ae Ney Wan 7 METHO DS OF rhere are 2,000 students in a college. An investigator wants fo collect data regarding their family background. He has two possible choices. First, he collects information relating to all the 5.00 students, Second, he collects information relating to some of the students (sample of students) who would represent all the 9 000 students. In Statistics, the first approach for collecting data < called Census Method and the second approach is called Sample ethod. The present chapter focuses on a comprehensive study Of the census and sample methods of data collection. Beginning us and Sample techniques the chapter offers a detailed discussion of the merits and demerits of the two techniques. Also, various techniques of ‘sampling’ are discussed ith a comparative look at their merits and demerits. ith the concepts of C . CONCEPTS OF ‘CENSUS’ AND ‘SAMPLE’ Chapter 2 of the book introduces the concept of universe or pulation. It would be useful to recapitulate this concept for a shensive understanding of the concepts of ‘Census’ and omp: ample’. Statistics, universe or population simply refers to an aggregate of items be studied for an investigation. Ordinarily, the term population is ed to mean total number of people living in a country. Population India was approximately 121.02 crore in 2010-11. But in satistics, the term population is used differently. In Statistics, the -m population means the aggregate of all items about which we want obtain information. To illustrate, there are 2,000 students in a articular college. If an investigation relates to all the 2,000 udents, then 2,000 would be taken as universe or population, ‘ach unit of these 2,000 is called Item. To further illustrate, sugar mill out of the 10 sugar mills we are studying, would be 51sedan tem. llth 10 sugar mills would consitite Bpalag eae \¢ investigation of colour strate, yourtay be interested in th or the universe: is 4 1 Maruti cars in India. According to the Census 1 ng i Bae nee imposition oF ire to collect data on the colour of each 1 ait nr example, i900 Want CO know agai srcihod. YO" are rel Sie 2 Sthe 25,000 households [Link] town and you decida; and every Maruti car sold in India. hod implies complete enumeration of the universe! harelevant statistical data of all 25,000 households ( sus metho i oteid di ARLE ake ENE ce gy evel he Hem Oe nie alee eal engl. For the exination ‘covering the entre universe) you are relying on census mae BEE CEs ei lation, house to house enquiry is conducted sone aatstical inquiry. Alternative is that you collect statist ofthe counts PO ade are contacted in India, shesforevery thor 10th houschold of your town, which You th gai ever. POOPIE US AMIGA NE ee aa tie Et census of popul Should represent al the 25,000 households of the town, Now: eee Conducted in February 2011, census acne reeering each and every item ofthe universe; instead, = aesretcrng onl asample’ ofthe universe. Characteristic of caneot rd on rica sof e pop isthe seconde county “umple” are supposed to represent characteristics of the eng I ca ror BCH! 6 AOI ANS Ra universe. Or, quality of life of a sample of (Say) 2,500 Famili Aipposed to represent quality of life of all the 25,000:familieg eri sae p own, Thitis called a sample method of a statistical inquag me Suitability me The concepts of ‘Sample’ and ‘Population’ are projected Census method is suitable particularly for such statisti Fig 1 Bi f this picture is comprising th Genet ations which have (i) stall size of population, (i) widely sek nineties The conreaioaea 4iNese items in the population, (ii) requirement of intensive 27 items showing population or universe and the correspondin ica cee 1 part comprising of 3 items shows sample. cesmination of different items, and (iv) high degree of accuracy and reliability. ou yout bese Merits phir a Principal merits of census method are as under: mse But mabe (1) Reliable and Accurate: Results based on census method are “lenlass blend accurate and highly reliable. This is because each and every od item of the population is studied. oust (2) Less Biased: Results based on census method are less biased, It is because of the absence of investigator's discretion regarding the selection of sample items. (3) Extensive Information: Information collected through the census method is quite exhaustive and therefore, more meaningful because all the items of a universe are examined. For example, population census in India gives exhaustive information relating to the number of people in different parts of the country, their age and sex composition, education, status, occupation, and the like. (4) Study of Diverse Characteristics: By using census method, one can study diverse characteristics of the universe. (5) Study of Complex Investigation: When items in a universe as ua complex nature and it is necessary to study each item, only census method can produce the desired results. Data on "untry’s population are collected by this method. 2. CENSUS METHOD: METHOD OF COMPLETE ENUMERATION d is that ‘metho : tod in which data ate collected t “Or Population relating tothe problem tsee Census method can be sue izations relating t0 unempig .d number of To that don of Error: Because only limite oe rors can be easily identified. "beter accuracy method is more feasible in (6 indirect Investigations ted in indirect invest y, corruption; © (a) Hdentifica - covered, ef ling method show: extent samp Demet arge Investigations: Sample aes arecerain demerits of eae Oe ion of large investigations than the census method . There is an administrative snce: ‘a limited number of items. More + can be appointed. ore Scientific: According to R. Fisher, Sample Method is One scietfic because the sample data can be conveniently investigated However, ther (a) Cost: Census method is very costly and is, they coma not used for ordinary investigations, Qi aeeerament oF some big institutions can afford tog cothod and that too for specific purposes only, (2) Large Manpower: Census method requires large manpg TAME erators). Training of a large number of enumergi sential, which is a very difficult process, a Large Investigations: If the uni pectic iver Demerits number of items, then it may nop *. oeeenene Census m a is only a partial 's in the selection of the sample is not in ccordingly, the results may be biased as wel. (2) Wrong Conclusions: IP the: selected sample does not epresent the characteristics of the universe, the study may nil up with wrong conclusions. {@) Difficulty in Selecting Representative Sample: It is not vn easy (0 select a sample which would represent the characteristics of the entire population. Framing a Sample: Sometimes the universe xe that it becomes difficult to frame a sample. ng involves a set of technical -dge of ministrative Conver! 0) cs nang conve andl efficient investigator. ble capa | from various angles. become (8) Not Suitable for comprises a large 1 ‘ple to cover each and every item. wractically inoperative in such situations, P ly inops the sample method as under: Yer there i investigation of the universe. The possible becomes 3. SAMPLE METHOD Sample method is that method in which data is collected about the sa m a group of items taken from the population for examination conclusions are dau on ther bass Sample method is widely used in our day-to-day life. A ladyin kitchen, for example, tests only a grain or two of the rice to a whether the rice is boiled or not. By examining only a few drops of blood, a doctor determines the blood group of a person. (4) Difficulty in fay be so diver (6) Specialised Knowledge: Samp! procedures, One must have the technical knowle Suitability Sample method is particularly suitable when: () the siz thoosing a representative sample from the universe. Persons population is very large, (i) very high degree of accuracy is i who are well-versed with all the techniques of sampling are not easily available. needed, i) intensive examination of d nation of diverse itemsis not requit and (iv) when different unit : and (is) when different units ofthe universe are broadly si Essentials of a Sample In order to arrive at an unbiased and right conclusions, a sample Pee] must have the following qualities or essentials: noe (1) Representative: A sample must representall the characteristics ()thetthe sample of the universe, It is possible only when each unit of the | Mmustrepresent universe stands equal chances pfbcing selected inthe sample. -ilaam tags (2) Independent: All units of a sample must be independent of | postiaton each other, In other words, inclusion of one item in the sample Oe nee should not be dependent upon the inchision of some other | ua. ‘conclusions items of the universe. Merits Some ofthe princ the principal merits of the sample method are as une (1) Economical: Sa Sample method of invei Bers oly some units of he popula a0 are studied. 2) Time Saving: items are inegg tis Method, only limited number oF Gt em tigated. As such time-saving, not timeconsanap Soe summing. CCensusand Sample Methods of Collection of bata = SBsample are selected {ethod: In this method, paper-slips are: made for eaiseae, ese samplessbould each item orally, some of the slips are drawn to form a cre, these samples 5 ‘impartially, a univer ee ‘impartially om ontradictory) in the sample shoulg nie ofthe un a he number oF ple conclusions are samPe ef Random Numbers: Some statisticians have (2 degre at some reliable conclisOns ae drq ee oe er of cables called Tables of Kandoot Numbers fairly ade paractristics ofthe tm prepile is framed with reference to these tables, OF al Hae Se A sam es Tippet’s Table is most widely used. Using 41, coe fla Te ae arg Learning by doing woud yo ren 0 af sy [ Faire each, For the use of this method ll tens ofthe ‘Which method — census or sample — 6 icles fou ine are first arranged in an order. Then using Tippet’s Which me 7 ce of Economics universe ar ‘number of items are’ selected the pope in yrs method you ae Yo ase peor i ible the required number of items are selected as are ere aed as, sould a Sample of 10 student Tatged for a sample. schoo? Give reson 1 ofthe stadens in 08" cess Qe pe ake oases Qe © Ya eho good el Mer ag points may be noted on the merits of random sampling: eer Follow Pod i ree from personal bas ofthe investigator i) This abate ornate METHODS OF SAMPLING 4 |) tach and every Hem ofthe universe stands equal chances of | Katana nersy methods o techniques OFimplingg (2) Each and sv oa Sone Bs bial The universe gets fairly represented by the sample. _Brobsbiny of beng ie xy simple and straightforward method. joeected Demers However, there are two notable demerits of this method. These are as under: : (i) Thismethod doesnotguarantee proportionaterepresentation, fandom soning | . 7 0 i iy mw ” of different items in the universe. e fe : 2 ssl aponsidead bee does not give weightage to certain ae Farce freee ct ee ee ii) Random sampling doe gi Method sendom | Smoing | sampling | Sampling | samplg | Sampling pander sompling, octets = ey ee Random sampling is not Haphazard sampling. Note the difference: (2) Random Sampling (@) Haphazard sampling is not Random sampling is that method of sampling in which each and Render sp sga aa Saar tee tem ofthe universe has equal chance of being selected in the samp ay sampling other words, there isan equal probability for every item oF (Randoms sampling allowd every” PG Ha pane RE dence universe being selected in the sample. item an equal chance (or equal allow every item an equal chance probability) of being selected in| (or equal probability of being Which of the various items of the universe would get seled irae selected in the sample in the sample is beyond the control of the investigator selection is left entirely to the chance factors. This met is used particularly when various items of the universe homogeneous or identical to each other, ‘This. methods mmical. Random Sampl be done any of the following ways; apis Census and Sample Methods of Collection of Data ST.(2)Non-Random Sampling é nates al those methods of sampling in wl as ial probability (0” equal chan snot have equal p i se vample of study. Instead, convenience of de personal judg: plays an important Se canton ofa sample. some ofthe wel! kbc’), MEG ioe pdm sampling ave as unde «or Deliberate Sampling: Puyposi sampling is oe inestigaor hnnself mates Ue choice ofthe sa srnion are the best representative of dhe wniy Nod of sampling, selection of the samy factors; it is simply made Non-random sampling all the units of pop of being selected in investigator or his non: (i) Purposiv in bi Thus, in this me items is not left to the chance see This method of sampling is specifically suitable why some of th universe are of special significa and ought to be included in the sample. For example) ah investigation is to be made relating to the iron and st industry in India, then the inclusion of such industries the Tata Iron and Steel Company is obviously a purposi selection. However, the jderable possibility g personal bias in purposi ult, it loses credibility .¢ items in the is a co! sampling. As a res Merits (a) This method is flexible to allow the inclusion of those it in the sample which are of special significance. (b) Selection of items can be deliberately tuned to the pury of study (o) Iv is a very simple technique of selection’ of ‘the sam] items. Demerits {a) There is a possibility of personal bias in the selectior ms. (b) Because of the possibilities of personal bias, reliability the results becomes doubeful (ii) Stratified or Mixed Sampling: This method of sampli is generally adopted when population consists of differ groups with different characteristics. According to this m LG sampling, population is divided into different strata havi different characteristics and some of the items are selected from ‘ rala, so that the entire population gets represented. Each strat should be represented in correct proportion in the Sam 0 illustrate, suppose there are 50 students in Class XI. of them, 30 have studied Mathematies and 20 have studit Merits @ (b) On the basis comparative analysis of the data becomes possible. (c) Thismethod ofsampling offers reliable as well as meaningful Demerits (a) This science in their Class X. ‘Thus, the population ofthe Home ents gets divided into two strata consisting of 30 and 50 ser respectively. From each of these strata, items go stuauselected’ proportionately such that the sample ts the characteristics of the entire population, If, of present udents, only a sample of five is to he selected, "il randomly select three out of the first stratum 30 students) and two out of the second stratum e shi mprisit id conPsing 20 sudents), However, items may also be com unproportionately from different strata, wdevestigator- may prefer 10 select four students from an ac those who stiied Mathematics and only one from ametgst those who stuclied Home Science. The choice will amonfeened by the nature of the enquiry and wisdom of the investigator & : ar iied Sampling is also called Mixed technique of sampling because this thod involves the mixture of both purposive pling and random sampling. The division of population is purposely done while selection of the into different strat items is done at random. ‘Thismethod covers diverse characteristics of the population. of diverse characteristics of the population, a results. hod is suitable only when there is a complete knowledge about the diverse characteristics of the population. Therefore, this has a limited scope. (b) There is a possibility of bias at the time of classification of the population into different strata, (0) When the size of population is already small, it may be difficult to further divide it into smaller parts/strata. Systematic Sampling: According to this method, units of the Population are numerically, geographically and alphabetically arranged. Every nth item of the numbered items is selected as a sample item, To illustrate, if 10 out of 100 students are to be selected for a sample, then 100 students: would and systematically arranged. One item of the first 10 would be selected at random, Subsequently, every 10th item from Census and Sample Methods of Collection of Data 59pe selected 10 STAINE A saan te i lected murmber i S18 ium, hen the sug Me i aevald be 15th, 261b, 951, Ath, Sth, Goth, This method of sampling 18, in fact, 4 Jom Sampling the selected number will b number ‘5h and 95th. cast method of Rand Merits (a) Thi (by There is hardly any method. sina very simple method. Sample is ely erm possibility of personal bias jn Demerits ia) Every item in the population does not get equal ebay being selected because only the first item is selected on mth alon OY aman basis of random sampling enue he population are homogeneous, are (b) I all the items in the pop " f Scene oro method of sampling serves no specific purpose, this method, the population és divided iv) Quota Sampling: / OO api er class acconling 40 diferent charad 4 the jojnation. Some percentage of different groups total population is fixed. Further, some quota of the i to be selected as sample-items is fixed for each group, investigator selects the fixed number of items from e {group to frame a sample. This method of sampling is not very expensive. But th 4 high possibility of personal bias at the time of selecti the items by the investigator. Accordingly, the reliabilit results becomes questionable. (¥) Convenience Sampling: /n this method, sanpling is do the investigator in such @ manner thal suits his conveniences illustrate, an investigator may select a sample of tea merely by referring to the college prospectus. This met is the simplest and least expensive, but unscientific a unreliable. Itdependstoo muchon the whims ofenumerato Reliability of Sampling Data Dispel of the sampling data means that the charactel of the universe are fully represented by the sa nt mainly on the faloping, Se neue (1) Size of the Sample: Rel 7 ty of sampling depends the size of the sample. If its size is very et ic willl represent the population, Acc ion would lack reliability eee Ss 1d of Sampling: the method of sampling “ anion Consequently, the results will not he dependable vias of Correspondents and Enumeratory: Perna bias of iat Crrespondents and enuimerators should be as less 28 1m able, Otherwise, reliability of the sampling data is bound suffer 0 sping of Enumerators: liability of sample also depends Oat training of the investigators, If they are not trained UPake them expert in thei field of investigation, the sample sri lack reliability: census and Sampling Methods: A Comparative Look Some of the principal differences between census and sampling : ods are as under: ia) Coverage: In the census technique, an investigator collects ‘nformation relating t0 all the items in the population. In camping method, on the other hand, only some of the ‘tums which represent the population are covered for an ‘metho investigation. (2) Suitability: Census method is suitable: when the area of investigation is relatively small. On the other hand, when the area of investigation is large, it is the sampling method which is generally used. (8) Accuracy: There is generally a greater degree of accuracy in the results based on the census method than the sampling method. This is because in the census method each and every item of the population is studied. As against it, there is less accuracy and reliability in the sampling method because it studies only a few items of population. However, errors can be easily detected and removed in the sampling method because of the small number of items. To that extent sampling method shows greater accuracy than the census method. (4) Cost: Sampling method is certainly much less expensive than the census method. Smaller the sample size out of the-given population, lesser the cost of investigation. (5) Time: Sample method is less time consuming than the census method. (6) Nature of Items: Census method is particularly suitable when the items in the population have diverse characteristics. Onvie method is suitable When item, srene investigator wants to select a sample on the basis of diverse characteristics ofthe population, nd, samp the other hand sample Me on are homoge e hod should he use? population a vation of the statistical inf which met yeas (a Verification: Ver gaethod is generally nox vi camenience samplngmethod (6) Quota sampling method obtained shroug ee expenses and thé Tepetition, (seated sampling method (8) Both (b) and fe) mpl information, on the other hay which ofthe following factors) are considered when comparison between sampling and census whole process: S ‘doubt, enumeration cay ethod is made? ed, In case be be easly crs verified according 4 fy area of UY (bidccuricyot dats eae ethod of statistical investigation is ge (c) costof collection (3) Allof these In short, sample Meus method because the formen jy 4. under random sampling, ech tem ofthe universe has chance of being selected. pred ea sof the time, money and efforts j areata (b)uneaval expensive in fal application of the sample me eae (d) none of these wever, for the success! set . However Uy althat the sampleitems represent the char iver essential tat te aie af population as a whole ve 20) 30) 4 SO 6 20) 8 . choose appropriate word and fillin the blank EXERCISE 1 method is suitable for smal size of population {Census/Sampling) : 9, Sampling method is suitable when the area of investigation i (smaliiarge) 1. Objective Type Questions: 3. sampling is adopted when population consists of different groups with different characteris (Stated/Sjsterat) : fons: Correct Answer ae ‘A. Multiple Choice Questions: Choose the A nconenetll Sateen lee eet saan hale his 1. censsmetosis stale fo that investigation n wich Saneed teehee ebocoes) nae e sampling method is unscentfi and unreliable. (@uota/Convenience) (2) high ee of ccc sot equied Answers (9 there ae widely hice a 1. Census. 2. large 3. Stratified 4. investigator 5. Convenience (d) intensive examination of diverse items isnot required 2. Which of te following methods is used for the estimation of population in a country? hod (b)Sampling method C. State whether the following statements are True or False 1. Every item of population is included under the random sampling method. (True/False) (True/False) (2) Consus (c) Both a) and fo) (4) None ofthese 2, Sampling method is comparatively less expensive. 3, Under purposive sampling, population is divided into different groups having different ity of sampling data depends on size of sample {b) method of sampling characteristics. (True/False) training of enumerstors (A)allof these 4 InStatsties, universe refers to an aggregate of items tobe studied for an investigation. (True/False) eee 5. Census method needs less number of enumerators. (True/False) ec 6. Forte estimation ofthe country’s population, census method is used in India (Trve/False) (@) quota 7. Reliability of sample depends upon the training ofthe investigators. (True/False) bias is possible under: ae (©) purposive sampling 1 Fae 2TH 3. False tue 5. Fale [Link] 7. The (4) quota sampling Census and Sample Methods ofColletion of Data 6S.E seserionand Reason we Sonar sueciorc TZ, 2 carement Loser By & folowed by 2 aonemmet of Cramer te re groin Bn BCE ut aio Aan ise st econ Fe re Same meta meciggion 2cstericd. nd (= Sei met nt ie amon of tes a imveciggted. Re texto comping metal Cmgatte sed economic 7 ection sachs dows On em ahead pecieliey ch being sekected Leaner: so wo soe Nand Reon i rete ad en ft te cnet natn Aen » (eat aceon Mand enn I ae anemone mc ett oe the Correct Alternative = pe a Pm ec ere tyne es haath the saements are fase ( soremert 3s tue and Statement 2s fae i soromert 2s true and Statement 1isfae Census method is that method in which data are collected covering csmerse or population relating tothe problem snderinvesignios nn Semple method is an economical method of investigation Random sampling s notin accordance with the ules of sampling. ‘phar song slows cnry Rem a eal chance of beng seed m he eacnme scenes acme 2 peer me sneer ee [Link]-besed Question teas the folioweng case study carefully and answer the questions 1-6 on the basis of the same: sevcieg “eg” 521 portant tool 2s well as fleuble method of data collection in the legal research. Sheen 2 Sou to study oF entire universe or tal population that he purposes & gets citficult 1 do the research, the researcher having an option to particular portion or select sample out of (a copueton The process called 25 sampling method and that portion is called as sample. This Merce 2 a2 0 gal ecesrch 2s well 25 0 socal scence research. The mai objective of rawing 2 sample «to maee mferences about the larger population from the smaller sample. There are some ‘axe eaucemerts tave been mentioned while selecting the semple from total population. (i) While ‘cg pe na tt ae acowracy fox gre outlay resOUICES. ~Kalpane se, Olin cational icpanyResorch sre, 2012 1 Wich ofthe towing ca method of sampling? (hoote the comect erative} (a Parsons somone (6) Random sampling 6) Cuote sampling (Ch Abt these 2___ssmpling allows every tem in the universe an equal chance of being selected teem. (Fit upthe blank with correct aiternatie) (2) accom (0) Purpose 6 Convenience (6) Spiematecsmensontanngrn tet Na ae NS {e) Sampling method s more «4. Random samoling method 6 arefully and c '. Read the following statement member of samples ean 6. what's the principal m™ H. Data-based Miscellaneous Questions Which technique of sampling h (2) Convenience sampling (c) Stratified sampling is true and Statement 2is false i true and Statement 1is false ert of stratified sampling? le investigator. True or False, ‘not ree from personal oose the ct he population called an element. 13 subset of population. ed sampling sows select of such terms which represent dverse characteristics ofthe population 12s been used inthe above image? (b) Quota sampling (3) Random sampling she diagram above highlights sampling. (a) random () non-random (@ dice (8) Tipper’s table answers ‘ : 1. (o]Quta sampling 2. (@)random |. Concept-based Objective Questions Whats meant by universe? In Statistics, universe or population refers [Link] aggregate of items to be studied for an investigation. 2. What is meant by sample? Sample is group or collection of items from the universe wherein the characteristics ofthe former _ ae supposed to represent characteristics ofthelattet, = ; Whats meant by census method? Census method is that method in which data are collected covering every item of the universe ‘lating tothe problem under investigation. Whats meant by sample method? Sample methad is that method in which data i collected about the sample on a group of tems taken ‘rom the population for examination and conclusions are drawn on their bass. Whats meant by random sampling? 5ancom sampling is that method of sampling in which each and every tem ofthe universe has equal ‘hance of being selected in the sample. os What is meant by purposive or deliberate sampling? Purposive samplings that method in which the investigator himself makes te choice ofthe sample "ems which nhs opinion ate the best representative ofthe universe. aarh a7, What is meant by stratified or mixed sampling? Ans. tn stratified sampling, population is divided into different strata having different cha some of the items are selected from each strata, so that the entire population getg 8, Define systematic sampling. ‘ans. In systematic sampling, units of the population are numerically, BeOgraphicaly ang arranged. Every nth item of the numbered items [s selected as a sarmple item, 9. Define quota sampling. Ans. In quota sampling, the population is divided into different groups oF classes according characteristics of the population. 10, Define convenience sampling. | ‘Ans. In convenience sampling, sampling is done by the investigator in such a rane ae convenience. 2. Short Answer Type Questions ‘What is meant by census method? What are its uses? What is meant by sample method? What are its uses? What is the difference between census method and sampling method? Mention four main merits of census method, Mention four main demerits of census method. Mention the four main merits of the sample method. Mention the four demerits of the sample method. to9id0 beaad What are the advantages of sampling method of collection of data over the Discuss how you would use the lottery method to select 3 students out of 10 in your: ' 20. Does the lottery method always give you a random sample? Explain. ae = Gis 11, Bepain the procedure of selecting a random sample of 3 students out of 10 in your random number tables. 12. What is meant by census method? In what conditions is this 23, my Pen awe wne oritan avandia yd! inset rt Whats meant by sample method? Under what circumstances this method is me 4 14, What are the main elements of sampling? “borin strike Wo 15, What are the main methods ofsampling? = 16, pee main merits of random: peal aks a