PHYSICS DSC 3 : Thermal Physics & Statistical Mechanics

energy density
Total of radiations
any point at is
Total energy density. volume around that po1nt for all wavelength
h e total radiant energy per unit
Theory ofRadiation the together. It is generally represented by u and its unit in S.I. i5 joule/m*
taken
Unit-IV and in C.G5.erg/cm3

indicate their pr
radiations
and prope
Define
thermal of heat frorties
1. is the transterence with its
Radiation the n e
transfered from 9. 3. State
Stefan-Boltzman Law of radiation along
Ans. Thermal difference. It
is
hea mathematical form
without apprecio
at
another due to temperature
temperature able Ans. Stefan-Boltzmann's Law. It can be stated as follow
at lower
emperature to
the one
are etic w
wavea
au
electromagnetic
at absolute temperature Tis surrounded by another black
Thermal
radiations
and he If a black body
the medium apace.
or
the net rate of loss of heat energy per unit
medium
propagations.
for its hody at absolute temperature 1,
donot require any The wavelengh surtace 15 given by
nature as
that ot lhght. area of the
These have the same
and 8 called infrared as roa
radiation ie greater
than red colour as infrared
egion of p Ea (T-T)
radiation is frequentiy called
spectrum. Hence
thermal
from 8000A to 4000 A.
A. 4000 The
These ati E = oT-T) ()
(1.R.) The wave length of L.R. rangee
these fall.
have or
the body on which Ifa body emissitivity or relative emittance as e, then total energy radiated
heating effect and heat
Radiations per second
Properties of Thermal by the body
E.M. wavee and propagate with
the speed of ligh = eo(T-S)
.These are
medium for their propagation
2. These do not require a () Above is the mathematical form of Stefan-Boltzmann's Law. If we
These have rectilinear nature (Travel in straight lines)
3
consider the emis51on of heat radiation only by the body itself. and not to the
4. These obey the law of inverse square. by the body after exchange with the surroundings.
netloss of heatThe we come to

5. These exhibit reflection, refraction,

interference, diffractin
TIon a Stefan's Law. mathematical form law of this is:

E o Tr =

polarisation.
Q2. Explain the meaning of (i) Emissive power and absorptive poe The value of o in both the above laws is 5.67x 10-5 Wm2K4
Q4. State Stefan's law indicating its mathematical form
(i) Spectral energy density and total energy density.
Ans. (i) Total emissive power or emissivity. The total emiasive powen Ans.It states that the rate of emission of radiant energy by ofunit area of a
its absolute
black body is directly proportional to the fourth power
a bordy in defined as the radiant energEy emitted per unit time per unit auts
perfectly
temperature.
area of the hody for all wavclengtha taken tngether. Normally we denote this Thus, E = oT
"E where a is a constant called Stefan's constant. The value of o is 5.67 x 10
WmK4
This law does not take care of the net loss of heat by the body after exchange
with the surrounding. It refers to the emission of heat
radiation only by the
body itself
Since the energy radiated per seoond per unit surface distribution of energy of black body at different
area lying betweeni Q.5. Explain the a

temperatures by drawing the graphs.

Discuss briefly the different laws
and + dh. ia E,di. which explain the above energy spectrum.
Ahsorptivity or absorptive power. The abeorptive power of a body at the radiation emitted by a black
Ans. The distribution of energy among
partcular temperature and for a particular wavelength is defined as the rat Pringesheim. The black body is heated to
and
of the radiant energy abaorbed body was studied by Lummer
per unit aurface area per unit time to the tu and the intensity of emitted radiations plotted. The
different temperatures
energy incident on the same area of the in a galvanometer connected in the
body in unit time within a und intensity is proportional to the deflection
wavelength range bolometer circuit.
Normally we dencte thia by "a" The various observation of the experiment can be exprssed
as follows-

(ii) Spectral energy is not uniformly distributed

in the radiation
density. Spectral energy density for a particue 1. The radiated energy
wavelength ia the enerzy per unit volume per unit range of wavelength.
apectrum of the black body.
Normally it dernoted by "u,"
ia

(70)
 Physic8-Il
-II (Semester-II)
(Semest

(Prog.)
B.Se.
Amar:
PHYSICs DSC 3:Thermal Physics & Statistical Mechanics
72
radiated enerEY
I

IS
sp r o p o r a t i o n a l

.
to the wave-
reaches.a
ngth uptOn
maxima and
73

then
w a v e - l e n g t h ,

2. The
It
increases
with the
consta
nen has been found not to necord with the experimental curves of Lummer
value.
decreasing. corresponds
s the position Am.
to the
to
posit1 7=
netant aS Pred and Pringsheim.

3. The maxima
law. explains the r eesults.
sult The points o o. 7. Explain the validity of Rayleigh-Jeans law in terms of
by Wien's displacement below he dote oxperimental results.
The diagramd i f l e r e n t
temperatures,

4.
at Ans. According to Rayleigh-Jeans law, the elcctromagnetie radintion
values
body continuously vary in wave-lengths from zero
ndicate
black
spectrum emitted by
a
1646 k
to infinity.
In the mathematical form,

1469 k
E d
1259k This law docs not accord with the experimental curves of Lummer and
T 0 9K5

Pringsheim. It hold good in the region of longer wave length at higher

temperatures but not at shorter wave lengths.
bOG Q.8. State Planck's Radiation Law. Give its quantum postulates.
Ans. Planck's Radiation Law is an empirical formula regarding the
distribution of energy in the spectrum of a black body.

04 081
In Microns 8Thc da
5. Rise of temperature results
in the increase of
mitted
emitted energy fo
on
Ed 6hckT -

wave-lengths.
6. The total emitted energy isrepresented by the area under the Ch Where all the symbols have their usual meanings.
which is found to be proportional to T" as per Stefan -Boltzmann's Ia Q.9. Explain the ultraviolet catastrophe according to Rayleigh-
Q.6. Explain the validity of Wien's displacement law in ter Jeans distribution law.
experimental law in terms of experimental results. Ans. Ultraviolet catastrophe refers to the discrepancy between the
Ans. In the mathematical form, Wien's displac
lacement.law is experimental results and those calculated by Rayleigh-Jeans Law at higher
T = constant expresseda
frequencies.
where the symbols have their usual meanings. At lower frequencies the contradietion is not appreciable. The energy density
This law holds good only in the region of shorter
wave-lengths at lo can be calculated as follows by Rayleigh-Jeans Law-
temperatures. It does not hold good at longer wave -lengths at high
temperatures. 87Tk T
E da = dr

dE =
Rayleign Jeans Law
leading to 'catastrophe'
8tv kT dv
Expt à or Planks curve dE

Wiens curve This expression indicates that energy density will go on increasing as the
frequency increases. But this does not happen. The energy density increases
with the increase of frequency, reaches a maximum value and then starts
1000 2000 decreasing with the further increase of frequency.
3000
Wavelength of radiation in nm
 (SEMIU,

Physics-l

(Prog.)
B.Sc.
Amar:

74 PHYSICS DSC 8 : Thermal Physics & Statistical Mechanics 76

Ravleign Jeans Law

T TaT (second Thermodynnmical relation)

(ii)
Experimental Curve
aU+ PaV P
3V T T3T
T3TaP-P
OU (iu)

U = uV ()
1 x1014 Hz
Frequency
by Rayleign-Jeans Law i 3
given
The total energy of radiation
Stefan's Law.
ted Differentiating (v) w.r.t. V'at constant T
be infinite. This is against
(vi)
Toward the
Substituting this value in (iv)
"ultraviollet catastrophe
T du u
(vit)
uantum
ASRTRayleign Jeans Law
3 dT 3
T du
u 3daT ... (viii)

Planck Law or
du ... (ix)

Curves agree at Intergrating, we get

very low frequencies log u = 4 log T+ constant of integration
= 4 log T+ log A

Freqquency where log A beinga con ant of integration

log u =log T +log A
German Physicist. Max Planck with the discovery that
came
emitte log AT^
radiation is not continous but is in the form of quanta, of hu where 'v' is u = AT (t)
the or
frequency and 'h' is the Plank's constant (h = 6.626x 1034 J.S.) The total rate of emission per unit area of a black body is proportional to the
Q.10. Derive Stefan's Law and Stefan-Boltzmann's Law energy density
concept of thermodynamis. from the E o
Ans. Let u a T4Proved in ()
u =
Energy density
of radiation inside an isothermi But
enclosure. E a T4

Total energy of radiation or E = oT4

'=
Temperature of enclosure where Stephan's constant
Pressure of the The value of Stefan's constant is
enclosure () C.G.S. units 5.672 x 10-
=
Volume of the enclosure
Since black body radiation (ti) M.K.S. units 5.672 x 10*
exerts pressure, all
applicable to it. Thermodynamic
relations art If T, is the temperature of the body surrounding the black body. then
dQ =
dU+PdV (first law of
Thermodynamics. Ea T-T)
 (Prog.)
Physics-II
(Semester.

r-III)
B.Sc.
Amar:
PHYSICS DSC 3:Thermal Physics & Statistical Mechanics 77
76
E= o{r-T =
8854 x 10-8 cm

intained at 4
main.
spheres are = 8854 °A
or concentric

Ifs = ine
11. Two
black body space
evacuated.
5.67210M Hence the wave-length of maximum intensity radiated is 8854 °A
Q. inbetween
transfer.

Q.14. Calelate the radiationemitted by a black body when it is at a

with the
and 600 K of net
energy

the r a t e 600 °K temperature of (7) -

73°C, (ii) 1727 C

units, find T
10400K The value of o = 5.672 x 10-* M.K.S. units
Ans. units Temp. T = - 73 °C
5.672 x 10* M.K.S. Ans. (i)
73+ 273
E ofr-) E
200 °K
= o T4
= 5.672 x 10-* [(600)4- (400)41
= 5.672 x 1 0 x 1 0 (1296 - 256)
=
5.672 x 10-8 x (200)
x 5.672
=
5.672 x 10-8 x 16 x 108
= 1040 E = 90.75 watts/m2
or
= 5900 watt/m2
(it) Temp. T 1727 C
= 5.9 kW/m2
at
1727 +273
wave-leng#1
emits maximum energy of 47. 2000 °K
Q.12. Ifthe sun b 0.28
what is its surface
temperature? Wien's
constant =
0.288 cmC E = G TH
displacement law,
Ans. According to Wein's 5.672 x (2000)4 x 10-3
5.672 x 16 x 101
= 4753 °A
Here 907500 watt/m2
= 4753x 108 cm or E = 907.5 kw/m2
b 0.288 cm °C
Radiation at a Glance
0.288 1. Rayleigh-Jeans law of radiation
T applyies to all wave-lengths.
4753 x10* 2. According to Stefan Buitzmann's
Law, E =o (T- T)
3. A perfectly black body absrbs allthe radiation w
s h ich are in cident on it.
T= 2360103 4. W ien's
displaoem ent law is expressed by the equation : T'=Constant.
or
4753 5. According to Kirchoff's Law, good absorbers are good emitters.
= 6059 °K 6. All bodies emit
electromagnetic radiations at all temperatures.
Hence surface temperature of sun is 6059 °K 7. The absorptive power of all black bodies is unity.
Q. 13. What is the wavelength of (i) What is Black Body Radiation ? Explain its
Q. 15.
intensity
radiated from a source oftemperature 3000°C. Wien's maximum radiatia dependence. temperature
x 10-3 mK. constantb=28 (ii) What is a perfectly Black Body ?
Ans. According to Wien's (iii) Describe the main characteristics of radiation emitted
displacement law, by a
perfectly Black Body.
Ans. () Black Body Radiation. When a black
or uniform temperature (isothermal) encloser, it will emit body is placed inside a
full radiation of the
encloser after it is in equilibrium with the encloser. The
Here emitted radiations are
b 2.898 x
10-3 mK independent of the nature of substance. These also donot
and of walls of the encloser or the depend on the nature
T 3000 °C presence of any other body in its vicinity inside
the enclosure which is
3273 °K non-conducting isothermal enclosure. The emitted
radiations depend only on the temperature to which it is raised.
These are solely
2.898 x103 temperature dependent.
2898 (ii) Black body. A perfectly black
3273 3273 100 x10-6 the radiation of any body
is one which absorbs
totally all
wavelength which fall on it. It appears black because it
=
0.8854x 10 cmn neither reflects nor transmits any radiation which falls on it. The
the incident radiation is immaterial. When the wavelength of
black body is heated to a suitable
 A m a r :
B . S c .( P r o g . )

A
A perfectly1
perf

body
radiation.
78
or radiator.
total The emiss1on or diation PHYSICS DSC 3 :Thermal Physic8 & Statistical Mechanics 79
emits full r a d i a t o r .

it very
every
waveler
temperature,

well as
a
perfect

test
poss10le
for
ngth at 3 The intensity of radiation first increasea with the increase of wave.
absorber

black
as

body is
the grea
hypothetic
tical concept. It is not poso any longth, reaches
a
maximum value and
the maximum values are
then decreases. For different
t e m p e r a t u r e .

black body
is a
the
closest proach to a perfe eperatures, higher for higher temperatures.
emitted
Blackare light
ht and 4. g= constant.ofThus, wave-length for maximum energy is
A erfectly
Lamp-Black
and
Plat1num
absorbs
about
96%
of visible
Platinum Blpad decreased theby temperature.
increase
5. The total energy emitted by a black body at a particular temperature
body.
Lamp-Black

a
perfectly black body have th
black ho.

by the area under the curve for the range of wave-length under
98%. emitted by is represented
a
radiation
consideration.
The oI light such
characterist1cs
properties 6. Area under the curve for a pair of wave-lengthe is directly proportional
all the
1. It possesses

the speed
of light. to the temperature. It i8 actually proportional to the fourth power of temperature
has °K (E a T')
() It
propagation,
in

Q. 17. Derive of Stefan-Boltzmann law of radiation from Planck's

rectilinear
has
() It lines.
ie.,lt travel instraight nature
also. law.
( ) It
exhibits
wave

it exhibits
all the pheno:
omenon likeren Ans. The total energy density of photons of all po8sible wave-length in a

to dual nature, diffraction and polarization.

d i t f r a c t i o n and pola black body chamber is given by
(iv) Due
definite p r o n
interference,

refraction, but
a small

(w) Just
like light, it exerts the U(T) =
de
}-1
incident.

on which
t 1is 18 not uniform .
the energy
temperature
(vi) At a givenspectrum of a black body. buted Put x = Be
radiation

curves for thedistribution ofenergy the spe

a
Q.16. Draw
black body for temperatures
1 and 72
drawn trom
where
t h e s e curves.
T, Diuc Then, U(T 3 xdx
-1
conclusions
Rm
important
body is heated
to different temperatures, LSve
Ans. A black
length for different temperatures These
Pringesheimwe
plotted against
wave
conducted by Lummer and. This integlal is a standard integral. Its value 4E(4) =
observations of the experiment
the following outcomes-
The above curves indicate
the radiatio
1. The energy is
not uniformly
distributed in
ation spectr UCT) = 8T
6 3 T"

black body
2. The energy emitted is directly proportional to the tem
tempera aT
irrespective of the wave-length.
If there is a amall opening. photons will effuse through it. The net rate of
flow of radiation per unit area of opening is given by the equation,

T <T2 R Ue2
15h c
T (i) .

Where the value of the constant is calculated and found to be 5.67 x 103
And the unit of o is Jm
8.This is known as Stefan-Boltzmann constast.
Q.18. Define Kirchoffs Law.
Ans. Kirchoff's Law. The ratio of the emissive power to the absorptive
power for a given wavelength
at a
temperature is the same for all bodies
given
and is equal to the emissive power of a perfectly black body at that temperature.
This is known as Kirchoffs Law.
.
O0O
04 081 2 3
A In Microns