Exercise 2e - Answers

Exercise 2e Answers
x−2
1. Express (x+1)(x−1)
in partial fractions:
x−2 A B
= +
(x + 1)(x − 1) x+1 x−1
Multiply through by the denominator:

x − 2 = A(x − 1) + B(x + 1)

Substitute x = 1:
1
1 − 2 = A(0) + B(2) ⇒ −1 = 2B ⇒ B = −
2
Substitute x = −1:
3
−1 − 2 = A(−2) + B(0) ⇒ −3 = −2A ⇒ A =
2
Thus:
x−2 3/2 1/2
= −
(x + 1)(x − 1) x+1 x−1

x+4
2. Express (x+3)(x−5)
in partial fractions:
x+4 A B
= +
(x + 3)(x − 5) x+3 x−5
Multiply through by the denominator:

x + 4 = A(x − 5) + B(x + 3)

Substitute x = 5:
9
5 + 4 = A(0) + B(8) ⇒ 9 = 8B ⇒ B =
8
Substitute x = −3:
1
−3 + 4 = A(−8) + B(0) ⇒ 1 = −8A ⇒ A = −
8
Thus:
x+4 1/8 9/8
=− +
(x + 3)(x − 5) x+3 x−5

2x−1
3. Express (x−1)(x−7)
in partial fractions:
2x − 1 A B
= +
(x − 1)(x − 7) x−1 x−7
Multiply through by the denominator:

2x − 1 = A(x − 7) + B(x − 1)

Substitute x = 1:
1
2(1) − 1 = A(−6) + B(0) ⇒ 1 = −6A ⇒ A = −
6

1
Substitute x = 7:
13
2(7) − 1 = A(0) + B(6) ⇒ 13 = 6B ⇒ B =
6
Thus:
2x − 1 1/6 13/6
=− +
(x − 1)(x − 7) x−1 x−7

3x+1
4. Express (2x−1)(x−1)
in partial fractions:
3x + 1 A B
= +
(2x − 1)(x − 1) 2x − 1 x − 1
Multiply through by the denominator:

3x + 1 = A(x − 1) + B(2x − 1)

Substitute x = 1:
3(1) + 1 = A(0) + B(1) ⇒ 4 = B
Substitute x = 12 :    
1 1 5 A
3 +1=A − + B(0) ⇒ = − ⇒ A = −5
2 2 2 2
Thus:
3x + 1 5 4
=− +
(2x − 1)(x − 1) 2x − 1 x − 1

4
5. Express (x+3)(x−2)
in partial fractions:
4 A B
= +
(x + 3)(x − 2) x+3 x−2
Multiply through by the denominator:

4 = A(x − 2) + B(x + 3)

Substitute x = 2:
4
4 = A(0) + B(5) ⇒ 4 = 5B ⇒ B =
5
Substitute x = −3:
4
4 = A(−5) + B(0) ⇒ 4 = −5A ⇒ A = −
5
Thus:
4 4/5 4/5
=− +
(x + 3)(x − 2) x+3 x−2

2x−3
6. Express (x−2)(4x−3)
in partial fractions:
2x − 3 A B
= +
(x − 2)(4x − 3) x − 2 4x − 3
Multiply through by the denominator:

2x − 3 = A(4x − 3) + B(x − 2)

Substitute x = 2:
1
2(2) − 3 = A(5) + B(0) ⇒ 1 = 5A ⇒ A =
5
Substitute x = 34 :    
3 5 3 5B 6
2 − 3 = A(0) + B − ⇒− =− ⇒B=
4 4 2 4 5
Thus:
2x − 3 1/5 6/5
= +
(x − 2)(4x − 3) x − 2 4x − 3

2
 7x
7. Express (2x−1)(x+4)
in partial fractions:
7x A B
= +
(2x − 1)(x + 4) 2x − 1 x + 4
Multiply through by the denominator:

7x = A(x + 4) + B(2x − 1)

Substitute x = 21 :    
1 9 7 9A 7
7 =A + B(0) ⇒ = ⇒A=
2 2 2 2 9
Substitute x = −4:
28
7(−4) = A(0) + B(−9) ⇒ −28 = −9B ⇒ B =
9
Thus:
7x 7/9 28/9
= +
(2x − 1)(x + 4) 2x − 1 x + 4

3−x
8. Express (x+1)(2x−1)
in partial fractions:
3−x A B
= +
(x + 1)(2x − 1) x + 1 2x − 1
Multiply through by the denominator:

3 − x = A(2x − 1) + B(x + 1)

Substitute x = −1:
4
3 − (−1) = A(−3) + B(0) ⇒ 4 = −3A ⇒ A = −
3
Substitute x = 12 :  
1 3 5 3B 5
3 − = A(0) + B ⇒ = ⇒B=
2 2 2 2 3
Thus:
3−x 4/3 5/3
=− +
(x + 1)(2x − 1) x + 1 2x − 1

2
9. Express x(x−2)
in partial fractions:
2 A B
= +
x(x − 2) x x−2
Multiply through by the denominator:

2 = A(x − 2) + Bx

Substitute x = 0:
2 = A(−2) + B(0) ⇒ 2 = −2A ⇒ A = −1
Substitute x = 2:
2 = A(0) + B(2) ⇒ 2 = 2B ⇒ B = 1
Thus:
2 1 1
=− +
x(x − 2) x x−2

3
 3
10. Express x(2x+1)
in partial fractions:
3 A B
= +
x(2x + 1) x 2x + 1
Multiply through by the denominator:

3 = A(2x + 1) + Bx

Substitute x = 0:
3 = A(1) + B(0) ⇒ 3 = A
Substitute x = − 12 :  
1 B
3 = A(0) + B − ⇒ 3 = − ⇒ B = −6
2 2
Thus:
3 3 6
= −
x(2x + 1) x 2x + 1

2x−1
11. Express x2 −3x+2
in partial fractions:
Factor the denominator:
x2 − 3x + 2 = (x − 1)(x − 2)
Thus:
2x − 1 A B
= +
(x − 1)(x − 2) x−1 x−2
Multiply through by the denominator:

2x − 1 = A(x − 2) + B(x − 1)

Substitute x = 1:
2(1) − 1 = A(−1) + B(0) ⇒ 1 = −A ⇒ A = −1
Substitute x = 2:
2(2) − 1 = A(0) + B(1) ⇒ 3 = B
Thus:
2x − 1 1 3
=− +
x2 − 3x + 2 x−1 x−2

4
12. Express x2 −7x−8
in partial fractions:
Factor the denominator:
x2 − 7x − 8 = (x − 8)(x + 1)
Thus:
4 A B
= +
(x − 8)(x + 1) x−8 x+1
Multiply through by the denominator:

4 = A(x + 1) + B(x − 8)

Substitute x = 8:
4
4 = A(9) + B(0) ⇒ 4 = 9A ⇒ A =
9
Substitute x = −1:
4
4 = A(0) + B(−9) ⇒ 4 = −9B ⇒ B = −
9
Thus:
4 4/9 4/9
= −
x2 − 7x − 8 x−8 x+1

4
 3
13. Express x2 −9
in partial fractions:
Factor the denominator:
x2 − 9 = (x − 3)(x + 3)
Thus:
3 A B
= +
(x − 3)(x + 3) x−3 x+3
Multiply through by the denominator:

3 = A(x + 3) + B(x − 3)

Substitute x = 3:
1
3 = A(6) + B(0) ⇒ 3 = 6A ⇒ A =
2
Substitute x = −3:
1
3 = A(0) + B(−6) ⇒ 3 = −6B ⇒ B = −
2
Thus:
3 1/2 1/2
= −
x2 −9 x−3 x+3

4x
14. Express 4x2 −9
in partial fractions:
Factor the denominator:
4x2 − 9 = (2x − 3)(2x + 3)
Thus:
4x A B
= +
(2x − 3)(2x + 3) 2x − 3 2x + 3
Multiply through by the denominator:

4x = A(2x + 3) + B(2x − 3)

Substitute x = 23 :  
3
4 = A(6) + B(0) ⇒ 6 = 6A ⇒ A = 1
2
Substitute x = − 23 :  
3
4 − = A(0) + B(−6) ⇒ −6 = −6B ⇒ B = 1
2
Thus:
4x 1 1
= +
4x2 − 9 2x − 3 2x + 3

6x+7
15. Express 3x(x+1)
in partial fractions:
6x + 7 A B
= +
3x(x + 1) x x+1
Multiply through by the denominator:

6x + 7 = A(x + 1) + Bx

Substitute x = 0:
7 = A(1) + B(0) ⇒ 7 = A
Substitute x = −1:
6(−1) + 7 = A(0) + B(−1) ⇒ 1 = −B ⇒ B = −1
Thus:
6x + 7 7 1
= −
3x(x + 1) x x+1

5
 4x−2
16. Express x2 +2x
in partial fractions:
Factor the denominator:
x2 + 2x = x(x + 2)
Thus:
4x − 2 A B
= +
x(x + 2) x x+2
Multiply through by the denominator:

4x − 2 = A(x + 2) + Bx

Substitute x = 0:
−2 = A(2) + B(0) ⇒ −2 = 2A ⇒ A = −1
Substitute x = −2:
4(−2) − 2 = A(0) + B(−2) ⇒ −10 = −2B ⇒ B = 5
Thus:
4x − 2 1 5
=− +
x2 + 2x x x+2

9
17. Express 2x2 +x
in partial fractions:
Factor the denominator:
2x2 + x = x(2x + 1)
Thus:
9 A B
= +
x(2x + 1) x 2x + 1
Multiply through by the denominator:

9 = A(2x + 1) + Bx

Substitute x = 0:
9 = A(1) + B(0) ⇒ 9 = A
Substitute x = − 12 :
9 = A(0) + B(−1) ⇒ 9 = −B ⇒ B = −9
Thus:
9 9 9
= −
2x2 + x x 2x + 1

3x
18. Express 2x2 −2x−4
in partial fractions:
Factor the denominator:

2x2 − 2x − 4 = 2(x2 − x − 2) = 2(x − 2)(x + 1)

Thus:
3x A B
= +
2(x − 2)(x + 1) x−2 x+1
Multiply through by the denominator:

3x = A(x + 1) + B(x − 2)

Substitute x = 2:
3(2) = A(3) + B(0) ⇒ 6 = 3A ⇒ A = 2
Substitute x = −1:
3(−1) = A(0) + B(−3) ⇒ −3 = −3B ⇒ B = 1
Thus:
3x 2 1
= +
2x2 − 2x − 4 x−2 x+1

6
 x+1
19. Express 3x2 −x−2
in partial fractions:
Factor the denominator:
3x2 − x − 2 = (3x + 2)(x − 1)
Thus:
x+1 A B
= +
(3x + 2)(x − 1) 3x + 2 x − 1
Multiply through by the denominator:

x + 1 = A(x − 1) + B(3x + 2)

Substitute x = 1:
2
1 + 1 = A(0) + B(5) ⇒ 2 = 5B ⇒ B =
5
Substitute x = − 23 :  
2 5 1 5A 1
− +1=A − + B(0) ⇒ = − ⇒A=−
3 3 3 3 5
Thus:
x+1 1/5 2/5
=− +
3x2−x−2 3x + 2 x − 1

3x+2
20. Express 2x2 −4x
in partial fractions:
Factor the denominator:
2x2 − 4x = 2x(x − 2)
Thus:
3x + 2 A B
= +
2x(x − 2) x x−2
Multiply through by the denominator:

3x + 2 = A(x − 2) + Bx

Substitute x = 0:
2 = A(−2) + B(0) ⇒ 2 = −2A ⇒ A = −1
Substitute x = 2:
3(2) + 2 = A(0) + B(2) ⇒ 8 = 2B ⇒ B = 4
Thus:
3x + 2 1 4
2
=− +
2x − 4x x x−2