CHAPTER 10
NEGATIVE GLOBAL
FLOWS AND PROCESSES
DANGEROUS IMPORTS
BORDERLESS DISEASES
CRIME
TERRORISM
WAR
THE IMPACT OF NEGATIVE GLOBAL FLOWS TO INDIVIDUALS
CONCEPT OF NEGATIVE GLOBALIZATION
• While there are certainly many
negative aspects, flows, and
processes associated with
globalization, we would not accept
the view that globalization is wholly
negative.
• What is regarded as positive or
negative about globalization often
depends on one’s perspective and
position.
• Itneeds to be pointed out that
globalization does not merely involve
negative flows and processes, but
also structures whose effects at least
some would regard as largely, if not
totally, negative.
DANGEROUS IMPORTS
• These are those imports which are
capable of posing a significant risks
to health, safety, property,
community or the environment
(when transported by air, sea, road
or rail).
• Globalizationhas led to an increase
not only in imports of all kinds, but in
imports that are dangerous to a
nation and its citizens.
• Examples of Dangerous Imports include:
• Foods or edible products
• Chemicals and accessories used as
ingredients in the manufacture of
explosives.
• Toys with toxic chemical ingredients (such
as lead, etc)
• And many more
• The greater the use of global ingredients,
the greater the difficulty in ensuring that
no contaminants find their way into
finished products. Further, when finished
products include numerous ingredients
from many locales throughout the world,
it becomes difficult, if not possible, to
locate the source of the contamination.
BORDERLESS DISEASES
• Borderless diseases refer to those infectious
disease agents that exhibit considerable
global mobility. In particular, the increased
speed of travel, a greater degree of human
migration, intensified urbanization, and
increasing human encroachment on
untouched natural habitats have all enhanced
the potential for pathogens to spread
internationally in very short periods of time.
• The increasing prevalence of other
borderless diseases and the nature of
these diseases and their spread either
in fact, or merely, as a frightening
possibility, tell us a great deal about
the nature and reality of globalization
of the 21st century.
• Thepathogens that cause these
diseases flow or have the potential to
flow, readily throughout the globe
and it is very difficult, if not impossible,
to erect barriers to many, if not any,
of them.
HIV/AIDS (HUMAN
IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS/ ACUTE
IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME
• HIV is a virus that attacks cells that help the body
fight infection, making a person more vulnerable to
other infections and diseases. It is spread by contact
with certain bodily fluids of a person with HIV most
commonly during unprotected sex, or through
sharing injection drug equipment.
• AIDS is the final stage of infection with HIV. It
happens when the body’s immune system is badly
damaged because of the virus.
• Theglobalization of the disease is a
result of the increasingly heightened
flow, or movement, of people
throughout much of the world.
• The spread of AIDS is closely linked with
globalization, especially the increased global
mobility associated with tourism (sex tourism),
the greater migration rates of workers,
increased legal and illegal immigration, much
greater rates of commercial and business
travel, the movements (sometimes on a mass
basis) of refugees, military interventions, and
the movement of military personnel.
KEY FACTS
• HIV remains a major global public health issue, having claimed an estimated
42.3 million lives to date. Transmission is ongoing in all countries globally.
• There were an estimated 39.9 million people living with HIV at the end of 2023,
65% of whom are in the WHO African Region.
• In 2023, an estimated 630 000 people died from HIV-related causes and an
estimated 1.3 million people acquired HIV.
• There is no cure for HIV infection. However, with access to effective HIV
prevention, diagnosis, treatment and care, including for opportunistic infections,
HIV infection has become a manageable chronic health condition, enabling
people living with HIV to lead long and healthy lives.
• WHO, the Global Fund and UNAIDS all have global HIV strategies that are
aligned with the SDG target 3.3 of ending the HIV epidemic by 2030.
• By 2025, 95% of all people living with HIV should have a diagnosis, 95% of whom
should be taking lifesaving antiretroviral treatment, and 95% of people living
with HIV on treatment should achieve a suppressed viral load for the benefit of
the person’s health and for reducing onward HIV transmission. In 2023, these
percentages were 86%, 89%, and 93% respectively.
• In 2023, of all people living with HIV, 86% knew their status, 77% were receiving
antiretroviral therapy and 72% had suppressed viral loads.
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AVIAN FLU
• Avianflu is a viral in f e c t io n t h at
usually spreads in birds but can
sometimes spread (mutate) to
humans. Influenza A (H5N1) is the
most common cause in humans and
it can cause severe respiratory
symptoms.
• It
may be that the reason avian flu
has not mutated is that the ability to
respond to such health threats
globally has improved.
KEY FACTS
• Humans can be infected with avian, swine and other influenza
viruses.
• Direct contact with infected animals (through handling, culling,
slaughtering or processing) or indirect contact (through
environments contaminated with bodily fluids from infected animals)
represent a risk for human infection.
• Exposure to animal influenza viruses can lead to infection and
disease in humans – ranging from mild, flu-like symptoms or eye
inflammation to severe, acute respiratory disease and/or death.
Disease severity will depend upon the virus causing the infection
and the characteristics of the infected individual.
• Currently circulating zoonotic influenza viruses have not yet
demonstrated sustained person-to-person transmission.
• As influenza viruses have a natural reservoir in aquatic birds they are
impossible to eradicate. Zoonotic influenza infections will continue to
occur. To minimize public health risk, quality surveillance in both
animal and human populations, thorough investigation of every
human infection, and risk-based pandemic planning are essential.
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SARS (SEVERE ACUTE
RESPIRATORY SYNDROME)
• SARS is a viral respiratory disease and an
airborne virus that can spread through
small droplets of saliva in a similar way to
the cold and influenza. It was the first
severe and readily transmissible new
disease to emerge in the 21st century and
showed a clear capacity to spread along
the routes of international air travel.
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EBOLA VIRUS
• Ebola virus, also known as Ebola
hemorrhagic fever is a rare but severe
illness in humans. It is a viral hemorrhagic
fever in humans and other primates
caused by ebola viruses.
• It
is not spread by casual contact, but
rather through direct contact with the
blood, body fluids, and tissues of those
infected with the disease. It can also
occur through the handling of
chimpanzees that have the disease or
that have died from it.
KEY FACTS
• Vaccines to protect against some types of Ebola have been used to
control the spread of Ebola in outbreaks. Other vaccines are in
development.
• Early supportive care with rehydration and the treatment of
symptoms improves survival.
• WHO has made strong recommendations for the use of two
monoclonal antibody treatments in treating Ebola: mAb114
(Ansuvimab; Ebanga) and REGN-EB3 (Inmazeb).
• The average Ebola case fatality rate is around 50%. Case fatality
rates have varied from 25–90% in past outbreaks, depending on
circumstances and the response.
• Good outbreak control relies on taking many types of actions: care
of patients, infection prevention and control, disease surveillance
and contact tracing, good laboratory services, safe and dignified
burials, and social mobilization.
• Community engagement is key to successfully controlling outbreaks
TROPICAL DISEASES IN EUROPE
• Tropicaldiseases are infectious
diseases that are prevalent in or
unique to tropical and subtropical
regions.
• Theincrease in tropical diseases in
Europe indicates not only the
importance of borderless diseases,
but also that the impact of such
diseases is not restricted to the South.
