Indefinite Integrals

Let f (x) be a function, the family of all its primitives (or antiderivatives) is called the indefinite Integral of f (x) and is denoted by ∫ f ( x) dx

01
Standard Integrals

x n +1 1
∫ x dx= ∫ xdx= ∫ e dx=
n x
(i ) + C , n ≠ −1 (ii ) log | x | + C (iii ) ex + C
n +1
ax
(iv) ∫ a x dx = + C (v ) ∫ sin xdx =
− cos x + C (vi ) ∫ cos xdx =
sin x + C
log a

∫ sec xdx = ∫ cosec xdx = ∫ sec x tan xdx =

2 2
(vii ) tan x + C (viii ) − cot x + C (ix) sec x + C

( x) ∫ cosec x cot xdx = − cosec x + C ( xi ) ∫ cot xdx =

log | sin x | +C ( xii ) ∫ tan xdx = log | sec x | +C
1 x
( xiv) ∫ cosec xdx= log | cosec x − cot x | +C ( xv) ∫ sec xdx= log | sec x + tan x | +C ( xvi ) ∫ a2 − x2
= sin −1   + C
dx
a
1  x 1 1  x 1 1  x
( xvii ) ∫−
a −x
dx =
2
cos −1   + C
2
a
( xviii ) ∫a 2
+x 2
dx =tan −1   + C
a a
( xx) ∫ 2
x x −a 2
dx =
a
sec −1   + C
a
1 1  x 1 1  x
( xix) ∫ − 2 2
dx = cot −1   + C (xxi) ∫− x dx = cosec −1   + C
a +x a a x2 − a2 a a
02 04
Integration By Substitution Integration By Parts
Expression Substitution
 du 
a2 + x2 a tan θ or a cot θ
x= ∫ u ⋅ vdx= u ∫ vdx − ∫  dx ⋅ ∫ vdx  dx
a2 − x2 a sin θ or a cos θ
x= Follow ILATE
2 2
x −a a sec θ or a cosec θ
x=
a−x a+x
or, =x a cos 2θ
a+x a−x
x−α 05
or, ( x − α)( x − β x = α cos 2 θ + β sin 2 θ
β− x Quick Look

dx 1 x−a
• ∫x 2
−a 2
=
2a
log
x+a
+C

03 dx
• ∫ = log x + x 2 + a 2 + C
Integration Using Partial Fractions 2
x +a 2

x 2 a2
px + q A B • x 2 − a 2 dx
= x − a 2 − log x + x 2 − a 2 + C
(i ) = + ,a ≠ b 2 2
( x − a )( x − b) x − a x − b dx 1 a+x
px + q A B • ∫ 2 = log +C
(ii ) = + a − x 2 2a a−x
2
( x − a) x − a ( x − a)2
∫ e [ f ( x) + f ′( x)] dx =e f ( x) + C
x x
2
•
px + qx + r A B C
(iii ) = + + x 2 a2 x
( x − a )( x − b)( x − c) x − a x − b x − c • ∫ a 2 − x 2 dx
=
2
a − x 2 + sin −1   + C
2 a
px 2 + qx + r A B C
(iv) = + + dx
∫
2 2
( x − a ) ( x − b) x − a ( x − a ) x−b • = log x + x 2 − a 2 + C
2 2
x −a
px 2 + qx + r A Bx + C
(v ) = + 2
( x − a ) ( x + bx + c ) x − a x + bx + c
2 • ∫ [ xf ′( x) + f ( x=
) ] dx xf ( x) + C

where x 2 + bx + c cannot be factorised further. x 2 a2

• x 2 + a 2 dx
= x + a 2 + log x + x 2 + a 2 + C
2 2
06
Integrals of Different Forms
Change the integrand in terms of tan x and sec2 x by dividing numerator
∫ sin xdx, ∫ cos m xdx, where m ≤ 4
m
1.
and denominator by cosk x ,where k = −(m + n) then put tan x = t
expression sinm x and cosm x in terms of sines cosines of multiples of x
by using the following identites: 1
1 − cos 2 x 1 + cos 2 x
8. ∫ ax 2
+ bx + c
dx
(i ) sin 2 x = (ii ) cos 2 x
2 2 express ax2 + bx + c as the sum or difference of two squares.
3
(iii )sin 3 x =
3sin x − 4sin x (iv) cos3 x = 4cos3 x − 3cos x
px + q
9. ∫ ax 2
+ bx + c
dx
2. ∫ sinmx cos nxdx, ∫ sinmx sin nxdx, ∫ cosmx cos nxdx To evaluate this,
use the following trigonometrical identities:
d 
2sin A cos B= sin( A + B ) + sin( A − B ); px + q = λ  ( ax 2 + bx + c )  + µ i.e. px + q = λ (2ax + b) + µ
 dx 
2cos A sin B= sin( A + B ) − sin( A − B )
2cos A cos B= cos( A + B ) + cos( A − B );
2sin A sin B
= cos( A − B ) − cos( A + B )
10. ∫ ( px + q) ax 2 + bx + c dx
In order to evaluate this, write
d
3.
f ′( x)
∫= dx log{ f ( x)} + C
px + q = λ
dx
( ax2 + bx + c ) + µ i.e. px + q = λ(2ax + b) + µ
f ( x)
{ f ( x)}n +1 P( x)
4. ∫ { f (x)}=
n
f ′( x)dx
n +1
, n ≠ −1 11. ∫ ax 2
+ bx + c
dx, where p(x) is a polynomial of degree two or more to

P( x) R( x)
evaluate this, write ∫ 2 = dx ∫ Q( x) dx + ∫ 2 dx
∫ tan x sec 2 n xdx, ∫ cot m x cosec 2 n xdx; m, n ∈ N
m
5. ax + bx + c ax + bx + c
Put tan x = t and sec2 xdx = dt
1 1
12. ∫ a sin 2 2
x + b cos x
dx, ∫
a + b sin 2 x
dx
∫ sin
m
6. x cos n xdx, m, n ∈ N
If the exponent of sin x is an odd positive integer put cos x = t 1 1 1
If the exponent of cos x is an odd positive integer put sin x = t. ∫ a + b cos 2
x
dx, ∫
(a sin x + b cos x) 2
dx, ∫
a + b sin x + c cos 2 x
2
dx

To evaluate this type of integrals, divide numerator and denominator

∫ sin
m
7. x cos n xdx, Where m, n ∈ Q, m + n is a negative even integer both by cos2 x
 1 1 1 1
13. ∫ a sin x + b cos x dx, ∫ a + b sin x dx, ∫ a + b cos x dx 18. ∫ (ax + b) cx + d
dx

1 put cx + d = t2
∫ a sin x + b cos x + c dx
1
evaluate this, put sin x =
To =
2 tan x / 2
2
and, cos x
1 − tan 2 x / 2
and
19. ∫ ( ax 2
+ bx + c ) px + q
dx
1 + tan x / 2 1 + tan 2 x / 2
simplify.
Put px + q = t2
a sin x + b cos x
14. ∫ c sin x + d cos x dx 1
20. ∫ (ax + b) px 2 + qx + r
dx
To evaluate this, write Numerator = λ ((Diff. of denominator) ) + μ (
Denominator)) 1
Put ax + b =
t
e ax
15. ∫ e sin=
ax
bxdx (a sin bx − b cos bx) + C 1
a 2 + b2 21. ∫ dx
e ax ( ax 2
+ b ) cx 2 + d
∫e
ax
16. cos
= bxdx (a cos bx + b sin bx) + C
a + b2
2
1
Put x = to obtain
t
17. ∫ ( px + q) ax 2 + bx + cdx
−tdt
In order to evaluate this, write 22. ∫
d
( a + bt ) 2
c + dt 2
px + q = λ
dx
( ax 2 + bx + c ) + µ i.e. px + q = λ (2ax + b) + µ substitute c + dt2 = u2
 Questions

dx
∫ tan
2
1. What is x sec 4 x dx equal to?
5. What is ∫ 4 + x2
equalt to ?
sec5 x sec3 x tan 5 x tan 3 x
(a) + +c (b) + +c (a) ln 4 + x2 + x + c (b) ln 4 + x 2 − x + c
5 3 5 3
tan 5 x sec3 x sec5 x tan 3 x −1   x
(c) + +c (d) + +c (c) sin   + c (d) None of these
5 3 5 3 2

dx 1 6. What is ∫ sin 2 x dx + ∫ cos 2 x dx equal to ?

2. If ∫ ( x + 2) ( x 2
= a log 1 + x 2 + b tan −1 x + log | x + 2 | + C , then
+ 1) 5
x2
−1 −2 1 2 (a) x + c (b) +c
(a)=a = ,b (b) a = ,b = − 2
10 5 10 5 (c) x2 + c (d) None of these
−1 2 1 2
=
(c) a = ,b (d)
= a = ,b x9
10 5 10 5 7. ∫ dx is equal to
( 4x + 1)
2 6
3
x
3. ∫ x + 1 dx is equal to
−5 −5
1  1  1 1 
x 2 x3 x 2 x3 (a) 4+ 2  +C (b)  4 + 2  + C
+ − log |1 − x | +C 5x  x  5 x 
(a) x + (b) x + − − log |1 − x | + C
2 3 2 3 1 1 1 
−5
(c) (1 + 4) −5 + C (d)
x 2 x3 x 2 x3 10 x  2 + 4 + C
(c) x − − − log |1 + x | + C (d) x − + − log |1 + x | + C 10  x 
2 3 2 3 dx
dx
8. What is ∫ sin
x cos 2 x
equal to ?
2
4. What is ∫ x ln x equal to?
(a) tan x + cot x + c (b) tan x – cot x + c
(a) ln (ln x) + c (b) ln x + c (b) (tan x + cot x)2 + c (d) (tan x – cot x)2 + c
(c) (ln x)2 + c (d) None of the above
 3
x3 dx
9. If ∫ = a (1 + x )
2 2
+ b 1 + x 2 + C , then 10. What is ∫ ee e x dx equal to?
x

2
1+ x
x x
1 −1 (a) ee + c (b) 2ee + c
(a)
= a = , b 1 (b) a =
= , b 1
3 3 x
e x x
(c) e e + c (d) 2ee e x + c
−1 1
(c) a = , b = −1 (d) a = , b = −1
3 3

Answer Key

1. (b)

2. (c)

3. (d)

4. (a)

5. (a)

6. (a)

7. (d)

8. (b)

9. (d)

10. (a)