ESCUELA TÉCNICA “BERNARDINO RIVADAVIA”

Avda. Tte. Ibañez 1897- 4437964

INGLES TÉCNICO III- CONSTRUCCIONES Profesoras: Anahí Ortiz y Roxana A. Ríos

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 ESCUELA TÉCNICA “BERNARDINO RIVADAVIA”
Avda. Tte. Ibañez 1897- 4437964
INGLES TÉCNICO III- CONSTRUCCIONES Profesoras: Anahí Ortiz y Roxana A. Ríos

PROGRAMA DE INGLES TECNICO III – CONSTRUCCIONES 2024

EJE TEMÁTICO 1: MATERIALES EN LA CONSTRUCCIÓN

GRAMÁTICA: Tiempo Presente Simple y Pasado Simple: Voz activa y Voz pasiva. Presente Continuo. Voz
Activa y Voz Pasiva. Infinitivo, Gerundio y Participio. Usos y traducción. Uso de los pronombres objetos en la
voz pasiva. Futuros simple/inmediato. Voz activa y pasiva.

VOCABULARIO: Estructuras con sustantivos y adjetivos: caso posesivo / sust. en función de adjetivos (sust.
modificadores)/ adj +sust. Clasificación de palabras: transparentes, no transparentes, prestadas y falsas
analogías.

FUNCIÓN DEL LENGUAJE: Descripción y comparación de materiales de construcción: tipos,

historia, composición, propiedades, usos, costos y relación con la ecología.

Técnicas de traducción: adición, omisión, préstamos y calcos. Tópico.

EJE TEMÁTICO 2: PLANIFICACIÓN Y DISEÑOS – HIGIENE Y SEGURIDAD

GRAMÁTICA: Presente perfecto. Pasado Perfecto. Voz Activa y Voz Pasiva. Verbos Modales: can/ could,
may/ might, should/ would, must/ have to, ought to, need. Voz Activa y Voz Pasiva. Condicional cero. Primer
condicional. Usos.

VOCABULARIO: adverbios:ever/already/yet y peposiciones:for/ since/ago para pres. perf. vocab. Esp de

diseño, tipos de formatos, tipos de información de un proyecto. Diseño forma tradicional y virtual: auto
cad/sketchup. Urbanización, planificación de un edificio y de una ciudad. Historia. Cimientos: tipos, paredes:
componentes, techo, trabajos con concreto, aislamiento: materiales, plomería, puertas, ventanas, seguridad.

FUNCIÓN DEL LENGUAJE: Relatar el proceso utilizando texto de instrucción. Técnicas de Interpretación:
Técnica del vistazo. Skimming. Idea principal. Lecto comprensión mapa conceptual.

CRITERIOS DE EVALUACION y pautas de trabajo:

 Presentar de los trabajos prácticos en tiempo y forma.

 Traer material de trabajo los días de Ingles (booklet y diccionario de ingles)
 Prolijidad y letra legible (en trabajos manuscritos).
 Comprender las consignas en los trabajos y actividades solicitadas.
 Aplicar correctamente las estructuras de los temas desarrollados en clase.
 Uso responsable de la tecnología (celulares, tablets, netbooks, etc.)
 Responsabilidad y cuidado con los elementos escolares como los diccionarios de la biblioteca,
por ejemplo y mobiliario escolar.
 Los elementos tecnológicos como celulares y software de traducción pueden ser usados en clase,
pero no durante los exámenes (con la finalidad de que el alumno demuestre las habilidades de
interpretación por sí mismo, demuestre habilidad en el uso del diccionario, evitar que se copien,
entre otros.

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 ESCUELA TÉCNICA “BERNARDINO RIVADAVIA”
Avda. Tte. Ibañez 1897- 4437964
INGLES TÉCNICO III- CONSTRUCCIONES Profesoras: Anahí Ortiz y Roxana A. Ríos

FIRST TERM

Nº1: TRADITIONAL BUILDING MATERIALS

1. Label: STONES – CEMENT – TIMBER – BRICK

Building materials can be divided into two main groups: natural and man-made. Stone and timber are
natural materials, used by man ancient times. Man-made materials include bricks, concrete, steel, glass,
metal and more modern materials including plastic and synthetics.

STONE

Stone walls are one of the oldest construction methods known to mankind. The first stone walls were made
laying up stones without any mortar. With this method, stones are held together by gravity. These walls are
usually larger at the base. In Ireland and north-eastern UK
countries this kind of walls was made by farmers to create
fences. It was quite a long and labour-intensive method, but with
no costs. When cement appeared, the first mortared stone walls
were created, where cement paste fills the gaps between the
stones. The first cements were made using burnt gypsum or
lime, mixed with water.

Concrete includes Portland cement mixed with sand, gravel and

water, which makes it resistant to cracking. To make it even
more resistant, steel reinforcing bars can be added. Most stone walls today are made using this method,
because it is fast and cheap.

2. Read the text and then match the two parts of the sentences:

1. The first stone walls were made a) burnt gypsum or lime with water.
2. When cement appeared b) to make concrete even more resistant.
3. The first cements were created using c) the first mortared stone walls were created.
4. Concrete is Portland cement d) without any mortar.
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 ESCUELA TÉCNICA “BERNARDINO RIVADAVIA”
Avda. Tte. Ibañez 1897- 4437964
INGLES TÉCNICO III- CONSTRUCCIONES Profesoras: Anahí Ortiz y Roxana A. Ríos

5. Steel reinforcing bars can be added e) mixed with sand, gravel and water.

TIMBER

Timber framing and conventional wood framing are two different

forms of construction. Timber framed structures use fewer,
larger timbers with dimensions from 15 to 30 cm and mortice
and tenon or wooden pegs as fastening methods, whereas
conventional wood-framed building have a greater number of
timbers with dimensions from 5 to 25 cm, and nails or other
mechanical fasteners are used to join the timbers.

Today timber structures are often surrounded in manufactured

panels, such as Structural Insulating Panels (SIPs). They are made up of two rigid wooden- based
composite materials with a foamed insulating material inside. This method is used because these
structures are easier to build and they provide more efficient heat insulation.

Timber-framed construction offers a lot of advantages. It is kind to the environment (when the wood used is
taken from sustainable forests) and the frames can be put up quickly. Its design is elegant and simple, and
also both practical and adaptable. It can give a house character, both inside and outside. Thanks to its
strength, large open spaces can be created, sometimes which is not so easy to obtain with other
techniques. It is very versatile, so timber-framed houses can also be clad with stone or brick. This offers
two more advantages: the house can blend in with the surrounding area (both urban and rural) and it is
very energy-efficient. Timber is also cheaper than other materials.

3. Match the following definitions with one of the words highlighted in the text:

a) The end of a piece of wood that is shaped to fit into a mortise (= an opening) in another piece of wood to
form a joint ………………………….
b) Covered. ……………………..
c) A small metal spike with a broadened flat head, driven into wood to join things together or to serve as a
hook. …………………………
d) A flat or curved component, typically rectangular, that forms or is set into the surface of a door, wall, or
ceiling. ……………………………………..
e) Able to be maintained at a certain rate or level. ……………………….
f) The action of insulating something. ………………………….

4. Answer the following questions in Spanish:

a) Do timber-framed structures use larger or smaller timbers compared to conventional wood framing?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
b) Which fastening methods do the two different methods use?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
c) What structures have been recently used? How are they made up?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
d) What are the advantages of this method?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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 ESCUELA TÉCNICA “BERNARDINO RIVADAVIA”
Avda. Tte. Ibañez 1897- 4437964
INGLES TÉCNICO III- CONSTRUCCIONES Profesoras: Anahí Ortiz y Roxana A. Ríos

Nº 2: BRICK, CEMENT AND CONCRETE

1. Read the text and then write a list of the advantages and disadvantages offered by brick:

BRICK

Masonry construction is a method that has been used for

centuries around the world. It is usually used for walls of
buildings, retaining walls and monuments. The most frequent
type of masonry is brick, but concrete block becoming more and
more popular. Brick was one of the first building materials that
man used and has been used since the times of the ancient
Egyptians because it offers a great number of advantages. First
of all, it has an affordable price and it is made of accessible raw
material, which has long durability and good insulating
properties. It is a strong and is perfect for load-bearing systems
where the loads are compressive. It is the size of a man`s hand and therefore simple to use. The
appearance of the final work depends on the ability and expertise of the bricklayer. Another advantage of
using brick is that, like stone, it offers increased comfort in the heat of the summer and the cold of the
winter. Being heat resistant, this material also offers fire protection.

Often of the disadvantage of using this material is that masonry must be built on a firm foundation to
prevent settling and cracking, and in the presence of expensive soils the foundation may need to be
elaborate. Moreover, this is a heavy material; consequently, the structural requirements will have to be
increased, especially if the area is subject to earthquakes.

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

CONCRETE AND CEMENT

2. Complete the following text with one of the following word: BLOCKS – BRICKS – CONCRETE (X2)
– INGREDIENT – MATERIALS – MIXTURE - WALLS

The most common type of cement is Portland cement, which is the basic (1)………………………of concrete
and mortar.

It is made of Portland cement clinker (calcium silicates, aluminium and other compounds) and other minor
constituents.

Portland cement clinker is produced by heating a mixture of raw (2)…………………………………up to

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 ESCUELA TÉCNICA “BERNARDINO RIVADAVIA”
Avda. Tte. Ibañez 1897- 4437964
INGLES TÉCNICO III- CONSTRUCCIONES Profesoras: Anahí Ortiz y Roxana A. Ríos

1450ºC in a kiln.

There are three production stages:

- Preparation of the raw mixture,

- Production of the clinker,
- Preparation of the (3)………………………….

Limestone is the main raw material for the production of Clinker, followed by sand, shale, iron ore, bauxite,
fly ash and slag. About 2% gypsum is also added and then the (4)………………………is pulverised. The
resulting powder will react when wáter is added.

Portland cement is commonly used to produce (5)………………………………….., which is made of gravel,

sand, cement and water.

Blocks of cinder concrete, ordinary concrete and hollow tile are known as Concrete Masonry Units (CMU).
They are larger than ordinary (6)……………………………….and used for applications where appearance is
not very important, such as in factory walls, garages and industrial buildings. One of the advantages of
concrete (7)…………………………………..is that they can reinforced, grouting the voids, inserting rebar or
suing grout, so that they are stronger than typical masonry (8)………………………………….

3. Read the text in exercise 2 again and choose the best alternative:

a) Portland cement is the basic ingredient of concrete / aluminium.

b) The main raw material for the production of clinker is brick / limestone.
c) Portland cement is used to produce gravel / concrete.
d) Concrete Masonry Units are larger than ordinary bricks / stones.
e) Concrete blocks can be reinforced / industrial.
f) Reinforced concrete blocks are stronger than masonry industries / walls.

4. Match the words with their definitions:

1 masonry a) a mixture of cement, sand. Small stones and water

2 brick b) brick work
3 concrete c) white rock often used for making cement
4 mortar e) a mixture of sand, water and cement or lime
5 limestone f) a reddish-brown rectangular block used to build walls and houses

5. Search for information and complete the chart:

Stone Timber Brick Cement and Concrete

ADVANTAGE

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 ESCUELA TÉCNICA “BERNARDINO RIVADAVIA”
Avda. Tte. Ibañez 1897- 4437964
INGLES TÉCNICO III- CONSTRUCCIONES Profesoras: Anahí Ortiz y Roxana A. Ríos

DISADVANTAGE

MY GLOSARY

6. Write the meaning of the following words:

- Bricklayer: - to fasten: - grout

- to bend in: - fence: - gypsum:
- cinder concrete: - fly ash: - heat insulation:
- clad: - foamed: - hollow tile:
- compound: - frame: - iron ore:
- Concrete: - gap: - to join:
- cracking: - gravel: - kiln:
- to lay: - lime: - limestone:
- masonry: - mortar: - mortice:
- mould: - nail: - peg:
- to put up: - rebar: - settling:
- shale: - slag: - to surround:
- tenon: - timber - void

Nº 3 MODERN BUILDING MATERIALS

STEEL

Steel is resistant to corrosion, rusting and general deterioration. It can

be used both for exterior as well as internal infrastructure. Compared to
conventional concrete building, steel buildings offer a longer lifetime and
they cause less harm to the environment thanks to the resistance and
durability. Because steel buildings are usually pre-fabricated or made in
sections and parts that are assembled on the construction site, they are
cheaper than conventional
buildings.

The quantity of carbon contained in steel determines whether the alloy

is hard or soft. Nowadays steel buildings are often appreciated for their
design. In fact, the flexibility of this material allows different forms and
shapes. More than any other buildings material, steel has high
strength-to-weight ratio. This means that it is easy and cheap to span
large distance elegantly eliminating columns. Thanks to this, it is easier to subdivide and customize office
and warehouse space.

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 ESCUELA TÉCNICA “BERNARDINO RIVADAVIA”
Avda. Tte. Ibañez 1897- 4437964
INGLES TÉCNICO III- CONSTRUCCIONES Profesoras: Anahí Ortiz y Roxana A. Ríos

1. Read the text and complete the sentences with words from the text:

a) Steel can be used both for the exterior and the interior…………………………….of a building.
b) Steel is ………………………..to corrosion, rusting and general deterioration.
c) Steel building have a longer………………………………..compared to conventional concrete buildings.
e) Steel buildings are usually ……………………………..than …………………………………buildings.
f) It is easy and cheap to span large ………………………………elegantly.
g) By eliminating ……………………………………., it is easier to subdivide and customize office and
warehouse space.

2. Read the text again and match the words to their definitions:

1 rusting a…….a composite metal made by mixing other metals together

2 flexibility b……the period of time for which a building is expected to last
3 alloy c……when a metal becomes reddish brown because of air and water
4 deterioration d……to change the appearance or characteristics of something
according to someone`s taste or needs
5 lifetime e……becoming worse in quality or condition
6 to customize f……being bent easily without breaking

GLASS AND METALS

3. Read the text and match each paragraph with a heading:

A) Advantages and disadvantages of different kinds of metals

B) Transparent buildings: problems and possible solutions
C) An interesting experiment

1………………………………………………………………………….

Glass is a fashionable material in contemporary architecture.

Transparent buildings and structures are very popular in
contemporary architecture. Structural glass components such as
columns and beams are often requires, but this material seems
structurally unsafe of its brittleness. For this reason a new
construction technique has been developed using:

*Very long overlapping glass segments to create glass

beams. These are made by bonding the segments
adhesively;
* a small stainless steel profile that has been added to the
layout of the glass beam to reinforce it.

2……………………………………………………………………….

To prove that glass structures can be as safe as reinforced concrete,

an experimental transparent pavilion has been designed (with
dimensions 9 x 9 x 3 .6 m3) that combines a number of innovative ideas. Many different kinds of glass and

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 ESCUELA TÉCNICA “BERNARDINO RIVADAVIA”
Avda. Tte. Ibañez 1897- 4437964
INGLES TÉCNICO III- CONSTRUCCIONES Profesoras: Anahí Ortiz y Roxana A. Ríos

glass systems have been used. The outermost and the triple-layered insulating glass units have been
tempered and sometimes laminated and some glass has also been coated with solar control glass to reflect
of the unwanted sunshine outwards. In other cases glass that can be heated electrically and glass, panes
free of iron oxide have been used to make the inside light more natural.
(Aldar Headquarters building- Dubai)

3……………………………………………………………………….

Painted, stainless, hot dip galvanized and weather resistant steel, as well
as aluminum, have also been used for supporting structures. Aluminum
has some advantages (it is light, resistant to corrosion and easy to work)
but also some disadvantages (its thermal expansion and conductivity are
high and it has low elastic modulus and fire resistance). Stainless steel
also offers some advantages (it has good fire resistance and it is easy to
keep) but its high price is a major disadvantage. Both hot dip galvanized
and painted steel are not as expensive, but they are difficult to work on site and are not resistant to
corrosion.

4. Read the text again and decide if these statements are true (T) or false (F).

1. Glass is very popular in contemporary architecture.

2. There is no way to create a glass structure that is as safe as reinforced concrete.
3. A transparent pavilion has been recently designed as an experiment that uses some innovative ideas.
4. There is only one type of glass in this pavilion.
5. Glass has also been used for supporting structures.
6. Hot dip galvanised steel is not resistant to corrosion.

5. Match the words with their definitions.

1 outermost a)……….a metal made from steel that does not rust
2 stainless steel b)………. fragility
3 galvanised c)………. external
4 brittleness d)………. flat sheet of glass
5 pane e)………. coated with zinc to protect it from rust

PLASTIC
Plastic products offer a number of ecological advantages: they
save resources, have a low maintenance cost and can be
recycled. Furthermore they contribute to save energy (plastic
foams are used for thermal insulation in many applications).
Plastic is also useful for noise protection and insulation.

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 ESCUELA TÉCNICA “BERNARDINO RIVADAVIA”
Avda. Tte. Ibañez 1897- 4437964
INGLES TÉCNICO III- CONSTRUCCIONES Profesoras: Anahí Ortiz y Roxana A. Ríos

The main fields of application of these materials are pipes, insulation, wall covering, flooring (both in
houses and in public areas) and, quite recently, window frames (made of PVC).
PVC stands for Polyvinyl Chloride and it is the plastic which has seen the most
rapid growth in recent times in industry.

PVC is often used in piping systems because of its good chemical resistance to
corrosive fluids. PVC pipes are used for a great number of applications: to drain
waste, for natural gas distribution, for electrical and communications wiring, for
municipal water. As it is the newest primary construction material and entirely
man-made, plastic is extremely versatile. Improvements made through research
have increased its acceptance among designers, contractors and building code
officials.

6. Read the text and then choose the correct option:

1. Plastic products save… 4. The…….fields of application of these materials are in

flooding.
a) industry. a) alternative
b) materials. b) main
c) resources. c) useful

2. Plastic insulation is also useful for…protection. 5. PVC has good…resistance to corrosive fluids.
a) recycled a) physical
b) resources b) public
c) noise c) chemical

3. PVC is the plastic whose use has grown more…. 6. PVC pipes are used for…gas distribution.
a) recently. a) natural
b) slowly. b) chemical
c) primary. c) piping

7. Read the text again and answer the question:

1. What are the advantages offered by plastic products?

2. How can plastic save energy?
3. What is plastic insulation useful for?
4. What are the main fields of application of plastic?
5. What does PVC stand for?
6. What are PVC pipes used for?

8. Make a list of advantages and disadvantages of each material.

STEEL GLASS AND METALS PLASTIC

ADVANTAGES

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 ESCUELA TÉCNICA “BERNARDINO RIVADAVIA”
Avda. Tte. Ibañez 1897- 4437964
INGLES TÉCNICO III- CONSTRUCCIONES Profesoras: Anahí Ortiz y Roxana A. Ríos

DISADVANTAGES

Nº 4 SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS

Due to the rise in global population and prosperity over the last few
decades, one of the consequences of this phenomenon has been the
increase in volume and variety of the materials used (such as raw
materials, food, manufactured products and waste) with a consequent
increase in the transport distances. This has created a series of negative
effects on the environment, especially different kinds of pollution, leading
to an ecological emergency
and growing preoccupation
about health. This is why the
aim of eco-design is to create buildings with low ecological
impact, where people can live in a comfortable, healthy way.
This is possible by using building materials that are traditionally
considered eco-friendly and-sustainable: timber from forests
that have been certified; quickly renewable plant materials
(such as straw or bamboo); some typical traditional materials
such as brick, stone, clay and cork; non-toxic, renewable and
recyclable materials (natural paints, waxes and varnishes).
Waste materials can also be reused as a resource for construction purposes.

1. Read the text and answer the questions below.

a) What has happened to population and wealth in the last few decades?
b) What has been one of the results of this?
c) What is the aim of eco-design?
d) Can you name some eco-friendly and sustainable materials you have found in the text?

MY GLOSSARY: 3. Write the meaning of the following words:

- alloy - outermost
- beam - outwards
- brittleness - overlapping
- coated - pane
- customize - pipe
- to drain waste - rust
- durability - to span
- endurance - stainless steel
- hot dip galvanised - straw
- iron - strength to weight ratio
- layout - window frame

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 ESCUELA TÉCNICA “BERNARDINO RIVADAVIA”
Avda. Tte. Ibañez 1897- 4437964
INGLES TÉCNICO III- CONSTRUCCIONES Profesoras: Anahí Ortiz y Roxana A. Ríos

Nº 5 SKETCH STAGE AND WORKING DRAWINGS

Designing a project involves a

number of vital stages: sketch design,
design development and working
drawing. During the design
development stage all kinds of helpful
information are gathered, so that
materials and method proposed for
the project can be checked. The
working drawing stage is the most
demanding, because every project is
unique as far as design and assembly
of the parts are concerned. At this stage all the architectural drawings,
schedules and specifications required for building consent are prepared.
Sometimes all this material is also needed to get prices from builders. In
some cases, 2D or more commonly 3D formats are used to describe the building. The builders will need
working drawings, consisting of plans, sections, elevations, details, schedules, specifications and other
consultants ‘documents. During this stage all, the architectural drawings are produced using the most
recent computer design software, which is very similar to the software used by other consultants. This way
all the information can be coordinated easily. It is important to make very precise drawings because they
must conform to all the latest building standards, otherwise the council will not give building consent.
Another reason is that this will help builders know as much information as possible, thus reducing their
guesswork.

Engineering graphics are very important for engineers because it is language with which they think and
communicate. Years ago the AutoCAD replaced the old T-square and, more recently, the ·D parametric
solid modelling software has been used to learn graphics.

1. Read the text and decide if the statements below are true (T) or false (F).

1 The first stage when designing a project is sketch design.

2 The specifications necessary for obtaining building consent are drawn up during the working drawing
phase.
3 Builders will never provide a price until they have these documents.
4 These documents help builders to work as accurately as possible.
5 Building consent to start work on building depends on the accuracy of these drawings.
6 AutoCAD is the latest form of software in this field.

2. Find the synonyms of these words in the text.

1. step ………………………………………………….. 5. Papers…………………………………………….

2. controlled………………………………………….. 6. Newest……………………………………………

3. cost………………………………………………….. 7. Essential………………………………………….

4. technique…………………………………………... 8. Estimation………………………………………..

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 ESCUELA TÉCNICA “BERNARDINO RIVADAVIA”
Avda. Tte. Ibañez 1897- 4437964
INGLES TÉCNICO III- CONSTRUCCIONES Profesoras: Anahí Ortiz y Roxana A. Ríos

Nº 6 AutoCAD

At the beginning of the 1980s Computer-Aided Design (CAD) programs

drastically cut the needs of draftsmen. Today students in universities
do not learn drafting techniques, they learn computer-aided design
instead. But what exactly is CAD and what is it used for? CAD is
software which allows the use of computer technology for the
development of design and design documentation. It is used to design
curves and figures in two-dimensional space or curves, surfaces and
solids in 3D objects.

CAD has a great number of applications: automotive, shipbuilding and aerospace industries, industrial (in
the design of tools and machinery and throughout the engineering process from conceptual design and
layout of products) and architectural design (of all types of buildings), prosthetics and also computer
animation for special effects in movies, advertising and technical manuals. Moreover, it is used for the
creation of photo simulations often required in the preparation of Environmental Impact Reports.

The objects and features created are adjustable and modern CAD can also allow rotations in 3D, so that
the designed object can be viewed from any angle.

Nowadays CAD systems exist for all the major platforms and no
special hardware is required for most CAD

software (except for some systems that do graphically and

computationally intensive tasks and require a modern graphics
card). The human-machine interface is usually via a computer
mouse or a pen and a digitizing or graphics tablet. The
advantages of CAD are lower product development costs and a greatly shortened design cycle.

1. Read the text and answer the questions below.

1 What does CAD stand for?

2 What is it exactly? What is it used for?
3 When did a drastic change in design take place?
4 What was the consequence of this change?
5 Can you name a few CAD applications?
6 Is there any need for special hardware if you use CAD?
7 Can you explain what the 'human machine interface' is?
8 What are the main advantages of this design program?

ASSIGNMENT:

Choose AutoCAD or Sketch and design a project (your dream house, a room, interior designetc.)

Just to explore:

Sketchup Vs Autocad https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3VNlKDI7s_8

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 ESCUELA TÉCNICA “BERNARDINO RIVADAVIA”
Avda. Tte. Ibañez 1897- 4437964
INGLES TÉCNICO III- CONSTRUCCIONES Profesoras: Anahí Ortiz y Roxana A. Ríos

Interior design tutorial using Google Sketchup https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v_s7lpikWQU

Sketchup tutorial interior design ( Kitchen ) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mBkW5e5LLz4

Nº 7 RENDERING

The process of generating an image from a model by means of

computer graphics is known as 'rendering'. It is an engineered
program, based on disciplines connected to light physics, visual
perception, mathematics and software development. It is a method
used by architectural illustrators to create two-dimensional images
or animations from a three-dimensional model (prepared scene)
thanks to computer programs. These images or animations show
the characteristics of a planned architectural design. Scene files
contain objects in a special language or data structure (such as
geometry, viewpoint, texture, lighting, and shading information) to
describe a virtual scene. The data is then passed to a rendering program to be processed.

Rendering software can be used to create life-like images for presentation, marketing and design analysis.
It is used in architecture, video games, films and TV
visual effects and also in real estate sales for
experimenting with building design or to make
decisions before a building ' is created.

There is a wide range of different kinds of renderers.

They may be integrated into modelling and animation
packages, standalone, or be free open-source projects.
In the case of 3D graphics pre-rendering is used for
creating films, whereas real-time rendering is often used in producing 3D video games.

1. Read the text and reorder the words below to make accurate sentences describing the processes
of Rendering.

1 is / engineered / illustrators / program / used / by / an / architectural / Rendering

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2 Architectural / use / illustrators / rendering / animations / create / two-dimensional / to / images / or
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3 for / This / is / used / presentation, / software / and / analysis / marketing / design
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4 for / It / used / be / design / experimenting / can / building / with
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5 the / Pre-rendering / used / in / is / industry / film
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6 the / 3D / production / For / of / video / real-time / rendering / is / games / used

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 ESCUELA TÉCNICA “BERNARDINO RIVADAVIA”
Avda. Tte. Ibañez 1897- 4437964
INGLES TÉCNICO III- CONSTRUCCIONES Profesoras: Anahí Ortiz y Roxana A. Ríos

2. Read the text again and decide if the statements below are true (T) or false (F).

1 Rendering and computer-generated graphics are the same thing.

2 When using rendering illustrators create 3D models from 2D images.
3 Rendering is used in the fashion industry.
4 The images produced by rendering software are very realistic.
5 Rendering software is also used for designing houses before they are built.
6 Films are created using real-time rendering techniques.

SECOND TERM

Nº 1 TOWN PLANNING

1. Read the following text about planning. What is it? What do planners typically do?

Planning is a balancing act between constructing modern communities and conserving our natural and built
heritage to create sustainable places where people can live, work and play. It implies decisions about
transport, facilities, the development of new shops, schools, dwellings, parks, etc. It supports our ongoing
use of the environment. Some of the things that planners do include:

• developing and creating affordable housing;

• regenerating socially-deprived areas;
• requalifying historic buildings;
• creating policies for managing the traffic and improving energy efficiency;
• discussing with communities about how to improve their quality of life.

2. Read and listen to the text and fill in the blanks with the words:

agricultural - centre - Renaissance - human - rational - situated – streets - towns

The first stable (1) ……………………….. settlements appeared when

agriculture replaced nomadic existence. The first cities were centres
for commerce, politics, defence and distribution of (2)……………..
Surplus. The earliest examples of planned cities in history were in
modern-day Iraq and India. In these cities some (3)
………………….were paved and there were both commercial and
residential streets,

The first examples of cities in the West were in Greece and in Italy. Many European (4)
…………………….are still based on schemes that date back to the times of the Romans, who put all the

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 ESCUELA TÉCNICA “BERNARDINO RIVADAVIA”
Avda. Tte. Ibañez 1897- 4437964
INGLES TÉCNICO III- CONSTRUCCIONES Profesoras: Anahí Ortiz y Roxana A. Ríos

streets at right angles, set out in a square grid. During the Middle Ages there was no trace of
(5)…………………. urban planning in Europe. Cities grew a round a fortress or a fortified abbey. Most of
them were (6) ……………………….on high defensible ground and their plans followed the irregularities of
elevation contours. They offered protection both to urban city and rural inhabitants during enemy attacks.

Things changed again during the (7) ………………………….A great number of important artists created
beautiful buildings in many cities which were accurately designed by architects and city planners. In
Florence, for example, radial streets extended outward from a defined (8)……………………………

3. Read the text again and decide if the statements below are true (T) or false (F).

a) The first cities were centres for commerce, politics and defence.
b) The earliest examples of planned cities in history are in the West.
c) Many European towns date back to the times of the Romans.
d) Urban planning was extremely important during the Middle Ages.
e) Cities in Europe grew around a fortress or a fortified abbey during the Middle Ages.
f) During the Renaissance radial streets extended outward from a defined centre in Florence.

MASTER PLAN

A Master Plan is a document describing how a city is developed and how it can develop in the future. It is
written by city planners and experts after examining the land. Here is an example of the aims of a Master
Plan:

• to create a structure for the best quality

City Centre;
• to create the best possible environment
for all users;
• to find key problem areas;
• to treat improvements as priorities;
• to create an attractive area for
businesses;
• to develop existing resources.

Modern city planning is increasingly concerned with the social and economic aspects of city living. The
process of city planning usually involves a series of surveys and studies, development of a land-use and
transportation plan, preparation of a budget, and the approval of a unified Master Plan by various agencies
or legislative bodies. City planners have to tackle problems of traffic pollution, security, fire and sanitation
services, limitations and other regulations, and the problems of funding. In recent years, planners have
worked closely with community groups who wanted to take part in the planning of their own neighborhood.

4. Read the text and answer the questions below.

1 Who writes a Master Plan?

2 What does it include?
3 What are its aims?
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 ESCUELA TÉCNICA “BERNARDINO RIVADAVIA”
Avda. Tte. Ibañez 1897- 4437964
INGLES TÉCNICO III- CONSTRUCCIONES Profesoras: Anahí Ortiz y Roxana A. Ríos

4 What does modern city planning involve?

5 What problems do city planners have to tackle?
6 How are trends in recent years?

5. Find the synonyms of these words in the text

1. Specialist: 4. Suggestions:
2. Inspecting: 5. Enhancements:
3. structured: 6. Restrictions:

MY GLOSSARY
- Border - hypsometric - grid
- Building consent - ongoing - to tackle
- To conform - open-source - guesswork
- Consultant - paved
- Contour - prosthetics
- Demanding - real estate
- Deprived - sanitation
- Draftsman - schedule
- Dwelling - shading
- To engineer - stand-alone
- Funding - survey

Nº 2 FOUNDATIONS

The foundations, walls, floor, stairs and roof are some

of the building elements that all types of building have
in common. Foundations are structures that transfer
weights from walls and columns to the ground. There
are two types of foundations: shallow foundations and
deep foundations. Shallow foundations are usually
embedded a metre into the soil, whereas deep
foundations are embedded more in depth. They are
recommended in case of very large design loads, a poor soil at shallow depth or site constraints,
such as property lines. There are different types of deep foundations and they can be made of
timber, steel and reinforced or pretensioned concrete. Geotechnical engineers design foundations
to ensure that they have an adequate load capacity with limited settlement. When designing
foundations, it is also important to consider scour (when flowing water removes supporting soil
from around a foundation) and frost heave (when water in the ground freezes and forms ice
lenses).

1. Read the text and then answer the questions below.

a) What are foundations? How many types of foundations are there?

b) What are the main features of shallow foundations?
c) What are the main features of deep foundations?
d) What do geotechnical engineers design?
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 ESCUELA TÉCNICA “BERNARDINO RIVADAVIA”
Avda. Tte. Ibañez 1897- 4437964
INGLES TÉCNICO III- CONSTRUCCIONES Profesoras: Anahí Ortiz y Roxana A. Ríos

e) What must be considered?

f) What are scour and heave?

WALLS

Building walls support the superstructures of building (roofs and ceilings), separate space and give
protection against intrusion and the weather. They usually have about three separate components:
structural elements, insulation, finish elements or surface.

Walls can be loadbearing or non-loadbearing depending on their providing structural support to the building
or not. Exterior loadbearing walls carry ceiling, roof or upper floor loads to the foundation. Some bearing
walls are inside buildings: they support joists at mid span and transfer loads down to the foundation.

Usually conventional house walls have an inner wooden framework that may support part of the house, but
does not support wall coverings, windows and doors. It contains electrical wiring, plumbing, insulation and
other utilities.

2. Read the text and decide if the sentences below are true (T) or false (F).

a) Walls can define and protect areas, support the superstructures of buildings and delineate a space.
b) There are two kinds of structures walls.
c) Exterior boundary walls give protection against intrusion and weather.
d) Loadbearing walls can only be exterior walls.
e) Conventional house walls usually contain electrical wiring or plumbing.

3. Complete the text with a word from the box:

Electrical wood surface covering underfloor strength

Floor structure contributes to the general

(1)……………………………. of the building system. It
is formed of a steel I-beam frame with a horizontal
upper (2) …………………………to which a number of
adjacent composite floor panels is fastened firmly.

Floors consist of a subfloor for support and a floor

(3)…………………………… used to give a good
walking surface. In modern buildings the subfloor
often has (4) …………………………..wiring, plumbing, and may provide other services built in, like (5)
………………………………..heating.

There is a wide variety of floor covering materials: carpet, ceramic tiles,

(6)……………………………………… flooring, laminated wood or stone.

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 ESCUELA TÉCNICA “BERNARDINO RIVADAVIA”
Avda. Tte. Ibañez 1897- 4437964
INGLES TÉCNICO III- CONSTRUCCIONES Profesoras: Anahí Ortiz y Roxana A. Ríos

ROOF

Roofs can be divided in cut roofs, where a carpenter measures, cuts and places
every length of wood needed for the frame; and fixed roofs, made of pre-built and
assembled trusses. Trusses are custom-designed by computer so as to adapt to the
typical weather conditions of the house. As they generally rest only on outside walls,
they leave the inside free to move walls and to accommodate different room sizes.

When the frame of the roof is ready, a waterproof membrane is placed over it and it is held in place by
battens (long pieces of wood) that are nailed into the truss and are the supporting system for the tiles. Tiles
are then nailed to the wood. The top of the roof is finished off with ridge tiles that cover both sides of the
roof 's top row of tiles. Then the end of the wood at the bottom of the roof is covered by a fascia. The fascia
allows air to flow safely through the membrane. To take away the water from the building, guttering is
attached to the fascia. As heat can go straight out of the roof, insulation is also necessary. When designing
the roof structure it must be remembered that all the load on the roof has to be transferred to the supporting
beams, bearing walls, building foundation and the earth.

4. Read the text and decide if the statements below are true (T) or false (F).

1…………..Trusses are designed to adapt to the typical weather conditions of the house.
2 ………….Battens are long pieces of wood supporting the tiles.
3 ………….The top of the roof is finished off with a waterproof membrane.
4…………..Then the end of the wood at the bottom of the roof is covered by the guttering.

N° 3: CONCRETE WORK

About us

ABC cement and concrete is a family-owned business. We

have been operating from the same location for nearly four
decades. Our company provides a full range of services for
all your concrete needs.

Our concrete star with the finest quality cement and water.
We then add the cement paste to the right blend and size of
aggregate. Our attention to the mixing process ensures that
each concrete blend is perfect. It doesn´t matter if you´re
looking for normal- weight concrete, lightweight
concrete, insulating concrete of heavyweight concrete.
We can provide exactly what you need.

We offer a wide range of fine aggregate and coarse aggregate. They ensure that your concrete binds
correctly. This way, you can custom design the perfect concrete for you and your building project. We even
provide air entrainment to most types of concrete. The additional voids it creates help your concrete set
perfectly and prevent it from shrinking. Combined with steel rebars, our concrete can support almost any
load.

ABC cement and concrete can work with you on-site or deliver pre-mixed batches. We´ll meet your needs.
So come in to ABC Cement and Concrete for the region´s best service and highest quality concrete.
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 ESCUELA TÉCNICA “BERNARDINO RIVADAVIA”
Avda. Tte. Ibañez 1897- 4437964
INGLES TÉCNICO III- CONSTRUCCIONES Profesoras: Anahí Ortiz y Roxana A. Ríos

1. Before you read answer these questions:

a) What two components along with water make up concrete?

b) What is one problem that can affect concrete?

2. Reading: read the webpage. Then choose the correct answers:

1. What is the purpose of the page?

A to provide instructions for mixing concrete

B to describe a concrete company´s services

C to inform contractors about concrete prices

D to explain the differences between types of concrete

2. What ensures the concrete binds correctly?

A air B cement C aggregates D steel rebar

3. Why does the company perform air entrainment?

A to ensure proper binding

B to prevent concrete from setting

C to decrease the number of voids

D to avoid any concrete shrinking

4. Vocabulary: Match

1. ……Concrete 4………set 7……..bind

2…….shrink 5………void 8…….air entrainment
3…….aggregate 6……….cement paste

A to attach something to something else

B the act of mixing small bubbles into concrete
C a mixture of cement, water, and aggregate
D to become hard and solid
E a gap in a substance
F a material that helps bind cement
G to become smaller
H the substance formed when water and cement combine

5 Fill in the blanks with the correct words and phrases

Lightweight concrete / normal- weight concrete / coarse aggregate / insulating concrete / fine
aggregate / heavyweight concrete

1. …………………………………should never be used to support a load. It´s only used to control

temperature.

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 ESCUELA TÉCNICA “BERNARDINO RIVADAVIA”
Avda. Tte. Ibañez 1897- 4437964
INGLES TÉCNICO III- CONSTRUCCIONES Profesoras: Anahí Ortiz y Roxana A. Ríos

2 Large stones or chunks of rock are examples of………………………………….

3 ………………………………is the densest type of concrete
4 Sand is a common ………………………………………………..
5 ………………………………is the least dense type of concrete that can still support a load.
6…………………………………is denser than the lightest concrete, but still lighter than the heaviest types of
concrete.

N° 4 CONCRETE FRAMES

1. Watch the video and answer these questions:

a) What is “stress”?
b) How many types of stress are there? Explain
c) What happens with concrete?
d) Why does concrete need reinforcement?
e) What does “prestressing” mean?
f) What is “post-tensioning”?

RZY Reinforcing Steel in Concrete Frames

Just because your structure has a concrete frame does not

mean you won´t need steel components. Plain concrete is brittle
and subject to serious failure. Steel reinforcement is an
essential part of a concrete frame to improve its tensile
strength. RZY Steel provides the reinforcing bars necessary to
guarantee a long, secure life for your structure. They can be
applied to either a precast concrete frame or one that is cast-in-
place, as well as to prestressed concrete.

When evaluating your reinforcing steel needs, you should keep a

few considerations in mind. First, there must be enough cover to protect the steel from the environment.
Second, our steel bars come in certain sizes. You will likely need to splice them together on site. It is
important to know the proper kind of splice for your job. A lap splice is very common and easy. A
mechanical splice may be used when bars have large diameters. We can supply you with the couplers
required for this splice. We also manufacture special steel that is well-suited to a welded splice.

In addition to bars, we also make wire mesh used in welded wire reinforcement. This type of
reinforcement is easy to place with large concrete slabs.

2. Before you read the passage, answer these questions:

a) What type of reinforcement uses wire mesh?

b) What are some different ways to splice reinforcing steel?

3. Read the website from a rebar and coupler manufacturer. Then mark the following statements as
(T) true or (F) false:

1……………Reinforcing steel is not needed with cast-in-place concrete frames.

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 ESCUELA TÉCNICA “BERNARDINO RIVADAVIA”
Avda. Tte. Ibañez 1897- 4437964
INGLES TÉCNICO III- CONSTRUCCIONES Profesoras: Anahí Ortiz y Roxana A. Ríos

2…………..A coupler is needed for a mechanical splice.

3…………Wire mesh works well with concrete slabs.

4. Match the words (1-8) with the definitions (A-H)

1……..Wire mesh 4…………splice 7…….cover

2…….reinforcement 5……….precast 8……prestressed
3……coupler 6………brittle

A something that is placed over something else in order to hide or protect it.
B formed and cured at a plant and brought to a building site.
C breaks or snaps easily.
D a device used to splice pieces of reinforced steel consisting of two female ends.
E to permanently join pieces of reinforcing steel together
F Concrete that has had tendons added to overcome its weakness in tension.
G something that is added to something else make it stronger.
H a material made of wire rods formed into grids with little spacing between wires, used to reinforce
concrete.

N° 5 Insulation

Order Summary

This project involves the complete replacement of insulation in an

older house. First, any asbestos insulation that is found must be
carefully removed. Then we can begin to install the new insulation.
The owner would like to use natural fiber insulation. We have
ordered rigid panels made of wool and bound with polyester for this
job. Wool has the highest R-value of any natural fiber. It is also an
effective vapor retarder, so it is for the exterior walls. It has been
treated with fire and insect retardants. There should be sufficient
batts on site already to cover the entire building envelope. Should
there be a shortage, contact the office and we´ll deliver more.

The batts of wool panels will not fit into small spaces, especially in the attic and crawl space. For these
areas, there is a supply of loose fill made granulated cork at the job site.

1. Before you read the passage, answer these questions:

a) What is one natural material that can be used for insulation?

b) What is the name for a section of panel insulation?

2. Read the work order for insulation installation. Then mark, the following statements as (T) true or
(F) false:

1…………Polyster has the highest R-value of any natural fiber.

2……….The wool panels have already been delivered to the house.

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 ESCUELA TÉCNICA “BERNARDINO RIVADAVIA”
Avda. Tte. Ibañez 1897- 4437964
INGLES TÉCNICO III- CONSTRUCCIONES Profesoras: Anahí Ortiz y Roxana A. Ríos

3………The company will use insulating concrete foam where batts will not fit.

3. Vocabulary: Match

1 ………vapor retarder 4 ………loose fill

2………building envelope 5………rigid panel

3……..glass wool blanket 6 ……..R-value

A a kind of building insulation made from fibrous materials or plastic foam, often sold in sections

B a rating of insulation material´s effectiveness

C a type of insulation that does not have a solid form and therefore can be blown or sprayed into small
pieces

D a piece of fiberglass insulation that is sold in a continuous roll

E a material that resists penetration by moisture placed in building walls, floors, ceilings

F the part of the building that separates the inside from the outside, including walls, doors and windows

4. Fill in the blanks with the correct words and phrases from the word bank

SPRAY POLYURETHANE FOAM / BATT / NATURAL FIBER / INSULATION / ASBESTOS /

INSULATING CONCRETE FORM

1. This house uses cotton as a(n)……………………………………………..insulator.

2. We put a(n) ………………………….that remained after construction to serve as insulation

3 Any……………………………….that you find in this old house will have to be removed.

4 A(n) …………………………………….of rigid panel insulation will fit well I this wall cavity.

5. What kind of ……………………………will use to keep heat inside the building?

6……………………………expands to fill all the spaces in a wall.

Nº 6 PLUMBING SYSTEM

The plumbing system, consisting of pipes and fixtures, concerns the distribution
of tap water and the removal

of waterborne waste in a building. Plumbing installation must follow some

regulations to ensure safe, quality construction. Water systems of ancient times
used pipes or channels made of clay, lead or stone. Today water supply systems
use high pressure pumps and pipes made of non-toxic materials, such as copper,
brass, steel, cast iron and

plastic. The domestic hot water supply is provided by means of water heater appliances, or

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 ESCUELA TÉCNICA “BERNARDINO RIVADAVIA”
Avda. Tte. Ibañez 1897- 4437964
INGLES TÉCNICO III- CONSTRUCCIONES Profesoras: Anahí Ortiz y Roxana A. Ríos

through district heating.

Used water and wastes are carried away by the drainage, waste and vent system.

1. Read the text and answer the questions below.

a) What does a plumbing system consist of?

b) What materials were used in water systems of ancient times?

c) What materials are used in water systems today?

2 Watch and tick (√) the tools mentioned in the video

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iDK_5nPiPJ0

Tools List for Avoiding Rookie Plumbing Mistakes:

- spanner
- Strap wrench for gripping fixtures without marring the finish
- a pair of pliers

- Pipe pliers
- Pipe spammer which provides superior leverage for turning pipes and fittings
- Pipe wrench

3. Watch the video again and order the Steps for Avoiding Rookie Plumbing Mistakes:

……………To prevent a pipe wrench from deforming a pipe, be sure the wrench contacts the pipe in three
places: at the top jaw, at the bottom jaw, and at the back of the wrench.

…..1……...To prevent pliers and wrenches from scratching the finish on plumbing fixtures, use a strap
wrench.

……………When fastening plumbing fittings, such as radiant-floor heat plates, to the underside of a
subfloor, be sure the screws or nails aren't too long or they'll poke through the surface of the finished floor
above.

……………Wrap the flexible strap around the fixture, securely lock the strap in place, then slowly pull on
the handle to turn the fixture.

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 ESCUELA TÉCNICA “BERNARDINO RIVADAVIA”
Avda. Tte. Ibañez 1897- 4437964
INGLES TÉCNICO III- CONSTRUCCIONES Profesoras: Anahí Ortiz y Roxana A. Ríos

N° 7 Doors and Windows

KPX Doors and Windows

KPX Doors and Windows offers a wide selection of products to fit your building needs. We make fixed and opening
windows for every type of building. Sash windows may be either single or double- hung. Note that the placement of
hinges determines the type of sash window and how it opens. A casement window has hinges on its side, a hopper
window has hinges on the bottom, and an awning window has hinges on top. All are manufactured by KPX.
Horizontally sliding windows are available in single panes. We can also cut frame sashes to your custom dimensions
and number of panes. Every building needs doors, and KPX supplies them for every look and purpose. Exterior and
interior fire doors of various ratings are available to protect your building´s occupants. Revolving doors are an
excellent method of permitting lots traffic while preventing heat loss or gain from drafts. Automatic doors triggered
by pressure or motion sensors are ideal for large stores. If space is limited a pocket door eliminates the need to have
clearance for a swinging door. Last, bifold doors are perfect for interior opening such as closets.

1) Think and answer:

a) What are some types of doors that might be used in a hospital?

b) What is one type of window you know?

2) Read the text and choose:

A) What is true of the company´s windows? c) What is a benefit of revolving doors?

a) Fixed windows are no longer available. a) they save space

b) Sliding windows have multiple panes. b)They are ideal for large stores

c) Sash windows may only be single hung. c) they protect a building´s occupant

d) Frame sashes are available in custom sizes. d) they preserve a building´s internal
temperature

B) What kind of window has hinges on the

bottom?

a) an awning window

b) a casement window

c) a hopper window

d) a fixed window

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 ESCUELA TÉCNICA “BERNARDINO RIVADAVIA”
Avda. Tte. Ibañez 1897- 4437964
INGLES TÉCNICO III- CONSTRUCCIONES Profesoras: Anahí Ortiz y Roxana A. Ríos

3) Match:

1. sliding door A) a door with several sections that fold into pairs,
often used as a closet door.

B) a window with two parts that overlap slightly and

2. bifold door slide up and down inside its frame.

C) a door with three and four separate doors that

3. fixed attach to a central shaft and rotate within an
enclosed space.

D) a window or door that opens by moving

4. automatic door horizontally.

E) a door powered by electricity that opens on its

own upon detection of motion or pressure
5. double-hung
F) unable to be opened

G) a section of glass in a window

6. revolving door

7. pane

4. Write the names:

Nº 8: SAFETY “Rules and warnings”

a) Complete with: don`t / might / must / mustn`t

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 ESCUELA TÉCNICA “BERNARDINO RIVADAVIA”
Avda. Tte. Ibañez 1897- 4437964
INGLES TÉCNICO III- CONSTRUCCIONES Profesoras: Anahí Ortiz y Roxana A. Ríos

1 you………………………………………………wear a hard hat on the building site.

2………………………………..go through that door!
3 you……………………………..wear safety gloves everywhere in the factory.
4……………………………………touch that machine! It`s very hot.
5 Be careful! High-voltage electricity. You …………………………………………get an electric shock.
6 you…………………………….use your mobile phone here.

DATE:…………………………………………….

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 ESCUELA TÉCNICA “BERNARDINO RIVADAVIA”
Avda. Tte. Ibañez 1897- 4437964
INGLES TÉCNICO III- CONSTRUCCIONES Profesoras: Anahí Ortiz y Roxana A. Ríos

1. What do site safety procedures concern?

2. What should also meet some safety standards?
3. What is the main aim of these measures?
4. What must every work platfom be provided with? Why must it also be secured?
5. How must scaffolds be assembled? What must their bases have?
6. When must a scaffold be grounded?

ASSIGNMENT:

a) Take pictures of building sites (with your cell phone) or download them from
internet.

b) Download the pictures in the computer, copy and paste in a Word file or in a Power
Point presentation.

C) Write 5 (five) sentences using: MUST / MUSTN`T /SHOULD / SHOULDN`T / CAN /

CAN`T

Example: Safety helmets must be worn on this site at all times. 

Watch the video and make a list of the safety rules for using power tools:
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

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 ESCUELA TÉCNICA “BERNARDINO RIVADAVIA”
Avda. Tte. Ibañez 1897- 4437964
INGLES TÉCNICO III- CONSTRUCCIONES Profesoras: Anahí Ortiz y Roxana A. Ríos

9. THE CURRICULUM VITAE

1. Complete the CV using the information on the right:

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 ESCUELA TÉCNICA “BERNARDINO RIVADAVIA”
Avda. Tte. Ibañez 1897- 4437964
INGLES TÉCNICO III- CONSTRUCCIONES Profesoras: Anahí Ortiz y Roxana A. Ríos

2. Match the following answers to the questions from the previous exercise.

3. Write your own CV

- You can do it suing Word

- You can do it online: Google these sites:

 “Plantillas Curriculum Gratis - OnlineCV®

 Creador de CV Profesional – Creador de CV Online Gratuito

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 ESCUELA TÉCNICA “BERNARDINO RIVADAVIA”
Avda. Tte. Ibañez 1897- 4437964
INGLES TÉCNICO III- CONSTRUCCIONES Profesoras: Anahí Ortiz y Roxana A. Ríos

APPENDIX: GRAMMAR & EXTRA PRACTICE

INTRODUCCIÓN A LA INTERPRETACIÓN - VOCABULARIO

En el Vocabulario de un texto puede haber distintos tipos de palabras. Ellas se clasifican en

transparent words / non transparent words/ borrowings/ false analogies.

- TRANSPARENTES (TRANSPARENT WORDS): son de origen latino, son similares en inglés y en

español y tienen el mismo significado en inglés y español. Pueden traducirse sin dificultad.

Ejemplo: la palabra construction es parecida a la palabra construcción en español y construction

significa construcción.

- NO TRANSPARENTES (NON TRANSPARENT WORDS): no son parecidas al español porque son de

origen Inglés y su significado, si es desconocido, debe buscarse en el diccionario.

Ejemplo: la palabra building significa construction.

- PRESTADAS (BORROWINGS): son palabras que tomamos prestadas del Inglés y las usamos mezcladas
con las palabras en español.

Ejemplo: Architecture is a marketing instrument.

(La arquitectura es un instrumento de marketing.) Marketing es una palabra que la

tomamos prestada del inglés. Las palabras prestadas no se necesitan traducir al español.

- FALSAS ANALOGÍAS (FALSE ANALOGIES): Son palabras con un falso parecido. Son parecidas en
Inglés y Español pero que no tienen el mismo significado.

Ejemplo: la palabra en inglés large es parecida a la palabra largo en español pero LARGE no significa
largo en Español, LARGE significa GRANDE.

Ejemplo: The crane is large. (La grúa es grande.)

Ejercicio: Clasificar las palabras en Transparentes (T) / No Transparentes (NT) / Borrowings

(B)(prestadas) / Falsas Analogías (FA). Algunas palabras pueden entrar en más de una categoría. Si hay
falsas analogías explicar por qué lo son.

Ejemplo: marketing: NT / B

cylinder: paint: sand: window:

building: bricklayer: iron: lime:
cement: workshop: pipe: method:
hammer: engineer: light: exit:
radiator: wall:

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 ESCUELA TÉCNICA “BERNARDINO RIVADAVIA”
Avda. Tte. Ibañez 1897- 4437964
INGLES TÉCNICO III- CONSTRUCCIONES Profesoras: Anahí Ortiz y Roxana A. Ríos

GRAMMAR REFERENCE: Present Tenses and 0 Conditional

PRESENT SIMPLE

Use the Present Simple Form Notes: Watch the video and
study the rules!

-for routines, habits, (+) He works in a new -Most verbs, add –s:
repeated actions project. knows, speaks, plays,
etc.
-for facts (-) He doesn`t work in
a new project -verbs ending in: -ch, -
-with phrases of time
sh, -ss, -x,-or –o, add –
(?) Does he work in a
es
project?
Example: watch
watches

PRESENT CONTINUOUS

Use the Present Continuous Form Spelling rules Watch the video and
study the rules!

For actions in progress now (+) I am testing the -Most verbs, add –ing
material.
-Verbs ending in –e, cut
(-) He isn`t working –e + -ing
now.
(writewriting
(‘) Are they replacing
-Consonant + vowel+
the spark plug?
consonant, double the
final consonant

(CUT)  CUTTING

PRESENT PERFECT

Use the Present Perfect Form Notes Watch the video and
study the rules!

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 ESCUELA TÉCNICA “BERNARDINO RIVADAVIA”
Avda. Tte. Ibañez 1897- 4437964
INGLES TÉCNICO III- CONSTRUCCIONES Profesoras: Anahí Ortiz y Roxana A. Ríos

-The Present Perfect is often (+) I have cleaned the *I / you / we / they 
used for an action which machine. have
start at some time in the
(-) He hasn`t done the *He / she / it  has
past, and is still continuing
project.
now. -Regular verbs: add (-d)
(?) Have you gone to / (-ed) / (-ied)
the workshop?
-Irregular Verbs: * see
English Irregular verb
list

ACTIVE VS PASSIVE

*We use the ACTIVE VERB form in speech and writing to describe actions and events

Example: Paper still plays a vital important role in our lives.

*We use the PASSIVE in the following situations:

 We are not interested in the doer (Example: Ancient paper was made entirely of rags.)
 In process descriptions (Example: The wood pulp that is created by this process is then washed…)
in impersonal language (Example: safety clothing must be used.)

CONDITIONAL 0
Los “condicionales” son ciertas estructuras del inglés en las cuales, si cierta condición, situación o
circunstancia es verdadera, entonces sucede un resultado especifico.

El condicional cero se refiere a una situación verdadera siempre. En ambas partes de la oración se usa
presente simple.

Ejemplos:

If the sun shines, the current flows from the panel.

If the battery is full, the current doesn´t flow into the battery.

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 ESCUELA TÉCNICA “BERNARDINO RIVADAVIA”
Avda. Tte. Ibañez 1897- 4437964
INGLES TÉCNICO III- CONSTRUCCIONES Profesoras: Anahí Ortiz y Roxana A. Ríos

CONDICIONAL CERO (Zero Conditional)

1) Usamos el condicional cero para hablar de verdades generales y hechos científicos.
Cláusula con if (presente simple) Cláusula resultado (presente simple)
If it’s noon in Lima, it’s 6,00 pm in Rome.
(Cuando en Lima es mediodía, en Roma son las 6 de la tarde.)

2) También usamos el condicional cero para hablar sobre hábitos y eventos recurrentes.
Cláusula con if (pres. simple o pres. cont.) Cláusula resultado (presente simple)
If Bill flies, he orders a special meal.
(Si Bill vuela él ordena comida especial.)

3) También podemos usar para hablar sobre probabilidades.

Cláusula con if (presente simple) Cláusula resultado (verbos modales)
If you practise your Chinese every day, you can improve quickly.
(Si practicas tu Chino todos los días, puedes mejorar rápidamente.)

Cláusula resultado (verbos modales) Cláusula con if (presente simple)

You might learn more if you listen to Chinese CDs.

(Podrías aprender más si escuchas CDs en Chino.)

4) Podemos usar para dar instrucciones, órdenes e invitaciones.

Cláusula con if (presente simple) Cláusula resultado (verbos en infinitivo)

If you want to seat to recline, press the button. (instrucción)

(Si quieres reclinar el asiento, presiona el botón)

If the seat belt light is on, don’t leave your seat. (orden)
(Si la luz del cinturón de seguridad está no abandones tu asiento.)
encendida,

If you come to Tokyo, stay with us. (invitación)

(Si vas a Tokio, quédate con nosotros.)

CONDICIONAL CERO (Zero Conditional) Ejercicios

1) Unir la parte del condicional del 1) al 6) con su otra parte de la a) a la f).

Ejemplo: 2) I we underestimate, we lose d) money.

1- If the materials are late, we can´t a) need more bricks.

2- I we underestimate, we lose b) of business.
3- If we expect bad weather, we allow c) start work.
4- If we want a ten-foot wall, we d) money.
5- If we don´t make the profit, we are out e) for stoppages.
6- If we have a large project, estimating f) become quite complex.

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 ESCUELA TÉCNICA “BERNARDINO RIVADAVIA”
Avda. Tte. Ibañez 1897- 4437964
INGLES TÉCNICO III- CONSTRUCCIONES Profesoras: Anahí Ortiz y Roxana A. Ríos

2) Armar las oraciones condicionales con las siguientes partes.

heat water to 100 °Celsius care the environment.

heat pieces of wood freeze.

use a solar panel melt

cool water to 0° Celsius boild

heat steel bars to 1400°Celsius burn

Ejemplo: If you use a solar panel, you care the environment.

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

3) Completar las oraciones usando tus propias ideas.

a) If you want to prevent accidents, ____________________________________________
b) If iron gets wet, __________________________________________________________
c) If I don´t make the building plan, _____________________________________________

PRIMER CONDICIONAL (FIRST CONDITIONAL)

El PRIMER CONDICIONAL se refiere a lo que pasará en el futuro bajo ciertas
condiciones. Es algo probable. La cláusula con if impone la condición (se usa en
presente simple) y la otra cláusula nos muestra el resultado (se usa en futuro con will,
be going to o un verbo modal)
En vez de if se puede usar la palabra unless (a menos que) para establecer una
condición negativa, tiene el mismo significado que if not.
La oración condicional puede comenzar con cualquiera de las dos partes pero si la
cláusula con if va primero debe usarse coma entre las dos cláusulas.

Cláusula con if (presente simple) Cláusula resultado (will, be going to, verbo
modal)
If you get this program, you are going to finish this job correctly.
(Si tú obtienes este programa, vas a finalizar el trabajo correctamente.)

Cláusula con unless Cláusula resultado (will, be going to, verbo

modal)

Unless you vote , you won’t have a say in the future of our country.
(A menos que votes, No tendrás voz ni voto en el futuro de nuestro
país.)
or
If you don’t vote, you won’t have a say in the future of our country.
( Si no votas, no tendrás voz ni voto en el futuro de nuestro
país.)

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 ESCUELA TÉCNICA “BERNARDINO RIVADAVIA”
Avda. Tte. Ibañez 1897- 4437964
INGLES TÉCNICO III- CONSTRUCCIONES Profesoras: Anahí Ortiz y Roxana A. Ríos

1)Unir la parte del condicional del 1) al 5) con su otra parte de la a) a la e) y escribirla abajo.

1) If you don´t use hearing protection when you a) you must use a mask and gloves.
use a jack hammer,
b) people can sprain the ankle.
2) If you don´t use hard hat,
c) you could hurt your head.
3) If you leave some debries on the sidewalk,
d) unless he use the mask.
4) If you weld,
e) you could have an ear disease.
5) The worker will intoxicate,

_____________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________

INTRODUCCIÓN A LA INTERPRETACIÓN – ESTRUCTURA.

La Estructura es cómo el texto da la información. Es diferente en los dos idiomas y a veces con las
traducciones de una frase tenemos las siguientes situaciones:

ADICIÓN OMISIÓN TRANSPOSICIÓN

Al traducir en español se No se traducen Al traducir se produce un

deben AGREGAR palabras que están en cambio de lugar en las
palabras. inglés. palabras.

PRÉSTAMO
CALCO
Cuando en la oración en
Cuando se traduce de forma literal
Inglés hay una palabra que
o sea al traducir no se altera el
en Español se la tomó
orden de las palabras, sin adición
prestada generalmente no se
ni omisión.
la traduce, se la usa en
Inglés.

Ejemplos: observa que a veces se pueden dar más de una situación en una oración.

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 ESCUELA TÉCNICA “BERNARDINO RIVADAVIA”
Avda. Tte. Ibañez 1897- 4437964
INGLES TÉCNICO III- CONSTRUCCIONES Profesoras: Anahí Ortiz y Roxana A. Ríos

Computers are necessary in all activities.

(Las computadoras son necesarias en todas las actividades.) (adición en español.)

It is necessary to know English.

(Es necesario saber Inglés.) (omisión en español.)

The construction industry has different trades.

(La industria de la construcción tiene diferentes oficios.)(transposicición /adición)

There are two joysticks in the middle of the remote control.

(Hay dos joysticks en el medio del control remoto.) (préstamo / transposición)

He delivers the sand.

(Él envía la arena.) (calco)

Ejercicio: Indicar si en cada traducción hubo transposición, adición, omisión, calco o préstamo.

a) The employee needs two types of pliers.

(El empleado necesita dos tipos de pinzas.) _____________________________

b) They don’t know the client’s phone number.

(Ellos no saben el número de teléfono del cliente.) __________________________

c) New glass-making methods are breaking down many old limitations.

(Los nuevos métodos de fabricación de vidrio están rompiendo con muchas limitaciones antiguas.)
__________________________________________________
d) Workmen save their eyes with a mask in welding operations.
(Los trabajadores guardan sus ojos con una mascara en operaciones de soldadura.)
___________________________________________________________________

e) The man was a foreman.

(El hombre era capataz.) _____________________________________________

TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES:

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 ESCUELA TÉCNICA “BERNARDINO RIVADAVIA”
Avda. Tte. Ibañez 1897- 4437964
INGLES TÉCNICO III- CONSTRUCCIONES Profesoras: Anahí Ortiz y Roxana A. Ríos

ADAPTATION: Adaptation, also called cultural substitution or cultural equivalent, is a cultural element, which
replaces the original text with one that is better suited to the culture of the target language. This achieves a more
familiar and comprehensive text.

EQUIVALENCE : This is a translation technique which uses a completely different expression to transmit the same
reality. Through this technique, names of institutions, interjections, idioms or proverbs can be translated.

BORROWING: Borrowing is a translation technique that involves using the same word or expression in original text
in the target text. The word or expression borrowed is usually written in italics. This is about reproducing an
expression in the original text as is. In this sense, it is a translation technique that does not actually translate…

Read the following translating paragraphs and decide which technique was used: ADAPTATION-

ADDITION- OMISSION- BORROWING- EQUIVALENCE

ORIGINAL SENTENCE SENTENCED TRANSLATED TECHNIQUE USED

These two spanners are like two peas. Estas llaves son como dos gotas de aguas.

The customer has an electric Wall El cliente tiene un calentador de pared.

heater.

For this job, there are multiple Para este trabajo, hay técnicas múltiples.
techniques.

The television has full HD screen. El televisor tiene pantalla full HD.

(HD= high definition)

He is fixing the washing machine. Él está reparando el lavarropas.

ESTRUCTURAS DIFERENTES ENTRE ESPAÑOL – INGLÉS.

ESTRUCTURAS CON SUSTANTIVOS

1) El Caso Posesivo: Para mostrar relación de pertenencia o posesión entre dos sustantivos aparece el
caso posesivo. En inglés se conforma mediante el uso del apóstrofe + s cuando se tiene un sustantivo
común referido a personas, objetos, un nombre propio o animales.

Cuando hablamos de objetos generalmente se utiliza la preposición of para denotar esta relación. En
castellano, ambas construcciones se traducen como ‘de’. Ejemplo: The walls of the house.

- El caso posesivo ‘s (apóstrofe y S)

The mason’s tool (La herramienta del albañil)

The man’s hard hat. (El casco de seguridad del hombre.)

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 ESCUELA TÉCNICA “BERNARDINO RIVADAVIA”
Avda. Tte. Ibañez 1897- 4437964
INGLES TÉCNICO III- CONSTRUCCIONES Profesoras: Anahí Ortiz y Roxana A. Ríos

The men’s hard hats. (Los cascos de seguridad de los hombres.)

- El caso posesivo s’ (cuando el sust. adelante del apóstrofe es plural y termina en –s o si es un nombre
propio que termina en s sólo se pone el apóstrofe. Ejemplos:

The masons’tool (La herramienta de los albañiles.)

Thomas’ tool (la herramienta de Thomas.)

Traducción

En el caso posesivo se debe traducir primero lo poseído y luego el poseedor. Lo poseído no lleva
artículo en Inglés pero cuando se traduce se debe poner. Además se debe agregar la preposición de en el
medio

The mason’s tool.

La herramienta del albañil

2) El sustantivo en función de adjetivo. Sustantivos modificadores.

Los sustantivos en Inglés pueden cumplir la función de adjetivos y como tales preceden al sustantivo al
que modifican.

Cuando un sustantivo modifica a otro sustantivo lo llamaremos sustantivo modificador y lo

consideraremos y analizaremos como adjetivo, ya que su función es la de modificar. La traducción se
hará conectándolo al sustantivo que modifica mediante una preposición, generalmente la preposición de.
En algunos casos y cuando sea necesario agregaremos el artículo.

A) Los grupos pueden ser de 2 o más sustantivos. Ejemplos:

university students. (Los alumnos de la universidad.)

reaction time (tiempo de reacción)

programs development tools

Traducción: la traducción se hará conectándolo al sustantivo que modifica mediante una preposición. Se
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 ESCUELA TÉCNICA “BERNARDINO RIVADAVIA”
Avda. Tte. Ibañez 1897- 4437964
INGLES TÉCNICO III- CONSTRUCCIONES Profesoras: Anahí Ortiz y Roxana A. Ríos

traduce de la derecha hacia la izquierda en función subordinada. El sustantivo situado en el último lugar
del grupo, que es el que lo rige (es el sustantivo núcleo), es el que tiene la función de sustantivo, los
sustantivos que están delante de él son los modificadores y tienen función de adjetivo.

Por ejemplo: Sust. Modif. Sust. núcleo

university students

1 2

alumnos de la universidad (se agrega la preposición de y el artículo la)

2 1

Sust. Modif. Sust. Modif. Sust. núcleo

programs development tools

1 2 3

Herramientas de desarrollo de programas (agregamos preposición de)

3 2 1

B) En algunos casos se emplea un guión entre los dos sustantivos.

Por ejemplo: point-to-point line (línea punto a punto)

C) En ciertos casos el grupo se traduce en una sola palabra.

Por ejemplo: flow-chart (diagrama)

D) Cuando sea posible en español el sustantivo modificador se adjetivará.

Por ejemplo: sun light (luz solar)

Ejercicios: 1) Indicar en cada grupo de sustantivos cuál es el sust. núcleo y cuáles los sust.
modificadores. 2) Traducir.
a) concrete buildings: c) stone wall:

b) steel-frame constructions: d) structural insulating panels:

3) Identificar cuáles de las estructuras mencionadas (caso posesivo- sustantivos modificadores) se

encuentran en cada oración.

Ejemplos: It is the size of a man`s hand.

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 ESCUELA TÉCNICA “BERNARDINO RIVADAVIA”
Avda. Tte. Ibañez 1897- 4437964
INGLES TÉCNICO III- CONSTRUCCIONES Profesoras: Anahí Ortiz y Roxana A. Ríos

caso poses.
These molds have steel or aluminum frames.
sust.modif.
a) Our cranes are equipped with the highest Standard of operator’s cabs.

b) The woman was a foreman at an office building construction site.

c) Steel buildings are usually pre-fabricated or made in sections.

d) Drinking water need not be perfectly pure from the chemist’s point of view.

4) Traducir las oraciones del punto 3).

ESTRUCTURAS DIFERENTES ENTRE ESPAÑOL – INGLÉS.

ESTRUCTURAS CON SUSTANTIVOS Y ADJETIVOS

1) Los ADJETIVOS CALIFICATIVOS en inglés usualmente se ubican delante del sustantivo al cual
modifican pero al traducir generalmente se los coloca detrás del sustantivo. Ejemplo:

The building will have a simple design. (El edificio tendrá un diseño simple.)

2) En inglés tanto los adjetivos como los sustantivos pueden modificar a un sustantivo. Se observan a
menudo grupos de adjetivos y sustantivos. Vemos los siguientes casos:

A) Algunas veces se emplea un guión entre un adjetivo y un sustantivo.

Por ejemplo: quick-access memory (memoria de acceso rápido)

adj sust sust núcleo

B) Es frecuente encontrar más de un adjetivo, o sustantivo en función de adjetivo, delante de un

sustantivo. El adjetivo generalmente modifica al sustantivo núcleo.Por ejemplo:

Modern programs development tools

adj sust.modif sust.modif. sust núcleo

(instrumentos modernos para el desarrollo de programas)

Ejercitación: 1) ) Indicar en cada grupo los adjetivos, el sust. núcleo y los sust. modificadores.

2) Traducir.

a) good insulating properties:

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 ESCUELA TÉCNICA “BERNARDINO RIVADAVIA”
Avda. Tte. Ibañez 1897- 4437964
INGLES TÉCNICO III- CONSTRUCCIONES Profesoras: Anahí Ortiz y Roxana A. Ríos

b) labour-intensive method:

c) high strength-to-weight ratio:

d) high pressure pumps:

GRAMÁTICA – REVISIÓN TIEMPOS VERBALES – VOZ ACTIVA / VOZ PASIVA

CONSIDERACIONES GENERALES

La VOZ ACTIVA pone énfasis en quién o qué realiza la acción.

Ejemplo

The operator drives a crane. (El operador maneja la grúa.)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

La VOZ PASIVA pone énfasis sobre quién o qué se realiza la acción.

Ejemplo

The crane is driven by the operator. (La grúa es manejada por el operador.)

ESTRUCTURA DE LA VOZ PASIVA

To BE(en cada tiempo de verbo) + PARTICIPIO PASADO del verbo principal reg. o irreg.

To BE(en cada tiempo de verbo) To BE PARTICIPIO PASADO del verbo principal

significa SER en la voz pasiva

Si es REGULAR se agrega –ED al verbo base.

Presente simple [ AM / IS / ARE]
Ej. WORK (base) –WORKED(part. pasado)
Pasado simple [WAS / WERE]

Presente continuo [AM BEING/IS BEING/ARE

BEING] Si es IRREGULAR se busca el part. pasado en
la 3er COLUMNA de la LISTA de verbos
Presente perfecto [HAS BEEN / HAVE BEEN] irregulares.

Ej. BUILD(base)-BUILT(part.pasado 3er

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 ESCUELA TÉCNICA “BERNARDINO RIVADAVIA”
Avda. Tte. Ibañez 1897- 4437964
INGLES TÉCNICO III- CONSTRUCCIONES Profesoras: Anahí Ortiz y Roxana A. Ríos

Futuro simple [WILL BE] columna)

Futuro inmediato [AM GOING TO BE / IS

GOING TO BE / ARE GOING TO BE]

Traducción de la voz pasiva.

 Cuando la estructura de voz pasiva va seguida de “by” + “quién o qué realiza la acción”
(complemento agente) la traducción es literal.

Por ejemplo: The house was built by the mason.

Complemento agente

(La casa fue construida por el albañil.)

 Cuando en la oración pasiva no aparece el complemento agente es conveniente realizar una

traducción impersonal o sea se usa la estructura se + verbo conjugado.

Por ejemplo: The house was built.

(La casa se construyó.)

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

VERBO EN FORMA BASE: se dice así al verbo que no está conjugado, que no tiene ninguna terminación
o que no está en su forma pasada irregular.

Ejemplos

Verbo conjugado Verbo en forma base

Drove Drive

Plays Play

Watched Watch

Painting Paint

VERBO PRINCIPAL: es el verbo que muestra la acción que se desarrolla o que es desarrollada.

Ejemplo: en voz activa: The operator drives a crane. (El operador maneja la grúa.)

drives es el verbo principal. La acción es manejar.

The crane is driven by the operator. (La grúa es manejada por el operador.)

is driven: acá tenemos 2 verbos is y driven pero driven es el verbo principal que nos muestra la acción
que es manejar.

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 ESCUELA TÉCNICA “BERNARDINO RIVADAVIA”
Avda. Tte. Ibañez 1897- 4437964
INGLES TÉCNICO III- CONSTRUCCIONES Profesoras: Anahí Ortiz y Roxana A. Ríos

Ejercitación: Haciendo una revisión de los tiempos de verbo dados en los años anteriores y la
voz activa y pasiva completa los siguientes cuadros con lo que falta.

TIEMPO - PRESENTE SIMPLE TIEMPO - PRESENTE SIMPLE

VOZ ACTIVA VOZ PASIVA

The mason builds the house. The house ______ ______ by the mason.

v. princ. to Be part. pas.

en p.simple p. simple v. principal

(El albañil construye la casa) (La casa es construída por el albañil.)

(+) Verbo en forma base (+) ___ / ____ /____ + part. pas. verbo principal

(+) Verbo + -s, -es, -ies (-) am / is /are + not + part. pas. verbo principal

(-) ____/ ______ + not + verbo forma base. (?) Am / Is / Are + sujeto + _____________…?

(?) Do/Does + sujeto + verbo forma base…?

TIEMPO - PASADO SIMPLE TIEMPO - PASADO SIMPLE

VOZ ACTIVA VOZ PASIVA

The mason ___________ the house. The house was built by the mason.

v. princ. to Be part. pas.

en pas.simple pas.s. v. princ.

(El albañil construyó la casa) (La casa _____ __________ por el albañil.)

(+) Verbo regular + -ed (+) was / were + Part. Pas. Verbo principal

(+) Verbo _____________ (2da columna Lista de (-) _____ / ______ + not + Part. Pas. V. ppal
verbos irregulares)
(?) Was / Were + Part. Pas. Verbo principal…?
(-) Did + not + verbo forma base

(?) ______ + sujeto + verbo forma base…?

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 ESCUELA TÉCNICA “BERNARDINO RIVADAVIA”
Avda. Tte. Ibañez 1897- 4437964
INGLES TÉCNICO III- CONSTRUCCIONES Profesoras: Anahí Ortiz y Roxana A. Ríos

TIEMPO - PRESENTE CONTINUO TIEMPO - PRESENTE CONTINUO

VOZ ACTIVA VOZ PASIVA

The mason is building the house. The house is _______ built by the mason.

v. princ. en to be part.pas.

p. continuo p.cont. v.princ.

(El albañil ______ ____________ la casa.) (La casa está siendo construída por el albañil.)

(+) am/is/are + verbo con -ing (+) am/is/are + being + _____ _____ _____ ______.

(-) am/is/are + not + verbo con -ing (-) am/is/are + not + being + part. pas.verb. ppal

(?) ___/___/____ + sujeto + verbo con –ing …? (?) Am/Is/Are + sujeto + being + part. pas. verb.
ppal…?

BASE + -ING : USOS

Las palabras terminadas en –ing cumple diferentes funciones. Pueden funcionar:

a) como SUSTANTIVO : We will provide training.

(Nosotros daremos entrenamiento.)

b) como ADJETIVO: A tieback can protect a sloping excavation.

(Una abrazadera puede proteger una excavación inclinada.)

c) como VERBO INFINITIVO: Laying timber lagging between steel piles is inexpensive.

(La colocación de revestimiento de madera entre pilotes de acero no es caro.)

(Colocar revestimiento de madera entre pilotes de acero no es caro.

d) como VERBO INFINITIVO después de una preposición:

Brads are great for hanging pictures.

(Los clavitos son buenos para colgar cuadros.)

e) como “QUE + VERBO CONJUGADO“:

The foreman recommends using wire ropes.

(El capataz recomienda que usen cables de acero.)

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 ESCUELA TÉCNICA “BERNARDINO RIVADAVIA”
Avda. Tte. Ibañez 1897- 4437964
INGLES TÉCNICO III- CONSTRUCCIONES Profesoras: Anahí Ortiz y Roxana A. Ríos

f) como GERUNDIO después de “BY”:

(The way to solve this problem is by lowering the water level.).

(La manera de resolver este problema es disminuyendo el nivel del agua.)

Ejercicio: Traducir las siguientes oraciones.

1) Interlocking sheet piling creates a solid steel wall.

2) Some tools have cutting edges.

3) Scaffolding is a temporary platform that supports workman and materials while a building is erected.

4) Cement is made by burning a mixture of chalk and clay.

Son un pequeño grupo de verbos llamados “modals” (modales), que se diferencian

de los otros verbos porque presentan características especiales:

1) No pueden ser conjugados en todos los tiempos, por lo que a veces se debe
recurrir a expresiones equivalentes.
2) Van generalmente acompañados por un “bare infinitive” (infinitivo sin to) o lo que es lo mismo, por un
verbo en su forma base.
3) La 3ra persona del singular no lleva “s”.
4) Sus formas negativa e interrogativa no llevan auxiliares.
5) No tienen terminaciones como -ing, -ed, etc.
6) también hay semimodales como: have to/ ought to que no cumplen con algunas reglas mencionadas
anteriormente.
Los VERBOS MODALES son:

CAN / COULD / MAY / MIGHT / MUST / NEED TO / HAVE TO / SHOULD / OUGHT

TO

Voz Activa: affirmative: subject+ modal+vb infinit. The mason can erect the wall in a day.

negative: subject+modal+not+ Infinit. vb. The mason cannot erect the wall in a day.

interrogative: modal+subject+. Infinit. vb? Can the mason erect the wall in a day?

Voz Pasiva: affirmative: sujeto+modal+be+vb part. Pas.

The wall can be erected by the mason in a day.

(La pared puede ser levantada por el albañil en un día)

Ejercicios: Traducir las siguientes oraciones e identificar si están en VOZ ACTIVA Y PASIVA.

1) You should inspect the lay of a wire rope.

2) This should be done before attaching it to a crane.
3) Then we can begin to install the new insulation.
4) Different kinds of stringers can be used for stairs made of wood.
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 ESCUELA TÉCNICA “BERNARDINO RIVADAVIA”
Avda. Tte. Ibañez 1897- 4437964
INGLES TÉCNICO III- CONSTRUCCIONES Profesoras: Anahí Ortiz y Roxana A. Ríos

5) Landings must be placed to divide a long staircase into smaller sections.

6) You may need to install a special balustrade.
7) A roof must protect a building against the full variety of elements of the climate.

LECTO COMPRENSIÓN - SKIMMING (LECTURA SUPERFICIAL)

Skimming: es una lectura muy rápida que te ahorra mucho tiempo. Lees rápido para obtener el
sentido general de un pasaje o un libro.

Usas el skimming en las siguientes situaciones:

 Quieres averiguar algo sobre las repercusiones del coronavirus en el mundo. Hay largos artículos
en el diario sobre el tema, pero no tienes tiempo de leer todo detenidamente.
 Necesitas alguna información sobre Sigmund Freud. Encuentras muchos libros sobre él y necesitas
saber cuál será más útil.
 Estás leyendo una historia de detectives y estás ansioso por saber quién es el asesino.

REGLAS GENERALES PARA LEER SUPERFICIALMENTE (SKIMMING)

 Deberás leer sólo las partes del texto que te ayudarán a obtener el sentido general del mismo.
 Lee las primeras oraciones del texto o el primer párrafo del mismo bastante cuidadosamente. El
comienzo a menudo contiene la información general sobre el resto del texto.
 Si el texto es largo, deberías leer también el segundo párrafo. A veces el primero es sólo una
introducción y el segundo contiene la idea principal.
 Luego debes leer el comienzo de cada párrafo y unas pocas palabras en el medio.
 Normalmente la oración sobre el tema está al principio pero a veces podría estar al final.
 Saltear algunos párrafos no importa.
 Generalmente deberías leer el último párrafo más cuidadosamente. El autor a veces resume la idea
principal al final.

GUÍA PARA QUE LA LECTURA SUPERFICIAL SEA EFECTIVA.

 Siempre trabaja lo más rápido que puedas. No permitas que los detalles te detengan.
 Siempre mantén en mente la razón de tu lectura superficial.
 Sé flexible cuando lees. Cuánto puedes leer en forma superficial en un pasaje depende de tu
propósito y del pasaje.

LECTO-COMPRENSIÓN ORGANIZACIÓN DE LA INFORMACIÓN: MAIN IDEA (IDEA PRINCIPAL)

¿Qué es la idea principal? La idea principal de un párrafo es la idea del autor sobre el tema. Es siempre
una oración completa que incluye ambos, el tópico y la idea que el autor desea expresar sobre el tema.
Debe cubrir todo el sentido del párrafo y no ser muy general ni muy específica.

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 ESCUELA TÉCNICA “BERNARDINO RIVADAVIA”
Avda. Tte. Ibañez 1897- 4437964
INGLES TÉCNICO III- CONSTRUCCIONES Profesoras: Anahí Ortiz y Roxana A. Ríos

En Inglés, el material escrito está organizado en párrafos. Cada párrafo expresa un pensamiento completo.
Este pensamiento central o idea es resumida en la oración tópica (topic sentence), la que debe cubrir todo
y solo lo que está en el párrafo.

Esta oración también puede aparecer al principio del primer párrafo anunciando la idea principal o puede
aparecer al final para resumir la idea principal.

Ejemplo:

Lee el siguiente párrafo y saca la idea principal y la oración tópica.

If you have too much noise in your life, an American company has a special product for you! This
product is a machine that can eliminate sound waves from the air. Machines like this are already in
use in some very noisy factories. Soon there will be models for use in large trucks. Yet another model, the
“personal quieting machine”, is designed for use in homes or offices. It will be able to eliminate all kind of
unpleasant background noises, including street airplane traffic. A quieter environment in the home could
mean reduced stress and improved mental and physical health. A quieter office could allow greater
productivity and job satisfaction.

Topic (tópico): Quieting machines.

Main idea (idea principal): This product is a machine that can eliminate sound waves from the air.

Topic sentence (oración tópica): Quieting machines can eliminate sound waves from the air reducing
stress and improving mental and physical health.

GRAMATICA – CONDICIONALES.
CONDICIONALES: Existen muchas formas de construir oraciones condicionales, pero la palabra
introductoria más usada es if. Se caracterizan por ser oraciones con dos partes: 1) la cláusula con if (if
clause) que indica la condición y 2) la cláusula resultado (result clause) nos dice que pasa si la condición
ocurre. La oración condicional puede comenzar con cualquiera de las dos partes pero si la cláusula con if
va primero debe usarse coma entre las dos cláusulas. Existen diferentes tipos de condicionales.

48
 ESCUELA TÉCNICA “BERNARDINO RIVADAVIA”
Avda. Tte. Ibañez 1897- 4437964
INGLES TÉCNICO III- CONSTRUCCIONES Profesoras: Anahí Ortiz y Roxana A. Ríos

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