PRACTICAL FILE
OPERATING SYSTEMS
(UGCA – 1926)
In partial fulfillment of the requirements
For the degree of
Bachelors of Computer Applications
(Session 2023-2026)
Submitted To: Submitted By:
Mr. Parteek Jain Sargun Kaur
(Assistant Professor) (BCA 2023 B)
Dept. of Computer Sciences 2312310
EXPERIMENT NUMBER – 1
INSTALLATION OF WINDOWS OS
1. Boot from Installation Media
Insert the media: Place the CD/DVD or USB flash drive into the correct
slot.
Restart the computer: If prompted, press the designated key (such as
F2, F8, F12, or Delete) to boot from the installation media.
2. Select Language and Keyboard Settings
Pick your language and keyboard preferences: From the drop-down
options, choose the language and keyboard layout that suits your needs
3. Begin Installation
Start the process: Click the "Install Now" button to initiate the
installation procedure.
4. Agree to License Terms
Accept the agreement: Review the terms and conditions, then check the
box or click "I accept the license terms" to proceed.
5. Choose Installation Mode
Select custom installation: Opt for the "Custom" installation method to
manually adjust partitions on your hard drive.
6. Set Up Hard Drive Partitions
Manage partitions: Use the available options to create or remove hard
drive partitions as needed.
Choose where to install: Select the partition where the Windows OS
should be installed
7. Begin Windows Installation
Proceed with installation: Click "Next" to begin the Windows
installation.
Wait for it to complete: The process may take a while depending on
your system.
8. Configure Administrator Account
Create admin password: Set a secure password for the system
administrator account.
9. Finalize the Setup
Input product key: Enter the valid product key for your Windows
version.
Adjust time and date settings: Set your system’s time and date
according to your region.
Configure network settings: Choose your preferred network type and
settings (Home, Work, Public).
10. Complete Installation
Finish and restart: Once the setup is done, click "Finish" and restart
your computer.
Once restarted, your system will boot into the newly installed Windows
operating system, ready for use.
EXPERIMENT NUMBER – 2
INSTALLATION OF LINUX OS
1. Boot from Installation Media
Insert the media: Place the Linux installation CD/DVD or bootable USB
drive into the system.
Restart the computer: Reboot the system and press the appropriate key
(such as F2, F12, Esc, or Delete) to enter the BIOS/UEFI menu.
Select boot device: Choose the USB or DVD drive as the primary boot
device and save the changes.
2. Select Language and Keyboard Settings
Pick language: Choose your preferred language from the list.
Set keyboard layout: Select the correct keyboard layout according to
your preference.
3. Choose Installation Option
Try or Install Linux: Some distributions (like Ubuntu) allow you to try
Linux before installation. Choose "Install" to proceed directly.
4. Configure Installation Preferences
Check for updates: Some installers offer an option to download updates
during installation.
Choose third-party software: Select this option if you want additional
drivers and codecs installed.
5. Choose Installation Type
Erase disk and install Linux: This option formats the entire disk and
installs Linux as the only OS.
Install alongside existing OS: If you have another OS, this option allows
dual-booting.
Manual partitioning: For advanced users who want custom partitioning,
select "Something else" and configure partitions.
6. Set Up Hard Drive Partitions (For Manual Partitioning)
Create partitions: Typically, at least three partitions are required:
1. Root (/) – The main system partition (Minimum 20GB
recommended).
2. Swap – Acts as virtual RAM (Size should be 2x your RAM).
3. Home (/home) – Stores user data (Allocate as per your need).
Confirm selection: Click "Next" to proceed.
7. Begin Installation
Start the installation: Click "Install Now" and wait for the process to
complete.
8. Configure User and System Settings
Set username and password: Create an administrator account with a
secure password.
Set hostname: Choose a name for your system.
9. Finalize Setup
Input time zone: Select your region and adjust time settings.
Configure network: Choose your network type (Wi-Fi or Ethernet).
10. Complete Installation
Finish installation: Click "Restart Now" when prompted.
Remove installation media: Eject the USB/DVD before rebooting.
Once restarted, your system will boot into the newly installed Linux OS, ready
for use.
EXPERIMENT NUMBER – 3
LINUX COMMANDS
Use of Linux Commands
Linux commands are a type of Unix command or shell procedure. They are the
basic tools used to interact with Linux on an individual level. Linux
commands are used to perform a variety of tasks, including displaying
information about files and directories.
Name of
Function Syntax
Command
pwd Displays the current working directory pwd
mkdir
mkdir Creates a directory
[directory_name]
rmdir
rmdir Removes empty directories
[directory_name]
touch Creates empty files touch [file_name]
cat Displays file contents on the terminal cat [file_name]
echo Prints a string or text to the terminal echo "your text"
cal Displays a calendar in the terminal cal
Displays information about files in the
ls ls [options]
current directory
EXAMPLES
1. pwd - Display the Current Working Directory
Command:
pwd
Output:
/home/user/Documents
2. mkdir - Create a New Directory
Command:
mkdir my_directory
Output:
(No output, but the directory is created.)
ls
my_directory
3. rmdir - Remove an Empty Directory
Command:
rmdir my_directory
Output:
(No output, but the directory is deleted.)
ls
(No my_directory found.)
4. touch - Create an Empty File
Command:
touch [Link]
Output:
(No output, but the file is created.)
ls
[Link]
5. cat - Display File Contents
Command:
cat [Link]
Output:
Hello, this is a test file.
6. echo - Print Text to Terminal
Command:
echo "Hello, Linux!"
Output:
Hello, Linux!
7. cal - View Calendar
Command:
cal
Output:
February 2025
Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15
16 17 18 19 20 21 22
23 24 25 26 27 28
8. ls - List Files in Directory
Command:
ls
Output:
Desktop Documents Downloads [Link] Pictures
