POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS
What makes
humans
different from
animals?
MIND
CONSCIENCE FREE WILL
SPEAKING SPIRIT
(EXPRESSION)
LEGISLATIVE
MIND
JUDICIARY EXECUTIVE
CONSCIENCE FREE WILL
MEDIA
CIVIL SOCIATIES
SPEAKING
SPIRIT
(EXPRESSION)
The state is established by the people, and its primary
purpose is to ensure that they live better and more
peacefully. Since ancient Greece, the state has been
recognized as having three essential duties:
1. To establish rules necessary for people to coexist
peacefully.
2. To execute and enforce these laws.
3. To resolve disputes that arise either between
individuals or between individuals and the state.
IDEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND
French philosopher Charles
Montesquieu (1689-1755) argued that
these three functions should be carried
out by three separate bodies. He
believed that power should not be
concentrated in the hands of one person
or institution.
IDEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND
In his 1748 work “On the Spirit of Laws” (De
l’Esprit des Lois), Montesquieu highlighted the
following ideas:
• Legislative power (the making of laws) and
executive power (the enforcement of laws)
should be vested in distinct bodies.
• Judicial power should be independent of
both the legislative and executive branches to
ensure that laws are applied impartially and
justly.
EXECUTIVE
EXECUTIVE
The Executive enforces laws
and manages the daily
operations of the state. It is
typically led by a president,
prime minister, or cabinet
members.
POWERS/DUTIES
Law Enforcement: Ensuring Governance: Making
that laws are implemented. administrative decisions and
managing state affairs.
Public Policies: Managing
services like education, Foreign Policy: Handling the
healthcare, and security. state’s international relations.
RELATIONS WITH OTHER
INSTITUTIONS
In presidential systems, it
operates independently.
The executive’s actions are
subject to judicial review.
In parliamentary systems, the EXECUTIVE
executive is accountable to
the legislature.
LEGISLATURE JUDICIARY
TYPES OF EXECUTIVE
INSTITUTIONS
PRESIDENTIAL SYSTEM PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEM
The executive is The executive is
independent of the accountable to the
legislature. legislature.
PRESIDENTIAL SYSTEM
LEGISLATIVE CHIEF EXECUTIVE
VOTERS
PARLIAMENTARY SISTEM
CHIEF EXECUTIVE
LEGISLATIVE
VOTERS
HEAD OF THE APPOINTED BY HEAD OF THE APPOINTED BY
STATES SYSTEM
STATE AND FOR GOVERNMENT AND FOR
PRESIDENT BY PEOPLE PRESIDENT BY PEOPLE
USA PRESIDENTIAL
TRUMP FOR 4 YEARS TRUMP FOR 4 YEARS
KING SUCCESSION PRIME MINISTER BY PARLIAMENT
UK PARLAMENTARY
CHARLES III FOR LIFE KEIR STARMER FOR 5 YEARS
SEMI-PRESIDENTIAL PRESIDENT BY PEOPLE BY PRESIDENT
PRIME MINISTER
RUSSIA DE-FACTO PRESIDENTIAL
VLADIMIR PUTIN FOR 6 YEARS MIKHAIL MISHUSTIN FOR NEXT ORDER
SUPREME LEADER BY ASSEMBLY OF PRESIDENT
THEOCRATIC SEMI- BY PEOPLE
IRAN AYATOL. KHAMENEI EXPERTS MASOUD
PRESIDENTIAL
FOR LIFE FOR 4 YEARS
PEZESHKIAN
PRESIDENT BY PEOPLE PRESIDENT BY PEOPLE
TURKEY PRESIDENTIAL
R. T. ERDOGAN FOR 5 YEARS R. T. ERDOGAN FOR 5 YEARS
LEGISLATIVE
LEGISLATIVE
The Legislature is the body that
holds the power to make laws.
It makes laws that reflect the
will of the people.
POWERS/DUTIES
Lawmaking: The process of Oversight: Monitoring and
drafting, discussing, and holding the executive accountable
approving laws. (confidence vote).
Budget Approval: The authority
Representation: Protecting the
to approve and oversee
interests of citizens through their
government spending.
elected representatives.
RELATIONS WITH OTHER
INSTITUTIONS
The legislature creates
laws, while the judiciary
In parliamentary In presidential
reviews their
systems, it systems, the
constitutionality.
monitors the legislature and LEGISLATIVE
government and executive
relies on a vote operate
of confidence. independently.
EXECUTIVE JUDICIARY
TYPES OF LEGISLATIVE
INSTITUTIONS
UNICAMERAL SYSTEM BICAMERAL SYSTEM
The legislature consists of The legislature is divided
a single chamber. into two chambers (lower
and upper).
SERVING
STATES NAME SYSTEM HOUSES MEMBERS
YEARS
THE SENATE 100 6 YR
USA CONGRESS BICAMERAL
HOUSE OF REPR. 435 2 YR
HOUSE OF LORDS 800 FOR LIFE
UK PARLIAMENT BICAMERAL
HOUSE OF COM. 650 5 YR
FED. COUNCIL 170 NOT FIXED
RUSSIA ASSEMBLY BICAMERAL
STATE DUMA 450 5 YR
IRAN MAJLES UNICAMERAL MAJLES 290 4 YR
TURKEY PARLIAMENT UNICAMERAL MECLIS 600 5 YR
JUDICIARY
JUDICIARY
The Judiciary ensures that laws
are interpreted and applied in
accordance with the
constitution. Courts uphold the
rule of law and resolve disputes
between individuals.
POWERS/DUTIES
Legal Dispute Resolution:
Justice: Ensuring the rule of law
Resolving conflicts between
is upheld.
individuals.
Constitutional Review:
Independence: Operating without
Reviewing the constitutionality
influence from other branches of
of laws.
government.
RELATIONS WITH OTHER
INSTITUTIONS
The judiciary reviews the The judiciary reviews
legality of executive whether laws align with the
actions. JUDICIARY constitution.
EXECUTIVE LEGISLATURE
TYPES OF JUDICIARY
INSTITUTIONS
INDEPENDENT JUDICIARY CONTROLLED JUDICIARY
Operates independently May be under
of the executive and government control in
legislature. some authoritarian
regimes.
STATES NAME MEMBERS SERVING YEARS APPOINTED BY
PRESIDENT AND
USA SUPREME C. 9 FOR LIFE
SENATE
UNTIL COMISSION, PM AND
UK SUPREME C. 12
70-75 AGE MONARCH
PRESIDENT AND
RUSSIA CONSTITUTIONAL C. 19 NOT FIXED
FED. COUNC.
IRAN SUPREME C. NOT FIXED SUPREME LEADER
PRESIDENT 9
TURKEY CONSTITUTIONAL C. 15 UNTIL 65 AGE
PARLIAMENT 3
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