Canadian Journal of Language and Literature Studies

Vol. 1(2), 2021, pp.11-23

Common Problems in Translation of Political Texts: The Case

of English and Kurdish Languages

Rawand Sabah Ahmad1 & Sami Hussein Hakeem Barzani2 & Reman Sabah Meena3 & Hewa
Fouad Ali4

1,2,3,4
English Language Teaching Department, Tishk International University, Erbil, Iraq
Correspondence: Sami Hussein Hakeem Barzani, Tishk International University, Erbil, Iraq.
Email: [email protected]

DOI: 10.53103/cjlls.v1i2.14

Abstract

This study investigated and examined the problems pertaining to the translation of political
texts. It intends to deal with the main translation difficulties and problems emerging in the
process of translation of political texts from English to Kurdish Language. Concerning
theoretical background, the study followed the Nord's classification of translation problems
(1997): pragmatic, cultural, linguistic and text-specific issues, then the study reviews the
relevant literature to address certain issues such as the definitions of translation, approaches to
translation, specialized translation, translation problems, features of political language, and
translation and political language. This is followed by a brief presentation of the methodology
of this research. The study concludes that there are no specific methods in translating political
texts due to the fact that translation is not only a practical process that employs translation
techniques, but also an issue of comprehending cultural, historical and political situations and
overtones.

Keywords: Translation, Translation Problems, Political Language, Political Texts

Introduction

Political texts are very different from other texts as they ''are a part and/or the
results of political events", and they are historically and culturally produced in which
politics is the main subject matter (Schäffner, 2000, p. 133). Translating political texts
is not a straightforward process, it is challenging and problematic for translators since
texts belonging to the political field are considered as specialized texts which include
specific terms, expressions, complex grammatical structures, and more importantly
overtones.
The problem that this study confronts and attempts to shed light on is the
difficulties and problems that arise in translating political texts. From this perspective,
this problem raises the research question of the study, namely 'What are the main
problems encountered by translators in the translation of political texts?'. The
Common Problems in Translation of Political Texts 12

principal objective of the present research is to examine the difficulties coming up in

political texts that are translated from one language into another. This study is a
qualitative research in which a qualitative method is used to gather the necessary
information for the analysis of the research. The tool which is utilized is document
analysis since it is an easy way and more relevant to the present study for obtaining
information. The study investigates certain important aspects of the translation
problems of the political texts that have not been dealt with properly, specifically in
the English to Kurdish translation texts.

Definitions of Translation

Many definitions of 'translation' have been suggested by many translation

scholars and theoreticians. Based on their perspectives of character, purpose, object
and role, they described the concept of translation (Schäffner, 2000).
One of the earlier efforts was made by Nida (1964, 2004, p. 3) who defines
translation as a scientific subject and illustrates that “the transference of a message
from one language to another is a valid subject for the scientific description”. In this
attempt, he suggests the concept of dynamic equivalent and describes translation as
“the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of
meaning and secondly in terms of style” (p.12).
Catford (1965) explains the notion of translation and points out that this
notion is perceived as "the replacement of textual material in one language (Source
Language) by “equivalent” material in another language (Target Language)". For him,
the main important point in the translation process is the concept of equivalence
between the original and the target language. In other words, the target text should be
equivalent to its source text in terms of meaning.
In a recent attempt, Bassnett (1980, 1991, 2002), working within the field of
cultural studies and approach to translation, postulates that translation should not be
considered only as a type of whole linguistic activity, it should also be determined as a
kind of communication within and among cultures. More specifically, translation is
more a cross-cultural activity rather than a simple linguistic transfer. Furthermore, she
also mentions that the cultural considerations should be given more attention in the
translation activity, precisely in view of equivalence of translation text and the
original text.
Lastly, from the perspective of the functionalist approaches to translation,
“translations are generally seen as fulfilling functions quite different to those of STs,
since they are for a fundamentally different audience, in a new culture situation”
(Pym, 2009, p. 4). In this way, when the clients have several aims, one source text can
be translated in different ways. In other words, for each scoop, one translation is
produced. What is more, the concept of equivalence is not completely undervalued in
13 Canadian Journal of Language and Literature Studies

the functionalism theory of translation, but it is reduced to one possibility (Pym,

2009). In this theory, when there is a strong similarity between the purpose of the
production of the original text and the translation text, the equivalence in translation is
achieved.
It is obvious from the above definitions that translation theorists and scholars
have different opinions about what translation is and how it can be carried out. This
controversy stems from the fact that theorists understand translation based on that
theory of translation they are interested in. As result, several translation theories have
been introduced to the translation studies field up to now.

Approaches to Translation

The exploration of the concept of translation is not old, it dates back to almost
70-80 years ago. Since the mid of the last century, several theories and approaches
have been proposed in order to illustrate how translation process should be carried
out. Translation theories and approaches have benefited from other fields such as
linguistics, cultural studies, philosophy and literature (Hatim & Munday, 2004). As a
result, translation has become a highly diversified area consisting of certain theories
and methods, in which each of them looks at the notion of translation in a specific way
(Omer, 2016). In this section, some of the theories are discussed briefly.
One of the primitive theories of translation is the linguistic approach which
defines translation from the angle of linguistics. It highlights and emphasizes on the
importance of equivalence between the source text and the target text in terms of from
and content. Thus, accordingly, form and content play a vital role in the success of the
translation process (Munday, 2012).
Later, some translation theorists (e.g., Vermeer, 1996 & Nord, 1997) define
translation as aim or purpose in a theory which is known as functionalism theory of
translation. These scholars postulate that there should be a purpose for translating a
text (Munday, 2012). Translation as a purpose is the main contribution of this theory
to the translation field.
Some other theories and trends have appeared since the 1980s. These theories
undervalue the field of linguistics in their understanding of the concept of translation.
Cultural studies as one of the recent theories sees translation as a cultural activity
(Munday, 2012). Descriptive Translation Studies is another theory which shows that
translation is a part of literature, which focuses on the target language literature at the
expense of the source language literature (Munday, 2012). Finally, some other
theories describe translation with reference to some other aspects, such as discourse
analysis, ideology, and socio-politics.
Common Problems in Translation of Political Texts 14

It is obvious from the above explanation that approaches to translation have

proposed different viewpoints in relation to the translation process due to their
different understanding to it.

Translation Problems

Different classifications of translation problems have been proposed by

translation theorists and scholars based on their perceptions on how translation
process is carried out and which problems and difficulties arise in the process. One of
the key figures working with functionalist approaches to translation is Christina Nord
(1997, p. 64) who points out that "translation problems may be categorized as
pragmatic, cultural, linguistic or text-specific". This research follows her classification
to deal with problems encountered by translators while translating political texts.
Therefore, the rest of this section will explain these four translation problems in detail.

1. Linguistic problems: the differences between the original and the target
languages create linguistic difficulties. No two languages, to a great extent,
are identical, since languages usually differ in terms of grammatical
constructions, idiomatic expressions, and conditions.
2. Cultural problems: refers to the difference in expressing diverse ideas and
approaching particular texts. For example, there is difference between the
English pattern for an instruction manual and the French one, or a culture may
use a particular categorization for types of animals while the other may not.
3. Pragmatic problems: pragmatic issues point to any problems concerning time,
place and context. The most effective way to represent pragmatic issues is by
the way of state institutions which names and associations are not the same in
two different cultures (e.g., American State Departments vs. British
Ministries).
4. Text specific problems: text particular issues are connected to a specific text.
In other words, there are some problems and difficulties that are found in a
particular text and not in other texts. For instance, The Kurdish General
Power of Attorney text, as a legal document, is written in one paragraph
without having any sections and subsections, while in in the UK, it is divided
into several sections and subsections.

Every translation issue can be solved. You should know how to find the
solution. Linguistic problems can be dealt with by the way of using dictionaries,
language databases and other linguistic tools (Nord, 1997). Cultural difficulties can be
tackled through comparing with parallel texts. For instance, when there is need to
translate a marriage contract from the UK, the first thing that you have to do is to find
15 Canadian Journal of Language and Literature Studies

a marriage contract sample in your target language. That is why it is recommendable

to develop a set of parallel texts for every plan (Nord, 1997). Pragmatic issues can be
fixed with reference to the translation brief or through speaking directly with the client
(Nord, 1997). And, lastly, translators are able to overcome the text specific issues by
means of employing their creativity.

Specialized Translation

Specialized translation is a notion applied to fields and areas that require

comprehensive knowledge, precision and awareness in terms of terminology and
grammatical structure in order to translate a specialized text properly. To this end,
qualified specialized translators have to attend and participate in specific translation
courses to obtain university degrees in a particular area or domain, such as legal
translation, political translation, medical translation, science translation, and so on.
Recent research in the field of translation theories illustrate that most of the
scholars (Schäffner, 2000; Neubert, 2000 & Kelly, 2005) consider specialized
translation skills as fundamental since they enable translators to apprehend and
investigate the original texts perfectly and solve the problems that will emerge in the
translation process.
Furthermore, translators have the ability to provide well translated texts in
those fields that they are specialists in. In addition, each particular area has its own
characteristics (Bowker & Pearson, 2002). Hence, there are some linguistic items that
make considerable contributions in the production of language for specific purpose,
such as specialized terminology, collections and stylistic features.
There are various kinds of specialized translation, for instance, literary
translation, legal translation, political translation, commercial translation, media
translation, scientific translation, medical translation, technical translation…etc. in
each of these fields, the texts have their own specific terminologies, idiomatic
expressions and grammatical structures, which are not the features of the non-
specialized texts.

Features of Political Language

Political and diplomatic languages are part of the group of distinctive

languages employed in the social sciences and are thus strongly connected to the
tradition of “political opinion” (Sárosi-Márdirosz, 2014). Each of the two kinds –
specialized terminologies – is strongly connected with rhetoric, as the terminological
origin of several verbal genres can be found in these specific languages (Sárosi-
Márdirosz, 2014).
Common Problems in Translation of Political Texts 16

Political language terminology is linked to the language of political theory,

because this terminology contributes in raising the query that has been widespread
concerning the relation between the person and community (Sárosi-Márdirosz, 2014).
This is also associated with political hypothesis. P jargon is frequently utilized to
work out the expressive hypotheses of political situation, also (like social analysis, the
concepts of justice, law, etc.). Without political language, elaborating state theories
would not have been achievable, and notions like "good governance" or "right form of
government" might not have been developed. The definition of political thoughts
(doctrines, philosophies, and policy programs and goals) is as well a significant scope
for political language demonstration. Political terms include the following
performances:
– Expressive performance, this implies that it conveys goals ingrained in the
genuine political sphere.

– Objective performance, which means that it has fair and impartial rational
for affecting people in their feelings, mind, thereby their behavior.

– Symbolic performance, which means that political symbols express the

thoughts and feelings.

Assuming that we need to indicate the nature of the wording of political texts,
it is valuable to look at what forms the center of political texts are based on. These
domains of a political content can be: influence, thinking, misdirection or indeed
hustling, all of which need particular language utilization. The eloquent discourse has
a reason of persuading the gathering of people to assent with a thought or conclusion
put forward by the speaker. One can deliver a successful powerful discourse in case
he/she structures the debates as the settlement for an issue (Hart, 2000). The primary
task of the author or the speaker is to persuade the gathering of people that a specific
issue matters to them, and after that they must be persuaded that the speaker or author
has the way for tackling the issue. There are various terminologies that influential
speeches can come in, for example, pitches deals, discussions and political
procedures. Passionate and/or coherent demands may be used in powerful speeches.
Components such as body language, the eagerness of the community of onlookers,
and the atmosphere in which the discourse is offered, all influence the
accomplishment of an aim or purpose of the influential discourse.
It is not possible to investigate political terms separately; the entire sentence
and even the whole debate must be taken into account in their analysis. When the
terms are examined, we have to do so in their contextual frame, we must organize
them in expressions and sentences. The main role of these words is not to explain
something but to establish a relationship; this actuality of the matter is what makes the
17 Canadian Journal of Language and Literature Studies

distinction among these terms and the rest of the dictionary (Hart, 2000, p. 104, cited
in Sárosi-Márdirosz, 2014, p. 168).

Political Language and Translation

Firmly related texts are one of the characteristics that the political system is
made of, so when working on establishing a new text (e.g., translations) "its coherence
with the rest of the political texts" must be highly focused on (Sárosi-Márdirosz,
2014). Political terminology for instance, party of a contract, death-penalty and some
non-terminological elements like regarding, breaking a contract can confirm this
coherence. Non- jurists may find it difficult to understand the political texts as this
coherence is also contributed by the tradition of the political texts. The reason is the
juridical system is as logical system and the texts of which strive to get away from
complexity and tough descriptions that are beyond the abilities of ordinary individual
to comprehend, that might need to make further research so that it is clear enough.
The defined range of these texts can illustrate the use of long phrases that bring about
a tough responsibility for the translators to work on. In order for these texts to be
understood someone must interpret them.
Strong complexity of the source text such as: act or contract, deed of
foundation or statute, etc. is one of the issues that a translator might face (Sárosi-
Márdirosz, 2014). Even though this notion contradicts the logical feature of the
political texts, unskillfulness or lack of knowledge of those who have written the texts
results in translators often encountering these problems (Sárosi-Márdirosz, 2014).
Encountering problems and difficulties related to the act of translation can make a
translator an interpreter, whereas facing the problems related to the content of the
paper does not. The lack of lucidity caused by the differences between the two
language systems makes the problem even more significant. Translators have to avoid
creativity and try to embed the traditional specialized language within the translation
process (Sárosi-Márdirosz, 2014). In the present research, the specialized language
refers to the language of a field or range that reflects part of reality which, at the end,
is the research domain of a group of specialists (Kurtán, 2003, p. 50).
Tackling specialized language is never an easy job for translators, as they
could possibly use other linguistic choices, or they might not approve the prevailing
words and expressions. Another hardship that translators could challenge is that the
documentation sources could not be accessible to them (Várnai, 2006, p. 48 cited in
Sárosi-Márdirosz, 2014). In translating political texts, adopting the existing source
language terms and expressions by the translators is extremely crucial, due to the fact
that this will be the code of political translation and the device of coherent texts
(Sárosi-Márdirosz, 2014, p. 169). In order to obtain and establish the most appropriate
equivalent between the original and the target texts, translators should pay a very
Common Problems in Translation of Political Texts 18

close attention to many political, linguistic and cultural features when they come
across new notions and ideas in the process of translation.
Nida (1964 & 2004) remarks that language can be considered as a component
of culture, and in reality, it is the most complicated set of traditions that can be found
in any culture. Language is the mirror of the culture, gives the way to get familiarity
with the culture, and in many regards creates a cultural model. Sárosi-Márdirosz
(2014) states that the following techniques might be used by translators in order to
convey some cultural certain items and to reflect a particular cultural model:
• Omission: when a part of a text is either deleted or reduced.
• Expansion: changing original implicit information into explicit information in
the main body or in footnotes or a glossary.
• 'Exoticism': replacing original text's stretches of slang, dialect or nonsense
vocabularies by rough equivalents in the target language.
• Updating: Replacing obsolete or unclear information by modern equivalent.
• Situational equivalence: Embedding more familiar contexts instead of the
original one.
• Creation: Replacing the original text with a text that keeps the important
message, ideas, and functions of the original one.

Methodology

This section discusses certain aspects pertaining to the research methodology

that are adopted in the present study. First and foremost, this study is a qualitative
research. The tool that is utilized to gather data in the present research is document
analysis.
As far as the materials are concerned, the text that has been chosen for this
research is the political text. The actual number of texts which have been gathered for
the research consists of four texts, two English source texts and two Kurdish target
texts. Although dealing with four texts are not entirely satisfactory for the comparison
between English and Kurdish languages in the translation process, the main reason
lies with the word count limitation in the study. Concerning the way of gathering
texts, the researcher has received them from the translator who translated the English
texts broadcasted in Reuters News Agency into Kurdish for a TV channel, in which
the translations were broadcasted.
Regarding the procedure, in order to analyze the collected data, the texts are
investigated based on the Nord's classification of translation problems (1997):
pragmatic, cultural, linguistic or text-specific, in order to find the translation problems
and difficulties in the English source texts and how they have been translated into
Kurdish. Furthermore, after analyzing and identified each problem, the possible
solutions are presented.
19 Canadian Journal of Language and Literature Studies

Findings and Discussion

This section is devoted to present the main findings and analyze them. It is
obvious that the setting in which the source text is created is more or less unlike that
of the translation text in terms of location, time, audience, medium, motive and aim of
message (Nord, 1997). As a result, the circumstances of the English texts where they
work to performance its purposes are not the same as its target text accomplishing it
purposes in the Kurdistan region. Due to the differences in terms of the purpose of
production between the source and the target texts, the translators encounter four types
of the problems, namely pragmatic, cultural, linguistic or text-specific (Nord, 1997).
Below are the problems that the translator faces while s/he is translating the English
political texts into Kurdish:

Linguistic Problems

English and Kurdish are two different languages, and they belong to different
families or groups. The English language, for instance, belongs to Germanic group of
languages, while Kurdish belongs to the Indo-European languages. This difference
between the two languages poses problems in the translation process in some respects,
such as word order, passivation, etc. which ultimately affects the capability of
retaining meaning.
To exemplify the linguistic problems, here is an example taken from source
text one (ST1) and target text one (TT1) which shows the differences in terms of word
order between English and Kurdish languages. More specifically, the English has the
(SVO) word order, while the Kurdish has (SOV) in which the verbal element is
shifted to the end.

Farid Raeed, an official at the Ministry of Health, said one civilian was killed in the
blast and seven others had been brought to two hospitals in the capital.

‫بةرثرسيَكي وةزارةتي تةندروسيت ئةم ووالَتة رِايطةياند كةسيَكي مةدةني لةم رِووداوة طياني لةدةستداوةو حةوت كةسي تريش بة‬
.‫برينداري بة نةخؤشخانة طواسرتاونةتةوة‬
To solve problems in this type, translators should translate this sentence based
on the word order of the target language so as to be readable and have a clear meaning
as the translator has done in the above example in the Kurdish language text.

Pragmatic Problems

These problems that appear stem from the fact that the commutative situation
of the source text is different from that one in which the translation text is produced.
Common Problems in Translation of Political Texts 20

Therefore, the translator encounters several difficulties regarding pragmatics in

translating the texts. Translating proper names is considered as a problem in this kind,
which arises very often in the English texts. To support this opinion, Nord (1997)
claims that translating proper names is difficult and problematic. Here is an example
taken from source text two (ST2) and target text two (TT2) (see in appendix):

The 62nd Annual disarmament conference organized by the United Nations held its
closing ceremony on Friday (September 11) in Mexico City, Mexico.

‫كة‬, ‫ ايلول) لة شاري مةكسيكؤي ثايتةخيت والَتي مةكسيك شةست و دووةمني كؤنفرِانسي ساالَنةي دامالَيين ضةك‬11( ‫دو َيينَ هةيين‬
.‫ كؤتايي بة كارةكاني هيَنا‬,‫لةاليةن نةتةوة يةكطرتووةكانةوة رِيَكدةخريَت‬
The two names ‘Mexico City, and Mexico’ are names of places. In the target
language, both names are used. So, the translator should be aware of the proper names
and convey them into the target language according to the way it is used in the target
culture, because some proper names have different names in different cultures, for
instance, the name of 'Poland' in Kurdish is the same, but in Persian language the
name 'Lhustan' is used instead of 'Poland'.

Cultural Problems

Culture is the mirror of society. It varies from one society to another.

Sometimes even in the same society, different cultural items can be noticed. Since
English and Kurdish are two different cultures, the translators encounter difficulties
when they translate an English text into Kurdish or the vice-versa. What is more,
cultural differences pose greater difficulties than linguistic differences in the
translation practice. Here is an example taken from ST1 and TT1 which contains the
name 'International Security Assistance Force' which belongs specifically to the USA
country or culture.

"Six to seven civilians were wounded as a result of the blast and two ISAF
(International Security Assistance Force) were killed.

‫(مؤهيبو اللة) كة ئةفسةريَكي سةربازية طووتي شةش حةوت كةسي مةدةني برينداربوونةو دوو كةسيش لة هيَزةكاني يارمةتي ئاسايشي‬
.‫نيَودةولَةتي كوذراون‬

To overcome this translation difficulty, the translator has two options to

reproduce the name in the target language. In the first choice, the most appropriate
equivalent is used to the name which has its equivalent meaning, 'International
Security Assistance Force'. Secondly, rewording is the second choice employed in the
21 Canadian Journal of Language and Literature Studies

translation process to solve the problem. In addition to that, political ideology could
be another issue related to cultural problems. This usually happens when there is
absence of a political concept in the target language and secondly when the concept
stands opposite to a political ideology.

Text-Specific Problems

These problems refer to those difficulties that appear only in that text
translated from language to another, and they may not be found in another text, hence
they are called text-specific problems. For instance, ST2 includes a paragraph consists
only of one sentence, which might be problematic in terms of paragraphing for the
translator if s/he produces a paragraph of sentence in the Kurdish language. Here is
the example:

Conference Chair Charles Hitchcock emphasized the importance of their mission.

In this case, the translator should arrange this paragraph according to the
conventions of the target language, as it has been done in the Kurdish translated text.

‫(تادا تؤشي ئةكيبا)ي سةرؤكي شارةواني شاري هريؤشيما لة وتةيةكيدا طووتي من برِوام واية و دلَنيام و دةزامن كة ئيَمة دةتوانني تا سالَي‬
.‫ ئةمة ئةركيَكي طةورةية‬.‫ ضةكي ئةتؤمي نةهيَلَني‬2020
Conclusions

The characteristics of political language make it a difficult task for translators

to translate it accurately. This stems from the fact that when politicians speak, they do
not attempt to convey their messages to foreign addressees and/or the political speech,
mostly, is loaded with overtones. That is why translators cannot translate properly and
present the same effect on target text addressees that the source text has on its
audiences. The findings of the study demonstrate that the main responsibility that
translators should take in translating political texts is transferring the basic meaning of
the original text. Translators must have knowledge about the exact historical, cultural
and political influence and try to show it in the translation version to make the same
influence. Translators have to use a clear, rather than a fancy, language in order for
the text to have the same desired effects. They should also know and learn the proper
standard of political language. Thus, translating political texts requires mastery and
knowledge in several aspects, namely linguistic and cultural, political and historical
background of both languages, and the events where the text is produced.
Common Problems in Translation of Political Texts 22

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