for qx .
An alternative conduction Analysis
– variable area
Heat transfer rate remains constant (not heat flux and therefore not the temperature
gradient)
Even though temperature distribution may be 2D (strictly speaking), it is often
reasonable to neglect the y-variation and assume 1D conduction.
Tube Wall
The Tube Wall

• Heat Equation:
1 d  dT 
 kr 0 (3.28)
r dr  dr 
What does the form of the heat equation tell us about the variation of qr with
r in the wall?
Is the foregoing conclusion consistent with the energy conservation requirement?
How does qr vary with r ?
• Temperature Distribution for Constant k :
Ts ,1  Ts ,2  r 
T r   ln    Ts ,2 (3.31)
ln  r1 / r2   r2 
Tube Wall (cont.)

• Heat Flux and Heat Rate:

dT k
qr   k 
dr r ln  r2 / r1 
 Ts ,1  Ts ,2  [W/m2]

2 k
qr  2 rqr 
ln  r2 / r1 
Ts,1  Ts,2  [W/m]

2 Lk
qr  2 rLqr 
ln  r2 / r1 
Ts,1  Ts,2  [W] (3.32)

• Conduction Resistance:
ln  r2 / r1 
Rt ,cond  [K/W] (3.33)
2 Lk
ln  r2 / r1 
Rt,cond  [m  K/W]
2 k
Tube Wall (cont.)

• Composite Wall with

Negligible Contact
Resistance

T,1  T,4
qr 
Rtot

 UA T,1  T,4  (3.35)

Note that
For the temperature distribution
1
UA  Rtot shown, kA > kB > kC.

is a constant independent of radius,

but U itself is tied to specification of an interface.
1
U i   Ai Rtot  (3.37)