Academic Session: 2020-21

Matrices and
Determinant

MATHEMATICS
Class XII
JEE (Main + Advanced)
 MATRICES AND DETERMINANT
Index
Particular's Page No.

Theory 01–26

Exercise – 1 (Bronze) 27-38

Part – I Subjective Questions
Part – II Objective Questions

Exercise – 2 (Silver) 38-43

Part – I Only one option correct type
Part – II One or more than one option correct type

Exercise – 3 (Gold) 44-49

Part – I Single and double digit integer type
Part – II Match the column and Comprehension

Exercise – 4 (Platinum) 50-57

Part – I JEE (Main) Questions
Part – II JEE (Advanced) / Previous year subjective questions

Answer Key 58-60

Exercise – 5 (Diamond) 61-66

Part – I Objective Questions
Part – II Subjective Questions

Answer Key 67
Matrices & Determinant

Introduction :
Any rectangular arrangement of numbers (real or complex) (or of real valued or complex valued
expressions) is called a matrix. If a matrix has m rows and n columns then the order of matrix is
written as m × n and we call it as order m by n
The general m × n matrix is

 a11 a12 a13 ...... a1j ..... a1n 

 
 a 21 a 22 a 23 ...... a 2 j ..... a 2n 
 ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 
A=  
 a i1 a i2 a i3 ...... a ij ...... a in 
 ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 
 
a m1 am2 a m3 ..... a mj ..... a mn 

where aij denote the element of ith row & j th column. The above matrix is usually denoted as [aij]m × n .

Notes :
(i) Capital letters of English alphabets are used to denote matrices.

(ii) Order of a matrix : If a matrix has m rows and n columns, then we say that its order is "m by n",
written as "m × n".

Types of Matrices :
Row matrix :
A matrix having only one row is called as row matrix (or row vector).General form of row matrix
is A = [a11, a12, a13, ...., a1n]
This is a matrix of order "1 × n" (or a row matrix of order n)

Column matrix :
A matrix having only one column is called as column matrix (or column vector).

 a11 
 
 a 21 
Column matrix is in the form A = 
... 
 
a m1 
This is a matrix of order "m × 1" (or a column matrix of order m)

Zero matrix :
A = [aij]m × n is called a zero matrix, if aij = 0  i & j.

0 0 0
0 0 0  
e.g. : (i)   (ii)  0 0 0 
0 0 0
 0 0 0 

Square matrix :
A matrix in which number of rows & columns are equal is called a square matrix. The general
form of a square matrix is

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Matrices & Determinant

 a11 a12 ....... a1n 

 
 a 21 a 22 ........ a 2n 
A=  which we denote as A = [aij]n.
....... ....... ....... .......
 
 an1 a n2 ....... a nn 
This is a matrix of order "n × n" (or a square matrix of order n)

Note (i) In a square matrix the pair of elements aij & aj i are called Conjugate Elements .
 a 11 a 12 
e.g.  
 a 21 a 22 
(ii) The elements a11 , a22 , a33 , ...... ann are called Diagonal Elements . The line along which
the diagonal elements lie is called " Principal or Leading " diagonal.

TRACE OF MATRIX :
The sum of the elements of a square matrix A lying along the principal diagonal is called the trace of A i.e.
n
(tr(A)). Thus, if A = [aij]n × n, then tr(A)   a ii  a 11  a 22  ........a nn
i 1

Properties of trace of a matrix :

Let A = [aij]n × n and B = [bij]n× n and  be a scalar then
(i) tr(A) = tr(A) (ii) tr(A + B) = tr(A) + tr(B) (iii) tr(AB) = tr(BA)

Diagonal matrix :
A square matrix [aij]n is said to be a diagonal matrix if aij = 0 for i  j. (i.e., all the elements of
the square matrix other than diagonal elements are zero)
Note : Diagonal matrix of order n is denoted as Diag (a11, a22, ......ann).

 a 0 0 0
a 0 0  
   0 b 0 0
0 b 0
e.g. : (i)  (ii)  0 0 0 0
 0 0 c   
 0 0 0 c 

Scalar matrix :
Scalar matrix is a diagonal matrix in which all the diagonal elements are same. A = [aij]n is a
scalar matrix, if (i) aij = 0 for i  j and (ii) aij = k for i = j.

a 0 0
a 0  
0 a 0
e.g. : (i)   (ii) 
0 a  0 0 a 

Unit matrix (identity matrix) :

Unit matrix is a diagonal matrix in which all the diagonal elements are unity. Unit matrix of
order 'n' is denoted by n (or ).
i.e. A = [aij]n is a unit matrix when aij = 0 for i  j & aii = 1

1 0 0
 1 0  
eg. 2 =   , 3 = 0 1 0 .
0 1 0 0 1

Upper triangular matrix :

A = [aij]m × n is said to be upper triangular, if aij = 0 for i > j (i.e., all the elements below the
diagonal elements are zero).

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Matrices & Determinant

a b c d a b c 
 
e.g. : (i)  0 x y z  (ii)  0 x y 
 0 0 u v   0 0 z 

Lower triangular matrix :

A = [aij]m × n is said to be a lower triangular matrix, if aij = 0 for i < j. (i.e., all the elements above
the diagonal elements are zero.)

a 0 0 a 0 0 0
   
b c 0 b c 0 0
e.g. : (i)  (ii) 
 x y z   x y z 0 

SQUARE MATRICES

Triangular Matrix Diagonal Matrix denoted as

A = diag (a11 , a22 ........, ann)
where aij = 0 for i j
1 3 –2 1 0 0
A= 0 2 4 ; B = 2 –3 0
0 0 5 4 3 3 Scalar Matrix Unit or Identity Matrix

Upper Triangular Lower Triangular

aij = 0  i > j aij = 0  i < j a 0 0
aij=
1 if i = j
0 a 0
0 if i j
0 0 a

If a11 = a22 =a33 = a If a11 = a22 =a33 = 1

Note :
(i) Minimum number of zeros in triangular matrix of order n = n(n–1)/2.
(ii) Minimum number of zero in a diagonal matrix of order n = n (n–1).

Comparable matrices : Two matrices A & B are said to be comparable, if they have the same order
(i.e., number of rows of A & B are same and also the number of columns).
2 3 4 3 4 2
e.g. : (i) A =   & B=   are comparable
 3 1 2  0 1 3

3 0
2 3 4  
4 1
e.g. : (ii) C =   & D=  are not comparable
 3 1 2   2 3 

Equality of matrices :
Two matrices A and B are said to be equal if they are comparable and all the corresponding
elements are equal.
Let A = [aij] m × n & B = [bij]p × q
A = B iff (i) m = p, n = q
(ii) aij = bij  i & j.

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Matrices & Determinant

 x  3 z  4 2y – 7  0 6 3 y – 2
   
– 6 a –1 0  –6 – 3 2c  2 
Example # 1 : If  =  , then find the values of a, b, c, x, y and z.
b – 3 – 21 0  2b  4 – 21 0 
Solution : As the given matrices are equal, therefore, their corresponding elements must be equal.
Comparing the corresponding elements, we get
x+3=0 z+4=6 2y – 7 = 3y – 2
a–1=–3 0 = 2c + 2 b – 3 = 2b + 4
 a = – 2, b = – 7, c = – 1, x = – 3, y = – 5, z = 2

Multiplication of matrix by scalar :

Let  be a scalar (real or complex number) & A = [aij]m × n be a matrix. Thus the product A is
defined as A = [bij]m × n where bij = aij  i & j.

 2 1 3 5    6 3  9  15 
   
e.g. : A =  0 2 1  3  & – 3A  (–3) A =  0  6  3 9 
 0 0  1  2   0 0 3 6 

Note : If A is a scalar matrix, then A = , where  is a diagonal entry of A

Addition of matrices :
Let A and B be two matrices of same order (i.e. comparable matrices). Then A + B is defined to
be.
A + B = [aij]m × n + [bij]m × n.
= [c ij]m × n where cij = aij + bij  i & j.

 1 1   1 2  0 1
     
2 3  2 3 , A+ B =  0 0 
e.g. : A =  , B= 
 1 0   5 7   6 7 

Substraction of matrices :
Let A & B be two matrices of same order. Then A – B is defined as A + (– B) where – B is (– 1)
B.

Properties of addition & scalar multiplication :

Addition : A + B = [aij + bij] where A & B are of the same order.
(a) Addition of matrices is commutative :
i.e. A + B = B + A
(b) Matrix addition is associative :
(A + B) + C = A + (B + C)
(c) Additive inverse :
If A + B = O = B + A, then B is called additive inverse of A.
(d) Existence of additive identity :
Let A = [aij] be an m × n matrix and O be an m × n zero matrix, then A + O = O + A = A. In other words,
O is the additive identity for matrix addition.
(f)  (A + B) = A + B
(g) A = A
(h) (1 + 2) A = 1A + 2A

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Matrices & Determinant

8 0  2 – 2
   
4 – 2 4 2
Example # 2 : IF A =  and B =  , then find the matrix X, such that 2A + 3X = 5B
3 6  – 5 1
Solution : We have 2A + 3X = 5B.
 3X = 5B – 2A
1
 X= (5B – 2A)
3

  2 – 2 8 0     10 – 10   – 16 0 
1     1   
 X =  5 4 2 – 24 – 2  =   20 10    – 8 4 
3 3
 1 3 6    
5   – 6 – 12 
 – 5    – 25

 – 10 
 –6 –10   –2 3 
 10 – 16 – 10  0 1  14 
1  
12 14   
 X=  20 – 8 10  4  = 3  =  4 3 
3  31 –7 
 – 25 – 6 5 – 12   – 31 –7 
 3 3 


Multiplication of matrices :

Let A and B be two matrices such that the number of columns of A is same as number of rows
of B. i.e., A = [aij]m × p & B = [bij]p × n.
p
Then AB = [cij]m × n where cij = a
k 1
ik b kj , which is the dot product of ith row vector of A and j th

column vector of B.

0 1 1 1 
1 2 3   3 4 9 1
0 0 1 0
e.g. : A =   , B=   , AB =  
2 3 1  1 1 2 0  1 3 7 2

Notes : (1) The product AB is defined iff the number of columns of A is equal to the number of rows
/ BA is
of B. A is called as premultiplier & B is called as post multiplier. AB is defined 
defined.
(2) In general AB  BA, even when both the products are defined.
(3) A (BC) = (AB) C, whenever it is defined.

Properties of matrix multiplication :

(a) Matrix multiplication is not commutative : i.e. AB  BA
Here both AB & BA exist and also they are of the same type but AB  BA.
Example :
1 1  1 0 1 0 1 1 
Let A=   & B=  ; then AB =  ; BA =  
0 0  0 0  0 0  0 0 
 AB BA (in general)

(b) AB = O A = O or B = O (in general)

1 1   1 1  1 1   1 1  0 0 
Let A=   &B=  , then AB = 2 2   1 1  = 0 0 
2 2  1 1     

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Matrices & Determinant
Note :
If A and B are two non - zero matrices such that AB = O then A and B are called the divisors of zero. If
A and B are two matrices such that
(i) AB = BA then A and B are said to commute
(ii) AB = –BA then A and B are said to anticommute

(c) Matrix Multiplication Is Associative :

If A, B & C are conformable for the product AB & BC, then (AB) C = A(BC)

(d) Distributivity :
A(B  C)  AB  AC 
Provided A,B & C are conformable for respective products
s
(A  B)C  AC  BC 
(f) If  is a scalar (A) B = (AB) = A(B).

(d) n, the identity matrix of order n, is the multiplicative identity.

An = A = n A  A of order n
(e) For every non singular matrix A (i.e., |A|  0) of order n there exist a unique (particular)
matrix B of order n so that AB = n = BA. In this case we say that A & B are multiplicative
inverse of one another. In notations, we write B = A–1 or A = B–1.

(f) POSITIVE INTEGRAL POWERS OF A SQUARE MATRIX :

n
For a square matrix A, A = 
A.A.A..............A where n  N
upto n time s

Note :
(i) [Link] = Am+n
(ii) (Am)n = Amn, where m,n  N

(ii) If A and B are square matrices of same order and AB = BA then

(A + B)n = nC0An + nC1An–1B + nC2An–2B2 + ........... + nCnBn
m
Note that for a unit matrix I of any order , I = I for all m  N.

 1 2 3
 
3 – 2 1
Example # 3 : If A =  , then show that A3 – 23A – 40 I = O
4 2 1

 1 2 3  1 2 3 19 4 8 
     
3 – 2 1 3 – 2 1 1 12 8 
Solution : We have A2 = A.A =  = 
4 2 1 4 2 1 14 6 15

 1 2 3 19 4 8  63 46 69

     
3 – 2 1  1 12 8  69 – 6 23
So A3 = AA2 =  = 
4 2 1 14 6 15  92 46 63

63 46 69  1 2 3 1 0 0
     
69 – 6 23 3 – 2 1 0 1 0
Now A3 – 23A – 40I =  – 23  – 40 
92 46 63 4 2 1 0 0 1

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Matrices & Determinant

63 46 69  – 23 – 46 – 69  – 40 0 0 

     
69 – 6 23 – 69 46 – 23 0 – 40 0 
=  +  + 
92 46 63  – 92 – 46 – 23  0 0 – 40

63 – 23 – 40 46 – 46  0 69 – 69  0 
 
69 – 69  0 – 6  46 – 40 23 – 23  0 
= 
 90 – 92  0 46 – 46  0 63 – 23 – 40

0 0 0 
 
0 0 0
=  =O
0 0 0 

Transpose of a matrix :
Let A =[aij]m × n. Then the transpose of A is denoted by A( or AT) and is defined as
A = [bij]n × m where bij = aji  i & j.
i.e. A is obtained by rewriting all the rows of A as columns (or by rewriting all the columns of A as
rows).

1 a x 
1 2 3 4   
  2 b y 
a b c d
e.g. : A =   , A =  3 c z 
 x y z w   
4 d w 

Results : (i) For any matrix A = [aij]m × n, (A) = A

(ii) Let  be a scalar & A be a matrix. Then (A) = A
(iii) (A + B) = A + B & (A – B) = A – B for two comparable matrices A and B.
(iv) (A1 ± A2 ± ..... ± An) = A1 ± A2 ± ..... ± An, where Ai are comparable.
(v) Let A = [aij]m × p & B = [bij]p × n , then (AB) = BA
(vi) (A1 A2 .......An)= An. An – 1 ...........A2 . A1, provided the product is defined.

ORTHOGONAL MATRIX
A square matrix is said to be orthogonal matrix if A A T = I
Note :
(i) The determinant value of orthogonal matrix is either 1 or –1.

a 1 a2 a3   a1 b1 c1 
(ii)

Let A   b1 b2 b3   A   a 2
T
b2 c 2 
 c1 c2 c 3  a 3 b3 c 3 

 a 12  a 22  a 23 a 1 b1  a 2 b2  a 3 b 3 a 1 c1  a 2 c2  a 3 c 3 
 
AA T   b1 a 1  b2 a 2  b 3 a 3 2
b b b
1
2
2
2
3 b1 c1  b2 c 2  b 3 c3 
 c1 a 1  c2 a 2  c 3 a 3 c1 b1  c 2 b2  c 3 b 3 c12  c22  c32 
 
If AA T = I, then
3 3 3 3
2
a i   b2i   c2i = 1 and a b  b c  c a
i i i i i i 0
i 1 i 1 i 1 i 1

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Matrices & Determinant

 0 2 
Example # 4: Determine the values of , ,  when     is orthogonal.
   
 0 2 
Solution : Let A =    
 
   

 0  
2    
 A' = 
    
But given A is orthogonal.
 AAT = I
 0 2   0   1 0 0 
   
   2     = 0 1 0 
  
         0 0 1 

 4 2   2 2 2   2 2 2   2  1 0 0 
  0 1 0 
  2 2   2  2  2   2  2  2   2  =  
 2 2   2  2  2   2  2  2   2  0 0 1 
Equating the corresponding elements, we have
42 + 2 = 1 ........(i)
2 2
2 –  = 0 ........(ii)
2 + 2 + 2 = 1 ........(iii)
1 1
From (i) and (ii), 62 = 1  2 = and 2 =
6 3
1 1 1
From (iii) 2 = 1 – 2 – 2 = 1 – – =
6 3 2
1 1 1
Hence, = ,= and  =  Ans.
2 6 3

Symmetric & skew-symmetric matrix : A square matrix A is said to be symmetric if A = A

i.e. Let A = [aij]n. A is symmetric iff aij = aji  i & j.
A square matrix A is said to be skew-symmetric if A = – A
i.e. Let A = [aij]n. A is skew-symmetric iff aij = – aji  i & j.

a h g
 
e.g. A = h b f  is a symmetric matrix.
g f c 

o x y
 
B=   x o z  is a skew-symmetric matrix.
 y  z 0 
Notes :
(i) If A is skew symmetric, then a i i   a i i  a i i  0  i . Thus the diagonal elements of a skew
square matrix are all zero, but not the converse.
(ii) The determinant value of odd order skew symmetric matrix is zero.

8
Matrices & Determinant
Properties of symmetric & skew symmetric matrix :
(i) A is symmetric if AT = A & A is skew symmetric if AT = – A
(ii) Let A be any square matrix then, A + AT is a symmetric matrix & A – AT is a skew symmetric
matrix.
(iii) The sum of two symmetric matrix is a symmetric matrix and the sum of two skew symmetric
matrix is a skew symmetric matrix.
(iv) If A & B are symmetric matrices then,
(1) AB + BA is a symmetric matrix
(2) AB – BA is a skew symmetric matrix.
(v) Every square matrix can be uniquely expressed as a sum or difference of a symmetric and a
skew symmetric matrix.
1 1 1 1
A (A  A T )  (A  A T ) and A = (A T  A)  (A T  A)
2
  2
  2 2
symmetric skew symmetric

Example # 5: If A is symmetric as well as skew symmetric matrix, then A is -

(A) diagonal matrix (B) null matrix (C) triangular matrix (D) none of these
Solution : Let A = [aij] Since A is skew symmetric aij = –aji
for i = j, aii = –aii  aii = 0
for i  j, aij = –aji [A is skew symmetric ], & aij = aji [ A is symmetric]
 aij = 0 for all i  j
so, aij = 0 for all 'i' and 'j' i.e. A is null matrix. Ans. (B)

 – 2
 
4
Example # 6 : If A =   , B = [1 3 – 6], verify that (AB)' = B'A'.
 5
Solution : We have

 – 2
 
4
A =   , B = [1 3 –6]
 5

 – 2  – 2 – 6 12 
   
4 4 12 – 24
Then AB =   [1 3 –6] = 
 5   5 15 – 30

 1
 
3
Now A' = [–2 4 5], B' =  
 – 6

 1 – 2 4 5
   
3 –6 12 15 
B'A' =   [–2 4 5] =  = (AB)'
 – 6  12 – 24 – 30 
Clearly (AB)' = B'A'

9
Matrices & Determinant

 2 – 2 – 4
 
–1 3 4
Example # 7 : Express the matrix B =  as the sum of a symmetric and a skew symmetric
 1 – 2 – 3
matrix.

 2 –1 1
 
– 2 3 – 2
Solution : Here B' =  
 – 4 4 – 3

 3 3
 4 – 3 – 3  2 –
2
– 
2
 3 
1 1 – 3 6 2

Let P= (B + B') =   = – 3 1 
2 2 – 3 2 – 6   2 
  3 
– 2 1 – 3
 

 –3 – 3
 2 2 2 
– 3 
Now P' =  3 1  =P
 2 
– 3 
 2 1 – 3
 
1
Thus P= (B + B') is a symmetric matrix.
2
 –1 – 5
0 – 1 – 5 0 2 2 
1 
1 1 1 0 6

Also, Let Q = (B – B') =   = 2 0 3 
2 2 5 – 6 0   
  5 
2 –3 0 
 
 1 5 
 0 2 3 
 1 
Now Q' =  – 0 – 3 = – Q
 2 
 5 
– 2 3 0 
 
1
Thus Q= (B – B') is a skew symmetric matrix.
2

 –3 – 3  –1 – 5
 2  0 2 2   2 – 2 – 4
2 2 1 
– 3   
Now P+Q=  3 1  +  0 3  = – 1 3 4 
=B
 2  2   1 – 2 – 3 
– 3  5 
1 – 3 2 –3 0 
 2  
 
Thus, B is reresented as the sum of a symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix.
Example #8 : Show that BAB is symmetric or skew-symmetric according as A is symmetric or skew-
symmetric (where B is any square matrix whose order is same as that of A).
Solution : Case - A is symmetric  A = A
(BAB) = (B)AB = BAB  BAB is symmetric.
Case -  A is skew-symmetric  A = – A
(BAB) = (B)AB
= B ( – A) B
= – (BAB)
 BAB is skew-symmetric

10
Matrices & Determinant
Submatrix : Let A be a given matrix. The matrix obtained by deleting some rows or columns of A is called
as submatrix of A.
a b c d 
 
eg. A = x y z w 
p q r s 
a c  a b c 
  a b d  
Then  x z , p q s  ,  x y z are all submatrices of A.
p r    p q r 

Determinant of a square matrix :

To every square matrix A = [aij] of order n, we can associate a number (real or complex) called determinant
of the square matrix.
Let A = [a]1×1 be a 1×1 matrix. Determinant A is defined as |A| = a.
e.g. A = [– 3]1×1 |A| = – 3
a b
Let A =   , then |A| is defined as ad – bc.
 c d
 5 3
e.g. A=   , |A| = 23
 1 4 
Minors & Cofactors :
Let  be a determinant. Then minor of element aij, denoted by Mij, is defined as the determinant
of the submatrix obtained by deleting ith row & j th column of . Cofactor of element aij, denoted
by Cij, is defined as Cij = (– 1)i + j Mij.
a b
e.g. 1 =
c d
M11 = d = C11
M12 = c, C12 = – c
M21 = b, C21 = – b
M22 = a = C22
a b c
e.g. 2 = p q r
x y z

q r
M11 = = qz – yr = C111.
y z

a b
M23 = = ay – bx, C23 = – (ay – bx) = bx – ay etc.
x y

Determinant of any order : Let A = [aij]n be a square matrix (n > 1). Determinant of A is defined as the
sum of products of elements of any one row (or any one column) with
corresponding cofactors.

a11 a12 a13 

 
e.g.1 A = a 21 a 22 a 23 
a 31 a 32 a 33 
|A| = a11C11 + a12 C12 + a13C13 (using first row).
a 22 a 23 a 21 a 23 a 21 a 22
= a11 – a12 + a13
a 32 a 33 a 31 a 33 a 31 a 32
|A| = a12 C12 + a22 C22 + a32C32 (using second column).

11
Matrices & Determinant

a 21 a 23 a11 a13 a11 a13

= – a12 + a22 – a32 .
a 31 a 33 a 31 a 33 a 21 a 23

Transpose of a determinant : The transpose of a determinant is the determinant of transpose of the

corresponding matrix.
a1 b1 c1 a1 a 2 a3
D = a2 b2 c2  DT  b1 b 2 b3
a3 b3 c3 c1 c 2 c3

Properties of determinant :
(1) |A| = |A| for any square matrix A.

i.e. the value of a determinant remains unaltered, if the rows & columns are inter changed,

a1 b1 c 1 a1 a 2 a3
i.e. D = a 2 b 2 c 2  b1 b 2 b 3 = D
a3 b3 c 3 c1 c 2 c3
(2) If any two rows (or columns) of a determinant be interchanged, the value of determinant
is changed in sign only.

a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2
e.g. Let D1 = a 2 b 2 c2 & D2 = a1 b1 c 1 Then D2 = – D1
a 3 b3 c3 a 3 b3 c 3

(3) Let  be a scalar. Than  |A| is obtained by multiplying any one row (or any one column)
of |A| by 
a1 b1 c 1 Ka1 Kb1 Kc1
D = a2 b2 c 2 and E = a 2 b2 c2 Then E= KD
a 3 b3 c 3 a3 b3 c3
(4) | AB | = | A | | B |.

(5) |A| = n |A|, when A = [aij]n.

(6) A skew-symmetric matrix of odd order has deteminant value zero.

(7) If a determinant has all the elements zero in any row or column, then its value is zero,
0 0 0
i.e. D = a 2 b2 c 2 = 0.
a 3 b3 c 3
(8) If a determinant has any two rows (or columns) identical (or proportional), then its value
is zero,
a1 b1 c1
i.e. D = a1 b1 c 1 = 0.
a 3 b3 c 3

(9) If each element of any row (or column) can be expressed as a sum of two terms then
the determinant can be expressed as the sum of two determinants, i.e.
a1x b1y c1z a1 b1 c1 x y z
a2 b2 c2  a2 b2 c 2  a2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3

12
Matrices & Determinant
(10) The value of a determinant is not altered by adding to the elements of any row (or
column) a constant multiple of the corresponding elements of any other row (or column),

a1 b1 c1 a1  ma 2 b1  mb 2 c 1  mc 2
i.e. D1 = a 2 b2 c2 and D2 = a2 b2 c2 . Then D2= D1
a3 b3 c3 a 3  na1 b 3  nb1 c 3  nc 1

(11) Let A = [aij]n. The sum of the products of elements of any row with corresponding
cofactors of any other row is zero. (Similarly the sum of the products of elements of
any column with corresponding cofactors of any other column is zero).

a b c y b q
Example # 9 Prove that x y z  x a p
p q r z c r

a b c a x p
Solution : D= x y z= b y q (By interchanging rows & columns)
p q r c z r

x a p
= y b q (C1  C2)
z c r

y b q
= x a p (R1  R2)
z c r

a2 ab ac
2
Example # 10 Find the value of the determinant ab b bc
ac bc c2

a2 ab ac a b c a b c
2 2
Solution : D = ab b bc = a ab b bc = abc a b c =0
ac bc c2 ac bc c2 a b c

Since all rows are same, hence value of the determinant is zero.

a b c
Example # 11 Simplify b c a
c a b
Solution : Let R1  R1 + R2 + R3

abc abc abc 1 1 1

 b c a = (a + b + c) b c a
c a b c a b

13
Matrices & Determinant
Apply C 1 C 1 – C 2, C 2  C 2 – C 3
0 0 1
= (a + b + c) b  c c  a a
c a a b b
= (a + b + c) ((b – c) (a – b) – (c – a)2)
= (a + b + c) (ab + bc – ca – b2 – c2 + 2ca – a2)
= (a + b + c) (ab + bc + ca – a2 – b2 – c 2)  3abc – a3 – b3 – c3
a  b  nc (n  1)a (n  1)b
Example #12 Determinant (n  1)c b  c  na (n  1)b is equal to -
(n  1)c (n  1)a c  a  nb

(A) (a + b + c)3 (B) n (a + b + c)3 (C) (n – 1) (a + b + c)3 (D) none of these

Solution : Applying C1  C1 + (C2 + C3)

1 (n  1)a (n  1)b
D = n(a + b + c) 1 b  c  na (n  1)b
1 (n  1)a c  a  nb

1 (n  1)a (n  1)b
R 2  R 2  R1 
D = n(a + b + c) 0 abc 0  
 R 3  R 3  R1 
0 0 abc

= n(a + b + c)3 Ans. (B)

32  k 42 32  3  k
Example #13 If 42  k 52 42  4  k = 0, then the value of k is-
52  k 62 52  5  k

(A) 2 (B) 1 (C) –1 (D) 0

Solution : Applying (C3  C3 – C1)

32  k 42 3
D  42  k 52 4 0
52  k 62 5

9  k 16 3
 7 9 1 0 (R3  R3 – R2; R2  R2 – R1)
9 11 1
k – 1 = 0  k = 1 Ans. (B)

Application of determinants : Following examples of short hand writing large expressions are:

(i) Area of a triangle whose vertices are (xr, yr); r = 1, 2, 3 is:

x1 y1 1
1 x2 y2 1
D= If D = 0 then the three points are collinear.
2 x y 1
3 3

x y 1
(ii) Equation of a straight line passing through (x1, y1) & (x 2, y2) is x1 y1 1 = 0
x2 y2 1
(iii) The lines: a1x + b1y + c 1 = 0........ (1)

14
Matrices & Determinant
a2x + b2y + c 2 = 0........ (2)
a3x + b3y + c 3 = 0........ (3)
a1 b1 c1
are concurrent if, a2 b2 c 2 = 0.
a3 b3 c3
Condition for the consistency of three simultaneous linear equations in 2 variables.
(iv) ax² + 2 hxy + by² + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 represents a pair of straight lines if:
a h g
abc + 2 fgh  af²  bg²  ch² = 0 = h b f
g f c
(v) Factor theorem : If the elements of a determinant D are rational integral functions of x and two
rows (or columns) become identical when x = a then (x – a) is a factor of D.
Note that if r rows become identical when a is substituted for x, then (x – a)r–1 is a factor of D.

a a x
Example #14 Prove that m m m  m(x  a )(x  b)
b x b

Solution : Using factor theorem,

Put x = a

a a a
D= m m m =0
b a b

Since R1 and R2 are proportional which makes D = 0, therefore (x – a) is a factor of D.

Similarly, by putting x = b, D becomes zero, therefore (x – b) is a factor of D.

a a x
D= m m m   (x  a )(x  b) ..........(i)
b x b
To get the value of  put x = 0 in equation (i)

a a 0
m m m  ab
b 0 b
amb = ab   = m
 D = m(x – a)(x – b)

(x  a)2 (x  b)2 (x  c)2

Example #15 Prove that (y  a)2 (y  b)2 (y  c)2 = 2(x – y) (y – z) (z – x) (a – b) (b – c) (c – a)
(z  a)2 (z  b)2 (z  c)2

(x  a)2 (x  b)2 (x  c)2

2 2
Solution : D = (y  a) (y  b) (y  c)2
(z  a)2 (z  b)2 (z  c)2

15
Matrices & Determinant
Using factor theorem,
Put x = y

(y  a)2 (y  b)2 (y  c)2

D  (y  a )2 (y  b)2 (y  c)2
(z  a )2 (z  b)2 (z  c)2

R1 and R2 are identical which makes D = 0. Therefore, (x–y) is a factor of D.

Similarly (y – z) & (z – x) are factors of D
Now put a = b

(x  b)2 (x  b)2 (x  c)2

D  (y  b)2 (y  b)2 (y  c)2
(z  b)2 (z  b)2 (z  c)2

C1 and C2 become identical which makes D = 0. Therefore, (a–b) is a factor of D.

Similarly (b–c) and (c–a) are factors of D.
Therefore, D = (x – y) (y – z) (z – x) (a – b) (b – c) (c – a)
To get the value of  put x = –1 = a, y = 0 = b and z = 1 = c

0 1 4
D 1 0 1  (1)(1)(2 )(1)(1)(2)
4 1 0

 4 = 8   = 2

 D = 2(x – y) (y – z) (z – x) (a – b) (b – c) (c – a)

Singular & non singular matrix : A square matrix A is said to be singular or non-singular according
as |A| is zero or non-zero respectively.
Cofactor matrix & adjoint matrix : Let A = [aij] n be a square matrix. The matrix obtained by
replacing each element of A by corresponding cofactor is called as
cofactor matrix of A, denoted as cofactor A. The transpose of cofactor
matrix of A is called as adjoint of A, denoted as adj A.
i.e. if A = [aij]n
then cofactor A = [cij]n when c ij is the cofactor of aij  i & j.
Adj A = [dij]n where dij = c ji  i & j.
T
 C1 1 C 12 C 13 
adjA = [Cij]  adjA = C 23
T
C 22 C 23 


C 31 C32 C 3 3 

Theorem : A (adj. A) = (adj. A) .A = |A| In.

 a 1 1 a 12 a 13   C 11 C 21 C 31 
   
Proof : A.(adj A)   a 21 a 2 2 a 23   C 12 C22 C 32 
a  C C23 C 33 
 31 a 32 a 33   13
| A| 0 0  1 0 0 
   
 0 | A| 0  | A|  0 1 0   A. (Adj. A) = | A | I
 0 0 | A|  0 0 1 
  
16
Matrices & Determinant
(whatever may be the order of matrix only |A| will come out as a common element)
A. (adj. A)
If | A |  0 then = I = unit matrix of the same order as that of A
| A|

Properties of cofactor A and adj A:

(a) |adj A| = |A|n – 1, where n is order of A.
In particular, for 3 × 3 matrix, |adj A| = |A|2
(b) If A is a symmetric matrix, then adj A are also symmetric
matrices.
(c) If A is singular, then adj A is also singular.

(d) adj(adj A) = |A|n–2 A, where |A| 0

2
(e) | adj(adj A)| | A| (n 1 ) , where |A| 0
(f) adj(AB) = (adj B) (adj A)
(g) adj(KA) = Kn–1 (adj A) , K is a scalar

Example # 16 For a 3×3 skew-symmetric matrix A, show that adj A is a symmetric matrix.

0 a b  c 2  bc ca 
   2 
Solution : A=   a 0 c cof A =  bc b  ab
  b  c 0  ca  ab a 2 
 

 c 2  bc ca 
 2 
adj A = (cof A) =  bc b  ab which is symmetric.
 ca  ab a 2 
 

2 0
0
Example # 17 If A = 2 0  , then adj (adj A) is
2 equal to -
22 2 
1 0 0  1 0 0 1 0 0 
1 1 0   0   
(A) 8   (B) 16 1 1 (C) 64 1 1 0  (D) none of these
1 1 1  1 1 1  1 1 1 

2 0 0
Solution : |A| = 2 2 0 = 8
2 2 2
Now adj (adj A) = |A|3–2 A

2 0 0 1 0 0 
 
= 8 2 2 0 = 16 1 1 0  Ans. (B)
2 2 2 1 1 1 

Inverse of a matrix (reciprocal matrix) :

1
Let A be a non-singular matrix. Then the matrix adj A is the
|A|
multiplicative inverse of A (we call it inverse of A) and is denoted by A–1.
We have A (adj A) = |A| n = (adj A) A

17
Matrices & Determinant

 1   1 
 A  adj A  = n =  adj A  A, for A is non-singular
| A |  | A | 
1
 A–1 = adj A.
|A|
Remarks :
1. The necessary and sufficient condition for existence of inverse of A is that A is non-singular.
2. A–1 is always non-singular.
3. If A = dia (a11, a22, ....., ann) where aii  0  i, then A–1 = diag (a11– 1, a22–1, ...., ann–1).
4. (A–1) = (A)–1 for any non-singular matrix A. Also adj (A) = (adj A).
5. (A–1)–1 = A if A is non-singular.
1 –1
6. Let k be a non-zero scalar & A be a non-singular matrix. Then (kA)–1 = A .
k
1
7. |A–1| = | A | for |A|  0.
8. Let A be a non-singular matrix. Then AB = AC  B = C & BA = CA  B= C.
9. A is non-singular and symmetric  A–1 is symmetric.
10. (AB)–1 = B–1 A–1 if A and B are non- singular.
11. In general AB = 0 does not imply A = 0 or B = 0. But if A is non-singular and AB = 0, then B = 0.
Similarly B is non-singular and AB = 0  A = 0. Therefore, AB = 0  either both are singular or one of
them is 0.

Example # 18 Prove that if A is non-singular matrix such that A is symmetric then A–1 is also symmetric.
Solution : AT = A [ A is a symmetric matrix]
(AT)–1 = A–1 [since A is non-singular matrix]
 (A–1)T = A–1 Hence proved

1
 1  tan  / 2   1 tan  / 2 
Example # 19  tan  / 2    tan  / 2  is equal to -
 1   1 

 sin   cos    cos  sin   cos   sin  

(A)   (B)   (C)   (D) none of these
cos  sin     sin  cos    sin  cos  

1
 1 tan  / 2  1  1  tan  / 2 
Solution :  tan  / 2  = 2  
 1  sec  / 2  tan  / 2 1 

1  1  tan  / 2   1  tan  / 2 
 Product = 2    tan  / 2 
sec  / 2  tan  / 2 1   1 
1 1  tan 2  / 2 2 tan  / 2 
= 2  
sec  / 2  2 tan  / 2 1  tan 2  / 2 

cos2  / 2 sin 2  / 2 2 sin  / 2 cos  / 2  cos   sin  

=   =   Ans. (C)
 2 sin  / 2 cos  / 2 cos 2  / 2  sin 2  / 2   sin  cos  

18
Matrices & Determinant

0 1 
0 1 2  1 0  –1
Example # 20 If A =  , B=  and M = AB, then M is equal to-
2 2 0  
1 1 

2 2   1 / 3 1 / 3 1 / 3 1 / 3  1/ 3 1 / 3 
(A)  (B)  (C)  (D) 
2 1  
 1 / 3 1 / 6  1 / 3 1 / 6   1 / 3 1 / 6 

0 1 
0 1 2  1 0  1 2
Solution : M=    = 
2 2 0  1 1   2 2 
 
2 2 
|M| = 6 , adj M = 
2 1 
1 2 2  1 / 3 1 / 3 
 M–1 = 6   Ans. (C)
2 1  1 / 3 1 / 6 

1 3 3 
 
1 4 3
Example # 21 : If A =  , then verify that A adj A = | A | . Also find A–1
1 3 4
Solution : We have | A | = 1 (16 – 9) – 3 (4 – 3) + 3 (3 – 4) = 1  0
Now C11 = 7, C12 = – 1, C13 = – 1, C21 = – 3, C22 = 1, C23 = 0,C31 = – 3, C32 = 0, C33 = 1

 7 – 3 – 3
 
–1 1 0 
Therefore adj A = 
 – 1 0 1 

1 3 3  7 – 3 – 3 7 – 3 – 3 – 3  3  0 – 3  0  3 
    
1 4 3 – 1 1 0  7 – 4 – 3 – 3  4  0 – 3  0  3
Now A(adj A) =  = 
1 3 4  – 1 0 1  7 – 3 – 4 – 3  3  0 – 3  0  4

1 0 0 1 0 0
   
0 1 0 0 1 0
=  = (1)  = |A|. I
0 0 1 0 0 1

 7 – 3 – 3  7 – 3 – 3
1 1    
Also A–1 = adj A = – 1 1 0 
= 
–1 1 0 
|A| 1  – 1 0 1   – 1 0 1 

2 3 
Example # 22 : Show that the matrix A =   satisfies the equation A2 – 4A + I = O, where I is 2 × 2 identity
 1 2
matrix and O is 2 × 2 zero matrix. Using the equation, find A–1 .
2 3  2 3  7 12
Solution : We have A2 = A.A =     =  
 1 2  1 2 4 7 

7 12 8 12  1 0 0 0
Hence A2 – 4A + I =   –   +   =   =0
 4 7   4 8  0 1 0 0
Now A2 – 4A + I = 0
Therefore A A – 4A = – I
or AA(A–1) – 4 A A–1 = – I A–1 (Post multiplying by A–1 because |A| 0)
or A (A A–1) – 4I = – A–1

19
Matrices & Determinant
or AI – 4I = – A–1
4 0  2 3   2 – 3
or A–1 = 4I – A =   –   =  
0 4   1 2 – 1 2 

 2 – 3
Hence A–1 =  
– 1 2 

Elementary row transformation of matrix :

The following operations on a matrix are called as elementary row transformations.
(a) Interchanging two rows.
(b) Multiplications of all the elements of row by a nonzero scalar.
(c) Addition of constant multiple of a row to another row.
Note : Similar to above we have elementary column transformations also.
Remarks : Two matrices A & B are said to be equivalent if one is obtained from other using elementary
transformations. We write A  B.
Finding inverse using Elementry operations
(i) Using row transformations :
If A is a matrix such that A–1 exists, then to find A–1 using elementary row operations,
Step I : Write A = IA and
Step II : Apply a sequence of row operation on A = IA till we get, I = BA.
The matrix B will be inverse of A.
Note : In order to apply a sequence of elementary row operations on the matrix equation X = AB, we will
apply these row operatdions simultaneously on X and on the first matrix A of the product AB on RHS.
(ii) Using column transformations :
If A is a matrix such that A–1 exists, then to find A–1 using elementary column operations,
Step I : Write A = AI and
Step II : Apply a sequence of column operations on A = AI till we get, I = AB.
The matrix B will be inverse of A.
Note : In order to apply a sequence of elementary column operations on the matrix equation X = AB, we
will apply these row operatdions simultaneously on X and on the second matrix B of the product AB on
RHS.

0 1 2
 
1 2 3
Example # 23 : Obtain the inverse of the matrix A =  using elementary operations.
3 1 1

0 1 2 1 0 0
   
1 2 3 0 1 0
Solution : Write A = IA, i.e.,  =  A
3 1 1 0 0 1

1 2 3 0 1 0 
   
or 0 1 2 =  1 0 0  A (applying R1  R2)
3 1 1 0 0 1

1 2 3  0 1 0
   
 0 1 2  = 1 0 0 A (applying R3  R3 – 3R1)
or
0 – 5 – 8 0 – 3 1

1 0 – 1  – 2 1 0
   
or 0 1 2 
= 
1 0 0
A (applying R1  R1 – 2R2)
0 – 5 – 8  0 – 3 1

20
Matrices & Determinant

 1 0 – 1  – 2 1 0
   
or 0 1 2  =  1 0 0
A (applying R3  R3 + 5R2)
0 0 2   5 – 3 1

 
 1 0 – 1 – 2 1 0
   
or  0 1 2  =  1 0 0  A (applying R  1 R )
3
0 0 1   2 3
 5 –3 1
 2 2 2 

1 1 1
2 –
1 0 0 2 2
   
or  0 1 2  =  1 0 0
 A (Applying R1  R1 + R3)
0 0 1 5 3 1
2 –
 2 2 

 1 –1 1
1 0 0  2 2 2
   
or 0 1 0 =  – 4 3 – 1 A (Applying R  R – 2R )
2 2 3
0 0 1  
 5 –3 1
 2 2 2 


 1 1 1
 2 –2 2
 
Hence A–1 = – 4 3 – 1
 
 5 3 1
 2 –2 2 


CRAMER'S RULE (SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS) :

Simultaneous linear equations

Consistent Inconsistent
(at least one solution) (no solution)

Exactly one solution Infinite solutions

or
Unique solution

Trivial solution Non trivial solution

All variable At least one

zero is the non zero variable
only solution satisfies the system

21
Matrices & Determinant
(a) Equations involving two variables :
(i) Consistent Equations : Definite & unique solution (Intersecting lines)
(ii) Inconsistent Equations : No solution (Parallel lines)
(iii) Dependent Equations : Infinite solutions (Identical lines)
Let, a1x + b1y + c1 = 0
a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 then :
a 1 b1
(1)   Given equations are consistent with unique solution
a 2 b2

a 1 b1 c1
(2)    Given equations are inconsistent
a 2 b2 c2

a 1 b1 c1
(3)    Given equations are consistent with infinite solutions
a 2 b2 c2
(b) Equations Involving Three variables :
Let a1x + b1y + c1z = d1 ............ (i)

a2x + b2y + c2z = d2 ............ (ii)

a3x + b3y + c3z = d3 ............ (iii)

D1 D2 D3
Then, x = , y= , z= .
D D D

a1 b1 c1 d1 b1 c1 a1 d1 c1 a1 b1 d1
Where D = a 2 b2 c2 ; D1 = d 2 b2 c2 ; D2 = a 2 d2 c2 & D3 = a 2 b2 d2
a3 b3 c3 d3 b3 c3 a3 d3 c3 a3 b3 d3

Note :
(i) If D  0 and atleast one of D1 , D2 , D3  0, then the given system of equations is consistent
and has unique non trivial solution.
(ii) If D  0 & D1 = D2 = D3 = 0, then the given system of equations is consistent and has trivial
solution only.
(iii) If D = D1 = D2 = D3 = 0, then the given system of equations is consistent and has infinite solutions.

a 1 x  b1 y  c1 z  d1 

Note that In case a 1 x  b1 y  c1 z  d 2  (Atleast two of d1 , d2 & d3 are not equal)
a 1 x  b1 y  c1 z  d 3 

D = D1= D2 = D3 = 0. But these three equations represent three parallel planes. Hence the
system is inconsistent.
(iv) If D = 0 but atleast one of D1, D2, D3 is not zero then the equations are inconsistent and have
no solution.

(c) Homogeneous system of linear equations :

Let a1x + b1y + c1z = 0 ............ (i)
a2x + b2y + c2z = 0 ............ (ii)
a3x + b3y + c3z = 0 ............ (iii)
 D1 = D2 = D3 = 0
 The system always possesses atleast one solution x = 0, y = 0, z = 0, which is called Trivial
solution, i.e. this system is always consistent.

22
Matrices & Determinant
Check value of D

D 0  D=0

Unique Trivial solution Trivial & Non-Trivial solutions (infinite solutions)
Note that if a given system of linear equations has Only Zero solutions for all its variables then the
given equations are said to have TRIVIAL SOLUTION.
Also, note that if the system of equations a1x + b1y + c1 = 0; a2x + b2y + c2 = 0; a3x + b3y + c3 = 0

a1 b1 c1
is always consistent then a 2 b2 c 2  0 but converse is NOT true.
a3 b3 c3

Example # 24 : Find the nature of solution for the given system of equations :
x + 2y + 3z = 1; 2x + 3y + 4z = 3; 3x + 4y + 5z = 0
1 2 3
Solution : D= 2 3 4 =0
3 4 5

1 2 3
Now, D1 = 3 3 4 =5
0 4 5
 D = 0 but D1  0
Hence no solution. Ans.

Example # 25 : Find the value of , if the following equations are consistent :

x + y – 3 = 0; (1 + )x + (2 + )y – 8 = 0; x – (1 + )y + (2 + ) = 0

Solution : The given equations in two unknowns are consistent, then  = 0
1 1 3
1 2  8 0
i.e.
1 (1   ) 2  
Applying C2  C2 – C1 and C3  C3 + 3C1

1 0 0
1 1 3  5  0

1 2   5 

 (5   )  (3   5 )(2   )  0  3 2  2   5  0

   1,  5 / 3

23
Matrices & Determinant
Example # 26 : If the system of equations x + y + 1 = 0, x + y + 1 = 0 & x + y +  = 0. is consistent then find
the value of .
Solution : For consistency of the given system of equations

1  1
D  1 1 0
1 1 

 3 = 1 + 1 + 3 or 3 – 3 + 2 = 0  (–1)2 ( + 2) = 0   = 1 or  =–2 Ans.

Example # 27 : If x, y, z are not all simultaneously equal to zero, satisfying the system of equations

sin(3) x – y + z = 0; cos(2)x + 4y + 3z = 0; 2x + 7y + 7z = 0, then find the values of (0    2 ) .

Solution : Given system of equations is a system of homogeneous linear equations which posses non-zero
solution set, therefore D = 0.

sin 3  1 0
sin3  1 1
cos 2  4 7
 D = cos 2  4 3  D= (C3  C3 + C2)
2 7 14
2 7 7

sin 3  1 0
R3
D = cos 2   1 0.5 0 (R2  R2 – )
2
2 7 14

 sin 3  
D = 14   cos 2   1 
 2 
 D=0
 sin3 + 2cos2 – 2 = 0
 3sin– 4sin3 = 4sin2  (sin)(4sin2 + 4sin – 3) = 0

1 3
 (sin)(2sin – 1)(2sin + 3) = 0  sin = 0 ; sin   ; sin  = –
2 2

1  5 3
sin = 0   = 0, , 2; sin    , ; sin     no solution.
2 6 6 2

 5
   0, , , , 2  Ans.
6 6

System of linear equations & matrices : Consider the system

a11 x 1 + a12x2 + .......... + a1nx n = b1
a21x 1 + a22 x2 + ..........+ a2n x n = b2
.................................................
am1x1 + am2x 2 + ..........+ amnxn = bn.

 b1 
 a11 a12 .......... a1n   x1   

a 21 a 22 .......... a 2n 
  
x b 2 
A =   2
Let ,X= & B =  ...  .
..... ..... .......... .....  ....   
     ... 
 m1 a m2
a .......... a mn  x
 n b 
 n

24
Matrices & Determinant
Then the above system can be expressed in the matrix form as AX = B.
The system is said to be consistent if it has atleast one solution.

System of linear equations and matrix inverse:

If the above system consist of n equations in n unknowns, then we have AX = B where A is a square
matrix.

Results : (1) If A is non-singular, solution is given by X = A–1B.

(2) If A is singular, (adj A) B = 0 and all the columns of A are not proportional, then the
system has infinitely many solutions.
(3) If A is singular and (adj A) B  0, then the system has no solution
(we say it is inconsistent).

xyz6
Example # 28 : Solve the system x  y  z  2 using matrix inverse.
2x  y  z  1

1 1 1  x 6
     
Solution : Let A = 1  1 1  , X =  y  & B = 2 .
2 1  1  z   1
Then the system is AX = B.
|A| = 6. Hence A is non singular.

0 3 3
 
Cofactor A = 2  3 1 
2 0  2

0 2 2
 
adj A = 3  3 0 
3 1  2
0 2 2  0 1/ 3 1/ 3 
1 1    
A–1 = | A | adj A =  3  3 0  = 1/ 2  1/ 2 0 
6
3 1  2 1/ 2 1/ 6  1/ 3

 0 1/ 3 1/ 3  6 x 1

       
X = A–1 B = 1/ 2  1/ 2 0 
 2 i.e.  y  = 2
1/ 2 1/ 6  1/ 3  1  z  3
 x = 1, y = 2, z = 3.

CAYLEY - HAMILTON THEOREM :

Every square matrix A satisfy its characteristic equation
i.e. a0xn + a1xn–1 + ........ + an–1x + an = 0 is the characteristic equation of A, then
a0An + a1An–1 + ........ + an–1A + anI = O
Note : This theorem is helpful to find the inverse of any non-singular square matrix.
i.e. a0An + a1An–1 + ........ + an–1A + anI = O
On multiplying by A–1 on both the sides of above equation, we get
1
A–1 = 
an

a 0 A n 1  a 1 A n 2  ......a n 1 I 

25
Matrices & Determinant

1 2 0
Example # 29 : If A = 2 1 0  , show that 5A–1 = A2 + A – 5I
0 0 1 
Solution : We have the characteristic equation of A.
|A – xI| = 0
1x 2 0
2 1  x 0
i.e. =0
0 0 1  x
i.e. x3 + x2 – 5x – 5 = 0
Using Cayley – Hamilton theorem
A3 + A2 – 5A – 5I = O  5I = A3 + A2 – 5A
–1 –1 2
Multiplying by A , we get 5A = A + A – 5I

26
Matrices and Determinant

Exercise-1 (Bronze)
PART - I : SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
Section (A): Matrix, Algebra of Matrix, Transpose, symmetric and skew symmetric matrix

A-1. Construct a 3 × 2 matrix whose elements are given by aij = 2i – j.

4  1  0  1 0  2
A-2. Let A + B + C =   , 4A + 2B + C =  3 2  and 9A + 3B + C = 2 1  then find A
0 0     

4 6  1  2 4
   
A-3. Let A = 3 0 2  , B =  0 1 and C = [3 1 2].
 1  2 5   1 2
Then which of the products ABC, ACB, BAC, BCA, CAB, CBA are defined. Calculate the product
whichever is defined.

A-4. Find the value of x and y that satisfy the equations.

3  2 3 3
  y y  
3 0   x x   3y 3y
2 4    10 10

1 2 
4 5 6
If A = 3  4 and B = 
7  8 2
A-5. , will AB be equal to BA. Also find AB & BA.
5 6  

 
 0  tan 
If A =  2 show that (+ A) = (– A) cos  sin 
  sin cos 
A-6.
 
tan 0 
 2 

cosx  sinx 0
A-7.

Given F(x) =  sinx cosx 0 . If x R Then for what values of y, F(x + y) = F(x) F(y).
 0 0 1

 1 1 1
2 3  1 0 1
A-8. Given A = 2 4 1 , B = 3 4 . Find P such that BPA = 0 1 0
2 3 1    

2 1 9 3
A-9. Given A=   ; B=   . I is a unit matrix of order 2. Find all possible matrix X in the following
2 1 3 1
cases.
(i) AX = A (ii) XA = I (iii) XB = O but BX  O.

2 2
A-10. Let A = [aij]n × n where aij = i – j . Show that A is skew-symmetric matrix.

27
Matrices and Determinant

 1 4 6  0 2 3   1 7 9
If C = 7 2 5  2 0 4 4 2 8 , then trace of C + C + C + ........ + C is
   3 5 99
A-11.
9 8 3  3  4 0 6 5 3

 1 x 1  3 3 z 
   
A-12. Given matrices A =  x 2 y  ; B =  3 2  3
 1 y 3  z  3 1 
Obtain x, y and z if the matrix AB is symmetric.

 3 a  1  d 3 a 
   
A-13. A =  2 5 c  is Symmetric and B =  b  a e  2b  c  is Skew Symmetric, then find AB.
b 8 2   2 6  f 
  
Is AB a symmetric, Skew Symmetric or neither of them. Justify your answer.

Section (B) : Determinant of Matrix

0 1 sec 
B-1. If the minor of three-one element (i.e. M31) in the determinant tan  sec  tan is 1 then find the
1 0 1
value of . (0 ).

B-2. Using the properties of determinants, evaluate:

23 6 11 0 c b
(i) 36 5 26 (ii)  c 0 a
63 13 37 b a 0

0 ba c a b 2  ab b  c bc  ac
(iii) a  b 0 c b (iv) ab  a 2 a  b b 2  ab
ac bc 0 bc  ac c  a ab  a 2

103 115 114 113 116 104 13  3 2 5 5

(v) 111 108 106  108 106 111 (vi) 15  26 5 10
104 113 116 115 114 103 3  65 15 5

B-3. Prove that :

1 1 1
(i) a b c = (a b) (b c) (c a) (a + b + c)
a3 b3 c3

a b  c a2
(ii) b c  a b 2 = (a + b + c) (a b) (b c) (c a)
c a  b c2

bc a a
(iii) b c a b = 4 abc
c c ab

28
Matrices and Determinant

1 a2 a4 1 1 1
2 4
(iv) 1 b b = (a + b) (b + c) (c + a) a b c
1 c2 c4 a2 b2 c2

abc 2a 2a
(v) 2b bc a 2b = (a + b + c) 3 .
2c 2c c ab

1 a bc
B-4. Show that 1 b ca = (a – b) (b – c) (c – a) by using factor theorem .
1 c ab

n! (n  1) ! (n  2) !
 D 
B-5. For a fixed positive integer n, if D = (n  1) ! (n  2) ! (n  3) ! then show that  3
 4 is divisible
(n  2) ! (n  3) ! (n  4) !  (n ! ) 
by n.

th th th
B-6. If a, b, c are positive and are the p , q , r terms respectively of a G.P., without expanding show that,
loga p 1
logb q 1 = 0
logc r 1

x3  1 x2 x
B-7. If y 3  1 y 2 y = 0 and x , y , z are all different then, prove that xyz = – 1.
z3  1 z2 z

tan(A  P) tan(B  P) tan(C  P)

B-8. Show that the value of the determinant tan(A  Q) tan(B  Q) tan(C  Q) vanishes for all values of
tan(A  R) tan(B  R) tan(C  R)
A, B, C, P, Q & R where A + B + C + P + Q + R = 0

B-9. Find the non zero roots of the equation, 

a b ax  b 15  2x 11 10
(i) Δ  b c bx  c  0 (ii) 11 3x 17 16  0
ax  b bx  c c 7x 14 13

x  2 2x  3 3x  4
B-10. Solve for x : x  4 2x  9 3x  16 = 0.
x  8 2x  27 3x  64

S0 S1 S2
If Sr =  +  +  then show that S1
r r r
B-11. S2 S 3 = ()2 ()2 ()2.
S2 S3 S4

a1l1  b1m1 a1l2  b1m2 a1l3  b1m3

B-12. Show that a 2l1  b 2m1 a 2l2  b 2m2 a 2l3  b 2m3 = 0.
a3l1  b3m1 a3l2  b3m2 a 3l3  b 3m 3

29
Matrices and Determinant

(β γ  α δ) 4 (β γ  α δ) 2 1
B-13. Prove that ( γ  α β δ) 4 ( γ  α β δ) 2 1 = – 64 (  )(  )(  )(  ) (  ) ( )
( α β γ  δ ) 4 ( α β  γ  δ ) 2 1

pa qb rc a b c
B-14. If p + q + r = 0, prove that qc ra pb = pqr c a b
rb pc qa b c a

ex sinx 2
B-15. If = A + Bx + Cx + ....., then find the value of A and B.
cosx n1 x 

   
2r 1 2 3 r 1 4 5 r 1 n
B-16. If Dr = x y z then prove that D r =0
2 1 3 1 5 1
n n n r 1

Section (C) : Cofactor matrix, adj matrix and inverse of matrix

 4 4 5 
For the matrix A =  2 3  3 find A .
–2
C-1.
 3  3 4 

n–2
C-2. (i) Prove that (adj adj A) = |A| A
(ii) Find the value of |adj adj adj A| in terms of |A|

 3 1 1  1 2  2
If A =  15 6  5 & B =  1 3 0  , find (AB)
–1 –1
C-3. 
 5  2 2   0  2 1 

–1
C-4. If A is a symmetric and B skew symmetric matrix and (A + B) is non-singular and C = (A + B) (A – B),
then prove that
T T
(i) C (A + B) C = A + B (ii) C (A – B) C = A – B

0 1 2 1/2  1/2 1/2

If A =  1 2 3 , A =  4 c  , then find values of a & c.
–1
C-5.  3
3 a 1 5/2  3/2 1/2

Section (D) : Characteristic equation and system of equations

3 2 2 –1
D-1. For the matrix A =   find a & b so that A + aA + b= 0. Hence find A .
 1 1

D-2. Find the total number of possible square matrix A of order 3 with all real entries, whose adjoint matrix B
has characteristics polynomial equation as  –  + + 1 = 0.
3 2

 1 1 2
D-3.
 
If A = 0 2 1 , show that A = (5A – ) (A – )
3

 1 0 2

30
 Matrices and Determinant

z  ay  a 2 x  a 3  0
D-4. Solve the system of equations ; z  by  b 2 x  b 3  0 , a  b  c
z  cy  c 2 x  c 3  0

D-5. Show that the system of equations

3x – y + 4z = 3 , x + 2y – 3z = –2 and 6x + 5y +  z = – 3
has atleast one solution for any real number . Find the set of solutions of  = –5.

D-6. Apply Cramer's rule to solve the following simultaneous equations.

(i) 2 x + y + 6 z = 46
5 x 6 y + 4 z = 15
7 x + 4 y 3 z = 19
(ii) x 2y + 3z = 2
x–y+z=3
5x – 11y + z = 17

4 3 6 6
D-7. Solve using Cramer’s rule   1 &   5 .
x5 y7 x5 y7

D-8. Find those values of c for which the equations:

2x+3y=3
(c + 2) x + (c + 4) y = c + 6
(c + 2)² x + (c + 4)² y = (c + 6)² are consistent.
Also solve above equations for these values of c.

D-9. Solve the following systems of linear equations by matrix method.

(i) 2x y + 3z = 8 (ii) x+y+z=9
  x + 2y + z = 4 2x + 5y + 7z = 52
3x + y 4z = 0 2x + y z = 0

D-10. Investigate for what values of , the simultaneous equations

x + y + z = 6; x + 2 y + 3 z = 10 & x + 2 y + z = have;
(a) A unique solution
(b) An infinite number of solutions.
(c) No solution.

 4 4 4  1  1 1 
D-11. Determine the product   7 1 3  1  2  2 and use it to solve the system of

 5  3  1 2 1 3 
equations x – y + z = 4, x – 2 y – 2 z = 9, 2 x + y + 3 z = 1.

3 2 1  x   b 
D-12.
    
Determine the values of a and b for which the system 5  8 9  y    3 
2 1 a  z   1
(i) has a unique solution ; (ii) has no solution and (iii) has infinitely many solutions

3  2 3  3 0 3  x  8  2y
1 2 1  1        
D-13. Compute A , if A =   Hence solve the matrix equations 2 1 0  y    1   z 
4  3 2  4 0 2  z  4 3y

31
Matrices and Determinant

D-14. Which of the following statement(s) is/are true

4x  5y  2z  2
S1 : The system of equations 5x  4y  2z  3 is Inconsistent.
2x  2y  8z  1

S2 : A matrix ‘A’ has 6 elements. The number of possible orders of A is 6.

10 0 
S3 : For any 2 × 2 matrix A, if A (adjA) =   , then |A| = 10.
 0 10

S4 : If A is skew symmetric, then BAB is also skew symmetric.

 1 0 2
If, A = 0 2 1 , then show that the maxtrix A is a root of the polynomial f (x) = x – 6x + 7x + 2.
3 2
D-15.
2 0 3

PART - II : OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

Section (A): Matrix, Algebra of Matrix, Transpose, symmetric and skew symmetric matrix

x 2  x x  0  1 0  2
A-1.     then x is equal to –
 3 2  x  1 x  5 1 
(A) – 1 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) No value of x

a b p 0
A-2. Let A =   and B = q  0 . Such that AB = B and a + d = 5050. Find the value of (ad – bc).
c d    
(A) 5050 (B) 5051 (C) 5049 (D) none

 1  5 4 0
A-3.
 
If A = 2 and B =  0
 2  1 , then
3   1  3 2 
 5 8 0
(A) AB =  0  4  2 (B) AB = [– 2 –1 4]
 3  9 6 
  1
(C) AB =  1  (D) AB does not exist
 1 

A-4. Matrix A has x rows and x + 5 columns. Matrix B has y rows and 11 – y columns. Both AB and BA exist,
then -
(A) x = 3, y = 4 (B) x = 4, y = 3 (C) x = 3, y = 8 (D) x = 8, y = 3

1 0  0 1  cos θ sin θ 
A-5. If =   ,J=   and B =   , then B =
0 1  1 0  sin θ cos θ
(A) cos+ Jsin (B) cos– Jsin (C) sin+ Jcos (D) – cos+ Jsin
32
Matrices and Determinant

If A = diag (2, 1, 3), B = diag (1, 3, 2), then A B =

2
A-6.
(A) diag (5, 4, 11) (B) diag (4, 3, 18) (C) diag (3, 1, 8) (D) B

 1 0 0  1 0
     
A-7. Let A =  2 1 0  . If u1 and u2 are column matrices such that Au1 =  0  and Au2 =  1  , then u1 + u2 is
 3 2 1 0 0
     
equal to :
  1   1   1 1
       
(A)  1  (B)  1  (C)   1 (D)   1
0   1 0   1
       

p q
A-8. Let A =   such that det(A) = r where p, q, r all prime numbers, then trace of A is equal to
q p 
(A) 6 (B) 5 (C) 2 (D) 3

0 1  31
and(A + A + A + A + ) V =   .
8 6 4 2
A-9. A=  
2 0  62
(Where is the (2 × 2) identity matrix), then the product of all elements of matrix V is
(A) 2 (B) 1 (C) 3 (D) –2

A-10. Let A and B be two symmetric matrices of order 3.

Statement-1 : A(BA) and (AB)A are symmetric matrices.
Statement-2 : AB is symmetric matrix if matrix multiplication of A with B is commutative.
(A) Statement -1 is true, Statement -2 is true; Statement -2 is a correct explanation for Statement -1.
(B) Statement -1 is true, Statement -2 is true; Statement -2 is true; Statement -2 is not
a correct explanation for Statement -1.
(C) Statement -1 is true, Statement -2 is false.
(D) Statement -1 is false, Statement -2 is true.

3x 2  x  22 5x 2 2x 

   
A-11. Let A =  1  , B = [a b c] and C =  5x 2
2x x  12 
 6x 
 
 2x

x  22 5x2 
Where a, b, c and x R, Given that tr (AB) = tr(C), then the value of (a + b + c).
(A) 7 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) 4

Section (B) : Determinant of Matrix

B-1. If A and B are square matrices of order 3 such that |A| = – 1, |B| = 3, then |3AB| is equal to
(A) – 9 (B) – 81 (C) – 27 (D) 81

a a 1 a 1 a 1 b 1 c 1
B-2. Let a, b, c be such that b(a + c) 0. If  b b  1 b  1  a  1 b 1 c  1 = 0. Then the
c c  1 c  1  1n 2 a  1n1b  1n c
value of 'n' is -
(A) zero (B) any even integer (C) any odd integer (D) any integer

33
Matrices and Determinant

cos1x cos1y cos1z 

 
B-3. Let A = cos1y cos1z cos1x  such that |A| = 0, then maximum value of x + y + z is
cos1z cos1x cos1y 
 
(A) 3 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) 2

18 40 89
B-4. Evaluate 40 89 198
89 198 440
(A) 1 (B) 8 (C) –1 (D) none

1 2 1
B-5. The absolute value of the determinant 3  2 2 2  2 2 1 is:
32 2 22 2 1
(A) 16 2 (B) 8 2 (C) 8 (D) none
  
If , & are the roots of the equation x + px + q = 0, then the value of the determinant    =
3
B-6.
  
(C) p 2q
2
(A) p (B) q (D) none

B-7. Let P and Q be 3 × 3 matrices P Q. If P = Q and P Q = Q P, then determinant of (P + Q ) is equal

3 3 2 3 2 2

to :
(A) – 2 (B) 1 (C) 0 (D) – 1

a x
 a x  a
2 x
 a x 
2
1
B-8. If a, b, c > 0 & x, y, z R, then the determinant a y
a y 2
 b y
b b 2
 1=
c z
c z 2
 c z
c z 2
 1

(B) axbycz
x y z 2x 2y 2z
(A) a b c (C) a b c (D) zero

1 x x 1
B-9. If f(x) = 2x x(x  1) (x  1)x then f(100) is equal to :
3x(x  1) x(x  1)(x  2) (x  1)x(x  1)
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 100 (D) –100

b 2c 2 bc b  c
B-10. If a, b & c are non-zero real numbers, then D = c 2a 2 ca c  a =
a 2b 2 ab a  b
2 2 2
(A) abc (B) a b c (C) bc + ca + ab (D) zero

b1  c 1 c 1  a1 a1  b1
B-11. The determinant b 2  c 2 c 2  a2 a2  b2 =
b3  c 3 c 3  a3 a3  b3
a1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1
(A) a 2 b2 c2 (B) 2 a 2 b2 c2 (C) 3 a 2 b2 c2 (D) none of these
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3

34
 Matrices and Determinant
2
B-12. Let A be a 2 × 2 matrix with non-zero entries and let A = I, where I is 2 × 2 identity matrix.
Tr(A) = sum of diagonal elements of A and |A| = determinant of matrix A.
Statement -1 : Tr(A) = 0
Statement -2 : |A| = 1
(A) Statement -1 is true, Statement-2 is true ; Statement -2 is not a correct explanation for
Statement - 1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false.
(C) Statement -1 is false, Statement -2 is true.
(D) Statement -1 is true, Statement -2 is true; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1.

x xy xyz
B-13. If x, y, z R & = 2x 5x  2y 7x  5y  2z = 16 then value of x is
3x 7x  3y 9x  7y  3z
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 2 (D) 3

2a b e f 2d e
B-14. If 1 = 2d e f , 2 = 2z 4x 2y , then the value of 1 – 2 is
4x 2y 2z e 2a b
y
(A) x + +z (B) 2 (C) 0 (D) 3
2

cosθ     sinθ    cos2

B-15. The determinant sinθ cosθ sin is:
 cosθ sinθ cos
(A) 0 (B) independent of 
 (C) independent of     (D) independent of & both

B-16. Let A be set of all determinants of order 3 with entries 0 or 1, B be the subset of A consisting of all
determinants with value 1 and C be the subset of A consisting of all determinants with value –1. Then
STATEMENT -1 : The number of elements in set B is equal to number of elements in set C.
and
STATEMENT-2 : (B C) A
(A) STATEMENT-1 is true, STATEMENT-2 is true and STATEMENT-2 is correct explanation for
STATEMENT-1
(B) STATEMENT-1 is true, STATEMENT-2 is true and STATEMENT-2 is not correct explanation for
STATEMENT-1
(C) STATEMENT-1 is true, STATEMENT-2 is false
(D) STATEMENT-1 is false, STATEMENT-2 is true
(E) Both STATEMENTS are false

 2 7 3
 
Let A =  0 0  2  and A = , then is
4
B-17.
0 2 0 
 
(A) – 16 (B) 16 (C) 8 (D) –8

Section (C) : Cofactor matrix, adj matrix and inverse of matrix.

C-1. Let A be a 2 × 2 matrix.
Statement-1 : adj(adj (A)) = A.
Statement-2 : |adj A| = |A|
(A) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is not a correct explanation for Statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false.
(C) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true.
(D) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1.

35
Matrices and Determinant

1 2
If A = 
1
C-2. , then adj A =
2
1  2 2 1  1  2  1 2 
(A) 
1 
(B)   (C)   (D)  
 2  1 1  2  1  2  1

C-3. Identify statements S1, S2, S3 in order for true(T)/false(F)

cosθ  sinθ 0
S1 : If A =,  sinθ cosθ 0 then adj A = A'
 0 0 1
a 0 0 a 0 0
S2 : If A = 0 b 0 , then A = 0 b 0
  1

0 0 c  0 0 c 
–1
S3 : If B is a non-singular matrix and A is a square matrix, then det (B AB) = det (A)
(A) TTF (B) FTT (C) TFT (D) TTT

C-4. If A, B are two n × n non-singular matrices, then

(A) AB is non-singular (B) AB is singular
–1 –1 –1 –1
(C) (AB) = A B (D) (AB) does not exist

1 2  1 0
Let A =   and B = 
2
C-5. and X be a matrix such that A = BX, then X is equal to
3  5 0
1 2 4  1  2 4 2 4 
(A)   (B)   (C)   (D) none of these
2 3  5 2  3 5 3  5

  1 2  3
C-6. Let A =  2 0 3  be a matrix, then (det A) x (adj A– 1) is equal to
 3  3 1 
  1 2  3  3 3 1 
(A) O3 × 3 (B) 3 (C)  2 0 3  (D)  3 0  2
 3  3 1   1 2  3

a 2  x 2 ab  cx ac  bx x c  b
 
C-7. STATEMENT-1 : If A = ab  xc b 2  x 2 bc  ax  and B =  c x a  , then |A| =|B| .
2

 ax  bx bc  ax c 2  x 2   b  a x 
 
c c n–1
STATEMENT-2 : If A is cofactor matrix of a square matrix A of order n then |A | = |A| .
(A) STATEMENT-1 is true, STATEMENT-2 is true and STATEMENT-2 is correct explanation for
STATEMENT-1
(B) STATEMENT-1 is true, STATEMENT-2 is true and STATEMENT-2 is not correct explanation for
STATEMENT-1
(C) STATEMENT-1 is true, STATEMENT-2 is false
(D) STATEMENT-1 is false, STATEMENT-2 is true
(E) Both STATEMENTS are false

Section (D) : Characteristic equation and system of equations

 1 0 2
D-1.
 
If A = 0 2 1 is a root of polynomial x – 6x + 7x + k = 0, then the value of k is
3 2

2 0 3
(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) –2 (D) 1
36
Matrices and Determinant

D-2. Consider the system of linear equations :

x1 + 2x2 + x3 = 3
2x1 + 3x2 + x3 = 3
3x1 + 5x2 + 2x3 = 1
The system has
(A) exactly 3 solutions (B) a unique solution (C) no solution (D) infinite number of solutions

D-3. The number of values of k for which the linear equations

4x + ky + 2z = 0
kx + 4y + z = 0
2x + 2y + z = 0
posses a non-zero solution is :
(A) 3 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) zero

a b
 (where bc 0) satisfies the equations x + k = 0, then
2
D-4 If A = 
 c d
(A) a + d = 0 & k = |A| (B) a – d = 0 & k = |A|
(C) a + d = 0 & k = –|A| (D) a + d 0 & k = |A|

D-5. If the system of equations x + 2y + 3z = 4, x + py + 2z = 3, x + 4y + z = 3 has an infinite number of

solutions and solution triplet is
 1
(A) p = 2, = 3 and (5 – 4, – 1 , ) (B) p = 2, = 4 and (5 – 4, , 2)
2
 1
(C) p = 2 and (5 – 4, – 1, 2) (D) p = 4, = 2 and (5 – 4, , )
2

D-6. If the trivial solution is the only solution of the system of equations
x – ky + z = 0
kx + 3y – kz = 0
3x + y – z = 0
then the set of all values of k is :
(A) R – {2, –3} (B) R – { 2 } (C) R – { –3 } (D) {2, –3}

D-7. Let and be real. Find the set of all values of for which the system of linear equations have infinite
solution real values of .
x + (sin )y + (cos ) z = 0
x + (cos )y + (sin ) z = 0
– x + (sin ) y + (cos ) z = 0
(A) (– , 2 )( 2 , ) (B) – 1
(C) (–5, – 2) (D) None of these

D-8. Find the real values of r for which the following system of linear equations has a non-trivial solution.
2 rx – 2y + 3z = 0
x + ry + 2z = 0
2x + rz = 0
(A) -2 (B) 2 (C) 0 (D) none

D-9. The value offor which the system of equations 2x – y – z = 12, x – 2y + z = –4, x + y + z = 4 has no
solution is
(A) 3 (B) –3 (C) 2 (D) –2

a o b  x  0
     
D-10. Let A = 1 e 1  y   0 where a,b, c, d, e {0, 1}
c o d  z  0
then number of such matrix A for which system of equation AX = O have unique solution.
(A) 16 (B) 6 (C) 5 (D) none

37
 Matrices and Determinant

D-11. If the system of equations ax + y + z = 0, x + by + z = 0 and x + y + cz = 0, where a, b, c 1, has a

1 1 1
nontrivial solution, then the value of   is
1 a 1 b 1 c
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

D-12. If A is 3 × 3 square matrix whose characteristic polynomial equations is  – 3 + 4 = 0 then trace of

3 2

adj A is
(A) 0 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) – 3

Exercise-2 (Silver)
PART - I : ONLY ONE OPTION CORRECT TYPE
1. Two matrices A and B have in total 6 different elements (none repeated) . How many different matrices
A and B are possible such that product AB is defined.
(A) 5(6!) (B) 3(6!) (C) 12(6!) (D) 8 (6!)

2. If AB = O for the matrices

 cos2 θ cos θsin θ  cos2  cos  sin  
A=   and B =   then – is
cos  sin  sin 2 
2
cos θ sin θ sin θ 
π
(A) an odd multiple of (B) an odd multiple of 
2
π
 (C) an even multiple of (D) 0
2

2 1 3 2  2 4 
3. Find the matrix A satisfying the matrix equation,  . A . 5  3  3  1
3 2    

 48  25 1  48  25 1 - 48 25 
(A)   (B)   (C)   (D) None
 70 42  19  70 42  19  70 - 42

3  4 n
4.  If X =   , then value of X is, (where n is natural number)
 1  1
3n  4n 2  n 5  n 3n  4 n  2n  1  4n 
(A)   (B)   (C)  n  (D) 
n n   n n  1  1n   n   2n  1

2 2
5. If A and B are two matrices such that AB = B and BA = A, then A + B =
(A) 2AB (B) 2BA (C) A + B (D) AB

Let P = [aij] be a 3 × 3 matrix and let Q = [bij], where bij = 2 aij for 1 i, j 3. If the determinant of P is 2,
i+j
6.
then the determinant of the matrix Q is
10 11 12 13
(A) 2 (B) 2 (C) 2 (D) 2

7. Find number of all possible ordered sets of two (n × n) matrices A and B for which AB – BA = 
2
(A) infinite (B) n (C) n! (D) zero

38
Matrices and Determinant

8. On which one of the parameter out of a, p, d or x, the value of the determinant

1 a a2
cosp  dx cospx cosp  dx does not depend.
sinp  dx sinpx sinp  dx
(A) p (B) x (C) d (D) a

2
9. If B, C are square matrices of order n and if A = B + C, BC = CB, C = O, then which of following is true
for any positive integer N.
N+1 N N N
(A) A = B (B + (N + 1) C) (B) A = B (B + (N + 1) C)
N+1 N+1 N
(C) A = B (B + (N + 1) C) (D) A = B (B + (N + 2) C)

T
10. Let M and N be two 2n × 2n non-singular skew-symmetric matrices such that MN = NM. If P denotes
2 2 T –1 –1 T
the transpose of P, then M N (M N) (MN ) is equal to
2 2 2
(A) M (B) – N (C) – M (D) MN

11. How many 3 × 3 skew symmetric matrices can be formed using numbers –2, –1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 0 (any
number can be used any number of times but 0 can be used at most 3 times)
(A) 8 (B) 27 (C) 64 (D) 54

If P is a 3 × 3 matrix such that P = 2P + I, where P is the transpose of P and  is the 3 × 3 identity

T T
12.
x  0
matrix, then there exists a column matrix X = y   0 such that
z  0
0 
(A) PX = 0  (B) PX = X (C) PX = 2X (D) PX = – X
0 

n
13. If A is a skew - symmetric matrix and n is an even positive integer, then A is
(A) a symmetric matrix (B) a skew-symmetric matrix
(C) a diagonal matrix (D) none of these

Suppose A is a matrix such that A = A and (+ A) = + kA, then k is

2 6
14.
(A) 128 (B) 64 (C) 63 (D) 31

15.  Number of 3 × 3 non symmetric matrix A such that A = A – and |A| 0, equals to
T 2

(A) 0 (B) 2 (C) 4 (D) Infinite

16.  Matrix A is such that A = 2A – , where  is the identity matrix. Then for n  2, A =
2 n
n–1 n–1
(A) nA – (n – 1) (B) nA –   (C) 2 A – (n – 1) (D) 2 A – 

ap  x u f
17. If the determinant b  q m  y v  g splits into exactly K determinants of order 3, each element of
c r nz w h
which contains only one term, then find the value of K =

(A) 16 (B) 10 (C) 6 (D) 8

1 0 0   1 0 0
18.
 
A = 0 1 1 , I =   6   
0 1 0 and A–1 =  1 A 2  cA  d I  , then the value of c and d are
0  2 4 0 0 1  

(A) –6, –11 (B) 6, 11 (C) –6, 11 (D) 6, – 11

39
Matrices and Determinant

 3 1 
   1 1
If P =  2 2 ,A= T T 2005
19. 0 1 and Q = PAP and x = P Q P, then x is equal to
 1 3  
  2 2 
1 2005 4  2005 3 6015 
(A)  (B)  
0 1   2005 4  2005 3 
1 2  3 1  1  2005 2 3
(C)   (D)  
4   1 2  3  4 2  3 2005 

bc c a ab
ab
20. If c  a a  b b  c  0 , where a, b, c R+ , then is
c
ab bc c a
(A) 3 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) 0

sinθ cos sin θ sin cos θ

21.  Let= cos θ cos cos θ sin  sin θ , then
 sin θ sin sin θ cos  0
(A) is independent of    (B) is independent of 
(C) is a constant (D) none of these

1  1 1  4 2 2
22. Let A = 2 1  3 and 10B =  5 0 α  . If B is the inverse of matrix A, then  is -
  
 1 1 1   1  2 3
(A) –2 (B) –1 (C) 2 (D) 5

1 a 2  a 4 1 ab  a 2b 2 1 ac  a 2c 2
23. = 1 ab  a 2b 2 1 b 2  b 4 1 bc  b 2c 2 is equal to
1 ac  a 2c 2 1 bc  b 2c 2 1 c 2  c 4
2 2 2
(A) (a – b) (b – c) (c – a) (B) 2(a – b) (b – c) (c – a)
3
(C) 4(a – b) (b – c) (c – a) (D) (a + b + c)

a 2  1 ab ac
24.  If D = ba b  1 bc then D =
2

ca cb c2 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(A) 1 + a + b + c (B) a + b + c (C) (a + b + c) (D) none

x2 2x  3
3x  4
25. Solve for x, 2x  3 3x  4 4x  5 = 0.
3x  5 5x  8 10x  17
(A) –1, 2 (B) 1, 2 (C) –1, –2 (D) –1, – 11

a3  x a 4  x a5  x
26. Value of the = a 5  x a 6  x a 7  x is
a7  x a8  x a9  x
3 6 9
(A) 0 (B) (a – 1) (a – 1) (a – 1)
3 6 9 15
(C) (a + 1) (a + 1) (a + 1) (D) a – 1

40
 Matrices and Determinant

1 1 1
 
27. Let the numbers 2, b, c be in an A.P. and A  2 b c  . If det (A)  [2, 16], then c lies in the
4 b 2 c 2 
interval:
3/4 3/4
(A) [2, 3) (B) (2 + 2 , 4) (C) [4, 6] (D) [3, 2 + 2 ]

28. From the matrix equation AB = AC, we conclude B = C provided:

(A) A is singular (B) A is nonsingular (C) A is symmetric (D) A is a square

29. The value of ‘ 2k ‘ for which the set of equations 3x + ky 2z = 0, x + ky + 3z = 0, 2 x + 3 y 4 z = 0 has
a non trivial solution over the set of rational is:
(A) 31 (B) 33 (C) 1 (D) 0

30. If a, b, c are non zeros, then the system of equations

(+ a) x + y + z = 0
  x + (+ b)y + z = 0
  x + y + (+ c)z = 0
has a non-trivial solution if
–1 –1 –1 –1 –1
(A)  = – (a + b + c ) (B)  = a + b + c
(C) + a + b + c = 1 (D) none of these

PART - II : ONE OR MORE THAN ONE OPTION CORRECT TYPE

1. Which one of the following is wrong ?

(A) The elements on the main diagonal of a symmetric matrix are all zero
(B) The elements on the main diagonal of a skew - symmetric matrix are all zero
(C) For any square matrix A, A Ais symmetric
2 2 2
(D) For any square matrix A, (A + A) = A + (A) + 2AA

 1  1
2. Which of the following is true for matrix A =  
2 3 
(A) A + 4I is a symmetric matrix
(B) A 4A + 5I2 = 0
2

  1
(C) A B is a diagonal matrix for any value of if B = 
2 5 
(D) A 4I is a skew symmetric matrix

3. Suppose a1, a2, a3 are in A.P. and b1, b2, b3 are in H.P. and let 
a1  b1 a1  b 2 a1b 3
Δ  a 2  b1 a 2  b 2 a 2  a 3 , then
a 3  b1 a 3  b 2 a3  b3
(A) is independent of a1, a2, a3 (B) a1 , a2 2, a3 3are in A.P.
(C) b1 + , b2 + 2, b3 + are in H.P. (D) is independent of b1, b2, b3

π cos θ  sin θ
4. Let = ,X=  sin θ cos θ  , O is null matrix and is an identity matrix of order 2 × 2, and if
5  
 + X + X + ...... + X = O, then n can be
2 n

(A) 9 (B) 19 (C) 4   (D) 29

41
Matrices and Determinant

A B C
cot cot cot
2 2 2
B C C A A B
5. In a  ABC, tan  tan tan  tan tan  tan = 0 if  ABC is
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1

(A) Isosceles (B) Equilateral (C) Scalene (D) Right Angle

x 2y  z z
6. If = y 2x  z z , then
y 2y  z 2x  2y  z
(A) x – y is a factor of    (B) (x – y) is a factor of 
2

(C) (x – y) is a factor of    (D) is independent of z

3

x a b
7. Let a, b > 0 and = b  x a , then
a b x
(A) a + b – x is a factor of    (B) x + (a + b)x + a + b – ab is a factor of 
2 2 2

(C) = 0 has three real roots if a = b (D) a + b + x is a factor of 



8. If A and B are square matrices of the same order such that A2 = A, B2 = B, AB = BA, then which one of
the following may be true-
(A) A(B)2 = O (B) (A + B)2 = A + B (C) (A – B)2 = A – B (D) none of these

b c b α c
9. The determinant = c d c α  d is equal to zero if
b α c c α d a α 3  c α
(A) b, c, d are in A.P. (B) b, c, d are in G.P.
(D) is a root of ax – bx – 3cx – d = 0
3 2
(C) b, c, d are in H.P.

a 2 1 x  ab ac
10. The determinant = ab b 1 x 
2
bc is divisible by
ac bc c 1 x 
2

2 2 2
(A) x + 3 (B) (1 + x) (C) x (D) x + 1

 1 4 4
11. If the adjoint of a 3 × 3 matrix P is 2 1 7  , then the possible value(s) of the determinant of P is
 1 1 3 
(are)
(A) –2 (B) –1 (C) 1 (D) 2

2sinx sin 2 x 0
12. Let f(x) = 1 2sinx sin 2 x , then
0 1 2sinx
(A) f(x) is independent of x (B) f(/2) = 0
π2
(C)  f x dx  0
π 2
(D) tangent to the curve y = f(x) at x = 0 is y = 0

42
Matrices and Determinant

1 x x2
13. Let = x 2 1 x , then
x x2 1
(A) 1 – x is a factor of    (B) (1 – x ) is factor of 
3 3 2

(C) (x) = 0 has 4 real roots (D) (1) = 0

1/x logx xn
14.  Let f(x) = 1  1/n  1n , then (where fn(x) denotes nth derivative of f(x))
1 a a2
n
(A) f (1) is independent of a
n
(B) f (1) is independent of n
n
(C) f (1) depends on a and n
n
(D) y = a(x - f (1)) represents a straight line through the origin

15. If D is a determinant of order three and is a determinant formed by the cofactors of determinant D ;
then
(A) = D (B) D = 0 implies = 0
2

(C) if D = 27, then is perfect cube (D) if D = 27, then is perfect square
T T T T
16. Let A, B, C, D be real matrices such that A = BCD ; B = CDA ; C = DAB and D = ABC for the matrix
2016
M = ABCD, then find M ?
2 3 4
(A) M (B) M (C) M (D) M

17. Let A and B be two 2 × 2 matrix with real entries. If AB = O and tr(A) = tr(B) = 0 then
(A) A and B are comutative w.r.t. operation of multiplication.
(B) A and B are not commutative w.r.t. operation of multiplication.
(C) A and B are both null matrices.
(D) BA = 0

1  1 0 
If A = 0  2 1  , then
–1
18.
0 0  1
(A) | A | = 2 (B) A is non-singular
1/2  1/2 0 

(C) AdjA. A =  0 1 1/2  (D) A is skew symmetric matrix
 0 0  1/2

19. If A and B are square matrices of order 3, then the true statement is/are (where  is unit matrix).
(A) det (– A) = – det A
(B) If AB is singular then atleast one of A or B is singular
(C) det (A + ) = 1 + det A
3
(D) det (2A) = 2 det A
–1
adj(adj M) = k , then the value of 'k' may
2
20. Let M be a 3 × 3 non-singular matrix with det(M) = 4. If M
be :
(A) +2 (B) 4 (C) –2 (D) –4

21.  If AX = B where A is 3 × 3 and X and B are 3×1 matrices then which of the following is correct?
(A) If |A| = 0 then AX = B has infinite solutions
(B) If AX = B has infinite solutions then |A| = 0
(C) If (adj(A)) B = 0 and |A| 0 then AX = B has unique solution
(D) If (adj(A)) B 0 & |A| = 0 then AX = B has no solution

43
 Matrices and Determinant

Exercise-3 (Gold)
PART - I : SINGLE AND DOUBLE VALUE INTEGER TYPE
1. Let X be the solution set of the equation
0 1  1
A = , where A = 4  3 4  and is the unit matrix and X N then the minimum value of
x

3  3 4 

 cos θ  sin θ , R is :

x
x x

2. A is a square matrix of order n.

l = maximum number of distinct entries if A is a triangular matrix
m = maximum number of distinct entries if A is a diagonal matrix
p = minimum number of zeroes if A is a triangular matrix
If l + 5 = p + 2m, find the order of the matrix.

3. If A is a diagonal matrix of order 3 × 3 is commutative with every square matrix of order 3 × 3 under
multiplication and tr(A) = 12, then the value of |A| is :

 1 2 5
4. Consider the two matrices A and B where A =   ; B =   . If n(A) denotes the number of
4 3  3
elements in A such that n(XY) = 0, when the two matrices X and Y are not conformable for multiplication.

 nc  D 2  nD 
If C = (AB)(B'A); D = (B'A)(AB) then, find the value of  . 
 nA   nB 
 

 π π
 cos 9 sin
9  and be non-zero real numbers such that p6 + p3 + 
Let P = 
π
5.
π
 sin cos 
 9 9
 
is the zero matrix. Then find value of α 2  β 2  γ 2 
α β β  γ γ α 

6. A, is a (3×3) diagonal matrix having integral entries such that det(A) = 120, number of such matrices is
10n. Then n is :

7. Let M be a 3 × 3 matrix satisfying

0  1 1 1 1  0 
       
M  1   2  , M  1   1  , and M
1   0  . Then the sum of the diagonal entries of M is
  
0  3   0   1 1 12

44
Matrices and Determinant

sin θ cos θ sin 2 θ

 2π   2π   4π 
8. For all values of , Evaluate sin θ   cos θ   sin 2 θ  
 3   3   3 
 2π   2π   4π 
sin θ   cos θ   sin 2 θ  
 3   3   3 

a1 a2 a3
9. If a1, a2, a3, 5, 4, a6, a7, a8, a9 are in H.P. and D = 5 4 a 6 , then the value of 21D is
a7 a8 a9

a  b  2c a b
b  c  2a = k(a + b + c) , then (2–) is (k z+)
3 k
10. If c b
c a c  a  2b

11. Let k be a positive real number and let

 2k  1 2 k 2 k   0 2k  1 k 
   
A 2 k  2k and B = 1 2k
6
1 0 2 k  . If det (adj A) + det (adj B) = 10 , then
 2 k 2k 1   k 2 k 0 
   
[k] is equal to
(Note : adj M denotes the adjoint of a square matrix M and [k] denotes the largest integer less than or
equal to k].

12. If A is a square matrix of order 3 and Adenotes transpose of matrix A, AA = and det A = 1, then
det (A – ) must be equal to

a a3 a4  1
13. If a, b, c are all different and b b 3 b 4  1 = 0, then find the value of abc (ab + bc + ca) –
c c3 c4 1
(a + b + c).

 bc b 2  bc c 2  bc
14. If a 2  ac  ac c 2  ac = 64, then (ab + bc + ac) is :
a 2  ab b 2  ab  ab

1 sin 2 x cos2 x 4sin2x

15. Let f(x) = sin x 1 cos2 x
2
4sin2x then the maximum value of f(x) is
2
sin x cos x 1 4sin2x
2

n 1 5 N N
16. If Un = n2 2N  1 2N  1 and  U n    n 2 , then is
n 1 n 1
n3 3N2 3N  1

3 3 3
17. The absolute value of a for which system of equations, a x + (a + 1) y + (a + 2) z = 0,
ax + (a + 1) y + (a + 2) z = 0, x + y + z = 0, has a nonzero solution is:

45
 Matrices and Determinant

18.  Consider the system of linear equations in x, y, z:

(sin 3) x y + z = 0
(cos 2) x + 4y + 3z = 0
2x + 7y + 7z = 0
Number of values of (0, ) for which this system has non trivial solution, is

19. A1 = [ a1]
a a3 
A2 =  2
a 4 a 5 

 a6 a7 a8 
A3 =  a 9 a10 a11  …………… An = [………]
a12 a13 a14 
Where ar = [ log2r ] ([.] denotes greatest integer). Then trace of A10

 λ λ
λ  13  3 3 
-1  2 3 4
1 
If  A  A' I     17 10  1 for A =
2  5  4  3 , then is :
20.  
2  λ 
 7 9 
 7  11 5  2
 

21. The number of all possible values of , where 0 < < , for which the system of equations
(y + z) cos 3= (xyz) sin 3
2cos 3θ 2sin 3θ
   x sin 3= 
y z
(xyz) sin 3= (y + 2z) cos 3 + y sin 3
have a solution (x0, y0, z0) with y0 z0 0, is

2 0  
Given A = 5  0  For R {a, b}, A exists and A = A 5bA + cI, when = 1. The value of
–1 –1 2
22.
0  3 
a + 5b + c is :

23.  Let a, b, c positive numbers. Find the number of solution of system of equations in x, y
and z
x2 y2 z2 x2 y2 z2 x2 y2 z2
  1 ;   1 ;     1 has finitely many solutions
a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2

46
 Matrices and Determinant

PART - II : MATCH THE COLUMN & COMPREHENSIONS

1. Column -  Column - 
 1 2 3 1
 (A) 1 x 1 4 5 6 2 = 0 then x = (p) 2
3 2 5 3

(B) If A is a square matrix of order 3 × 3 and (q) – 2

m
k is a scalar, then adj (kA) = k adj A, then m is

2 μ   7
(C) If A = μ2 3 49   here (A – B) is upper triangular
and B = (r) 1
  
matrix then number of possible values of are

b  c 
2
a2 a2
(D) If b2 c  a2 b 2 = k abc (a + b + c)
3
(s) –
9
8
c2 c2 a  b2
then the value of k is

2. Column –  Column – 

(A) If A and B are square matrices of order 3 × 3, where (p) 7

–1 –1 –1
|A| = 2 and |B| = 1, then |(A ) . adj (B ) . adj (2A )| =
2 3
(B) If A is a square matrix such that A = A and (I + A) = I + kA, (q) 8
then k is equal to

a b a  b
Matrix b c b  c  is non invertible (b ac) if –2is
2
(C) (r) 0
2 1 0 

(D) If A = [aij]3×3 is a scalar matrix with a11 = a22 = a33= 2 (s) – 1

and A(adjA) = k3then k is

Comprehension # 1

Let A be the set of all 3 × 3 symmetric matrices all of whose entries are either 0 or 1. Five of these
entries are 1 and four of them are 0.

3. The number of matrices in A is

(A) 12 (B) 6 (C) 9 (D) 3

 x   1
4. The number of matrices A in A for which the system of linear equations A  y   0 has a unique
 z  0
solution, is
(A) less than 4 (B) at least 4 but less than 7
(C) at least 7 but less than 10 (D) at least 10

47
Matrices and Determinant

 x   1
5. The number of matrices A in A for which the system of linear equations A  y   0 is inconsistent,
 z  0
is
(A) 0 (B) more than 2 (C) 2 (D) 1

Comprehension # 2
 1 0 0  1 2  2 
A = 2 1 0 , U1, U2 and U3 are columns matrices satisfying. AU1 = 0  ; AU2 = 3  , AU3 = 3 
     
3 2 1 0  0   1
and U is 3 × 3 matrix whose columns are U1, U2, U3 then answer the following questions

6. The value of | U | is
(A) 3 (B) – 3 (C) 3/2 (D) 2

7. The sum of elements of U–1 is

(A) – 1 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) 3

3 
8. The value of 3 2 0 U 2 is
0 
(A) 5 (B) 5/2 (C) 4 (D) 3/2

Comprehension # 3

 2  2  4  4  3  3
If A0 =  1 3 4  and B0 =  1
 0 1 
 1  2  3   4 4 3 
Bn = adj(Bn – 1), n  N and I is an identity matrix of order 3.

On the basis of above information, answer the following questions :

9.  
det. A 0  A 02B02  A 30  A 04B04  .....10 terms is equal to -
(A) 1000 (B) –800 (C) 0 (D) –8000

10. B1 + B2 + ....... + B49 is equal to -

(A) B0 (B) 7B0 (C) 49B0 (D) 49I

11. For a variable matrix X the equation A0X = B0 will have –

(A) unique solution (B) infinite solution (C) finitely many solution (D) no solution

Comprehension # 4

Some special square matrices are defined as follows :

Nilpotent matrix : A square matrix A is said to be nilpotent ( of order 2) if, A2 = O. A square matrix is
p
said to be nilpotent of order p, if p is the least positive integer such that A = O.

Idempotent matrix : A square matrix A is said to be idempotent if, A2 = A.

1 0
e.g.   is an idempotent matrix.
0 1
48
Matrices and Determinant

Involutory matrix : A square matrix A is said to be involutory if A2 = ,being the identity matrix.
1 0
e.g. A =   is an involutory matrix.
0 1

Orthogonal matrix : A square matrix A is said to be an orthogonal matrix if AA = = AA.

12. If A and B are two square matrices such that AB = A & BA = B, then A & B are
(A) Idempotent matrices (B) Involutory matrices
(C) Orthogonal matrices (D) Nilpotent matrices

0 2 β γ 
13. If the matrix α β  γ  is orthogonal, then
α  β γ 
1 1 1
(A) = ± (B) = ± (C) = ± (D) all of these
2 6 3

1 1 3
14. 
The matrix A =  5 2 6  is
 2  1  3
(A) idempotent matrix (B) involutory matrix
(C) nilpotent matrix (D) none of these

Comprehension # 5

Let a, b and c be three real numbers satisfying

 1 9 7
a b c 8 2 7  0 0 0 ...........(E)
7 3 7

15. If the point P(a, b, c), with reference to (E), lies on the plane 2x + y + z = 1, then the value of 7a + b + c
is
(A) 0 (B) 12 (C) 7 (D) 6

Let be a solution of x – 1 = 0 with m () > 0. if a = 2 with b and c satisfying (E), then the value of
3
16.
3 1 3
 b  c is equal to
ω a
ω ω
(A) – 2 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) – 3

Let b = 6, with a and c satisfying (E). If and are the roots of the quadratic equation ax + bx + c = 0,
2
17 .

1 1
then   α  β  is
n 0
6
(A) 6 (B) 7 (C) (D) 
7

49
 Matrices and Determinant

Exercise-4 (Platinum)
PART - I : JEE MAIN QUESTIONS

1. The number of values of k, for which the system of equations :

[AIEEE - 2013, (4, – 1) 120 ]
(k + 1)x + 8y = 4k
kx + (k + 3)y = 3k – 1
has no solution, is
(1) infinite (2) 1 (3) 2 (4) 3

1 α 3
2. If P =  1 3 3  is the adjoint of a 3 × 3 matrix A and |A| = 4, then is equal to :
2 4 4
[AIEEE - 2013, (4, – 1) 120 ]
(1) 4 (2) 11 (3) 5 (4) 0

3 1 f(1) 1 f(2)
If , 0 and f(n) =  +  and 1 f(1) 1 f(2) 1 f(3) = K (1 – ) (1 – ) (–) , then K is equal
n n 2 2 2
3.
1 f(2) 1 f(3) 1 f(4)
to s [JEE(Main) 2014, (4, – 1), 120]
1
(1) 1 (2) –1 (3)    (4)
αβ

–1
4. If A is an 3 × 3 non-singular matrix such that AA= AA and B = A A, then BBequals :
[JEE(Main) 2014, (4, – 1), 120]
–1 –1
(1) B (2) (B )  (3)  + B (4) 
1 2 2 
If A = 2 1  2 is a matrix satisfying the equation AA = 9, where is 3 × 3 identity matrix, then the
T
5.
a 2 b 
ordered pair (a, b) is equal to :
(1) (2, – 1) (2) (–2, 1) (3) (2, 1) (4) (–2, – 1)

6. The set of all value of for which the system of linear equations :
2x1 – 2x2 + x3 = x1
2x1 – 3x2 + 2x3 = x2
– x1 + 2x2 = x3
has a non-trivial solution, [JEE(Main) 2015, (4, –1), 120]
(1) is an empty set (2) is a singleton
(3) contains two elements (4) contains more than two elements

7. The system of linear equations [JEE(Main) 2016, (4, –1), 120]

x + y – z = 0
  x –y –z = 0
x +y – z = 0
has a non-trivial solution for :
(1) Exactly one value of . (2) Exactly two values of .
(3) Exactly three values of . (4) Infinitely many values of .

50
Matrices and Determinant

5a  b T
If A =  [JEE(Main) 2016, (4, –1), 120]
2 
8. and A adj A = A A , then 5a + b is equal to
3
(1) 5 (2) 4 (3) 13 (4) – 1

9. It S is the set of distinct values of ‘b’ for which the following system of linear equations
x+y+z=1 [JEE(Main) 2017, (4, –1), 120]
x + ay + z = 1
ax + by + z = 0
has no solution, then S is :
(1) an empty set
(2) an infinite set
(3) a finite set containing two or more elements
(4) a singleton

 2  3 2
10. If A =   , then adj (3A + 12A) is equal to
  4 1 
 72  84  51 63  51 84  72  63
(1)   (2)   (3)   (4)  
 63 51  84 72 63 72  84 51 

11. If the system of linear equations [JEE(Main) 2018, (4, –1), 120]
x + ky + 3z = 0
3x + ky – 2z = 0
2x + 4y – 3z = 0
xz
has a non-zero solution (x, y, z), then is equal to :
y2
(1) – 30 (2) 30 (3) –10 (4) 10

x  4 2x 2x
If 2x x  4 2x = (A + Bx) (x–A) then the ordered pair (A, B) is equal to :
2
12.
2x 2x x  4
[JEE(Main) 2018, (4, –1), 120]
(1) (–4, 5) (2) (4, 5) (3) (–4, –5) (4) (–4, 3)

13. The system of linear equations [JEE(Main) 2019, Online (09-01-19),P-1 (4, – 1), 120]
x+y+z=2
2x + 3y + 2z = 5
2
2x + 3y + (a + 1)z = a + 1
(1) is inconsistent when a = 4
(2) has infinitely many solutions for a = 4
(3) is inconsistent when |a| = 3
(4) has a unique solution for |a| = 3

cos θ  sin θ –50 π

14. If A =   , then the matrix A when = , is equal to :
 sin θ cos θ  12
[JEE(Main) 2019, Online (09-01-19),P-1 (4, – 1), 120]
 1 3  3 1   3 1  1 3
         
(1)  2 2  (2)  2 2  (3)  2 2 (4)  2 2 
 3 1   1 3  1 3  3 1 
 2 2    2 2   2 2   2 2 

51
Matrices and Determinant

 2 4d sin θ 2 
15. Let d R, and A =  1 sin θ   2 d  , [0, 2]. If the minimum value of det(A) is 8,

 5 2sin θ   d  sin θ   2  2d
then a value of d is : [JEE(Main) 2019, Online (10-01-19),P-1 (4, – 1), 120]
(1) –5 (2) 2( 2 + 2) (3) 2( 2 +1) (4) –7

 0 2q r 
 
Let A =  p q  r  . If AA = 3, then |p| is
T
16. [JEE(Main) 2019, Online (11-01-19),P-1 (4, – 1), 120]
p  q r 
 
1 1 1 1
(1) (2) (3) (4)
5 3 6 2

17. The greatest value of c  R for which the system of linear equations
x – cy – cz = 0
cx – y + cz = 0
cx + cy – z = 0
has a non-trivial solution is: [JEE(Main) 2019, Online (08-04-19),P-1 (4, – 1), 120]
(1) –1 (2) 1/2 (3) 2 (4) 0

cos   sin  0 - 1
Let A    , (  R) such that A =   . Then a value of  is:
32
18.
 sin  cos   1 0
[JEE(Main) 2019, Online (08-04-19),P-1 (4, – 1), 120]
  
(1) (2) 0 (3) (4)
32 64 16

19. If the system of linear equations [JEE(Main) 2019, Online (08-04-19),P-2 (4, – 1), 120]
x – 2y + kz = 1
2x + y + z = 2
3x – y – kz = 3
has a solution (x, y, z), z  0, then (x, y) lies on the straight line whose equation is:
(1) 3x – 4y – 1 = 0 (2) 4x – 3y – 4 = 0 (3) 4x – 3y – 1 = 0 (4) 3x – 4y – 4 = 0

Let  and  be the roots of the equation x + x + 1 = 0. Then for y  0 in R.

2
20.
y 1  
 y 1 is equal to [JEE(Main) 2019, Online (09-04-19),P-1 (4, – 1), 120]
 1 y
2 2 3 3
(1) y (y – 1) (2) y(y – 3) (3) y (4) y – 1

 0 2y 1 
 
The total number of matrices A =  2x y  1 , (x, y  R, x  y) for which A A = 3I3 is:
T
21.
 2x  y 1 
 
[JEE(Main) 2019, Online (09-04-19),P-2 (4, – 1), 120]
(1) 2 (2) 3 (3) 6 (4) 4

22. If the system of equations 2x + 3y – z = 0, x + ky – 2z = 0 and 2x – y + z = 0 has a non-trivial solution

x y z
(x, y, z), then    k is equal to: [JEE(Main) 2019, Online (09-04-19),P-2 (4, – 1), 120]
y z x

3 1 1
(1) (2) (3)  (4) – 4
4 2 4
52
Matrices and Determinant

x sin  cos  x sin 2 cos 2

 
23. If 1   sin   x 1 and  2   sin 2  x 1 , x  0; then for all    0,  ;
 2
cos  1 x cos 2 1 x
[JEE(Main) 2019, Online (10-04-19),P-1 (4, – 1), 120]
(1) 1   2  2x 3
(2) 1   2  x(cos 2  cos 4)
(3) 1   2  2( x 3  x  1) (4) 1   2  2x 3

24. If the system of linear equations [JEE(Main) 2019, Online (10-04-19),P-1 (4, – 1), 120]

x+y+z=5
x + 2y + 2z = 6
x + 3y + z = , (,   R), has infinitely many solutions, then the value of  +  is:
(1) 12 (2) 9 (3) 7 (4) 10

25. The sum of the real roots of the equation [JEE(Main) 2019, Online (10-04-19),P-2 (4, – 1), 120]
x 6 1
2  3 x x  3  0 , is equal to:
 3 2x x  2
(1) 6 (2) 0 (3) 1 (4) –4

2 3 
26. If A is a symmetric matrix and B is a skew-symmetrix matrix such that A + B =   , then AB is
5  1
equal to: [JEE(Main) 2019, Online (12-04-19),P-1 (4, – 1), 120]
 4  1  4  2 4  2  4 2
(1)   (2)   (3)   (4)  
1 4   1  4  1  4  1 4

 5 2 1 
 
27. If B =  0 2 1  is the inverse of a 3 x 3 matrix A, then the sum of all values of  for which
 3  1
det (A) + 1 = 0, is: [JEE(Main) 2019, Online (12-04-19),P-1 (4, – 1), 120]
(1) 0 (2) –1 (3) 1 (4) 2

1 1 1
1  
Let  be a root of the equation x + x + 1= 0 and the matrix A  1   2  , then the matrix A is
2 31
28.
3
1 
2
a 4 
equal to [JEE(Main) 2020, Online (07-01-20),P-1 (4, – 1), 120]
3 2
(1) A (2) A (3) A (4) I3

1 1 2
  | adjB |
29. If the matrices A  1 3 4 , B = adj A and C = 3A, then is equal to
|C|
1  1 3 
[JEE(Main) 2020, Online (09-01-20),P-1 (4, – 1), 120]
(1) 8 (2) 2 (3) 16 (4) 72

xa x2 x 1
30. Let a – 2b + c = 1. If f ( x )  x  b x  3 x  2 , then :
xc x4 x3
[JEE(Main) 2020, Online (09-01-20),P-2 (4, – 1), 120]
(1) f (–50) = 501 (2) f(50) = 1 (3) f(–50) = –1 (4) f(50) = –501

53
Matrices and Determinant

PART - II : JEE (ADVANCED) / PREVIOUS YEARS SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

1*. For 3×3 matrices M and N, which of the following statement(s) is (are) NOT correct ?
[JEE (Advanced) 2013, Paper-1, (4, – 1)/60]
T
(A) N M N is symmetric or skew symmetric, according as M is symmetric or skew symmetric
(B) M N – N M is skew symmetric for all symmetric matrices M and N
(C) M N is symetric for all symmetric matrices M and N
(D) (adj M) (adj N) = adj(MN) for all invertible matrices M and N

2*. Let M be a 2 × 2 symmetric matrix with integer entries. Then M is invertible if

[JEE (Advanced) 2014, Paper-1, (3, 0)/60]
(A) the first column of M is the transpose of the second row of M
(B) the second row of M is the transpose of first column of M
(C) M is a diagonal matrix with nonzero entries in the main diagonal
(D) the product of entries in the main diagonal of M is not the square of an integer

Let M and N be two 3 × 3 matrices such that MN = NM. Further, if M N and M = N ,then
2 2 4
3*.
[JEE (Advanced) 2014, Paper-1, (3, 0)/60]
2 2
(A) determinant of (M + MN ) is 0
2 2
(B) there is a 3 × 3 non-zero matrix U such that (M + MN )U is the zero matrix
(C) determinant of (M + MN ) 1
2 2
2 2
(D) for a 3 × 3 matrix U, if (M + MN )U equals the zero matrix then U is the zero matrix

4*. Let X and Y be two arbitrary, 3 × 3, non-zero, skew-symmetric matrices and Z be an arbitrary 3 × 3,
non-zero, symmetric matrix. Then which of the following matrices is (are) skew symmetric?
[JEE (Advanced) 2015, Paper-1 (4, –2)/88]
3 4 4 3 44 44 4 3 3 4 23 23
(A) Y Z – Z Y (B) X + Y (C) X Z – Z X (D) X + Y

1 α 2 1 2 α 2 1 3 α 2

5*. Which of the following values of satisfy the equation 2  α 2 2  2 α 2 2  3 α 2 =– 648?
3  α 2 3  2 α 2 3  3 α 2
[JEE (Advanced) 2015, Paper-1 (4, –2)/88]
(A) – 4 (B) 9 (C) – 9 (D) 4

3  1  2
6. Let P = 2 0 α  , where R. Suppose Q = [qij] is a matrix such that PQ = k , where k R, k 0
3  5 0 
k k2
and is the identity matrix of order 3. If q23 = – and det (Q) = , then
8 2
[JEE (Advanced) 2016, Paper-1 (4, –2)/62]
(A) = 0, k = 8
9 13
(B) 4– k + 8 = 0 (C) det (P adj (Q)) = 2 (D) det (Q adj (P)) = 2

x x2 1 x 3
7. The total number of distinct x R for which 2x 4x 2 1 8x3 = 10 is
3x 9x 2 1 27x3
[JEE (Advanced) 2016, Paper-1 (3, 0)/62]

54
 Matrices and Determinant

 1 0 0
Let P =  4 1 0 and be the identity matrix of order 3. If Q = [qij] is a matrix such that P – Q= ,
50
8.
16 4 1
q 31  q32
Then equals [JEE (Advanced) 2016, Paper-2 (3, -1)/62]
q 21
(A) 52 (B) 103 (C) 201 (D) 205

9*. Let a, , R. Consider the system of linear equations

ax + 2y = 
  3x – 2y =      [JEE (Advanced) 2016, Paper-2 (4, –2)/62]
 Which of the following statement(s) is(are) correct ?
(A) if a = – 3, then the system has infinitely many solutions for all values of and 
(B) If a –3, then the system has a unique solution for all values of and 
(C) If + = 0, the system has infinitely many solutions for a = –3
(D) If + 0, then the system has no solution for a = –3

10*. Which of the following is(are) NOT the square of a 3 × 3 matrix with real entries?
[JEE (Advanced) 2017, Paper-1 (4, –2)/61]
1 0 0  1 0 0   1 0 0   1 0 0

(A) 0 1 0   
(B) 0  1 0   
(C)  0  1 0   (D) 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 0  1  0 0  1 0 0 1

11. For a real number , if the system [JEE(Advanced) 2017, Paper-1,(3, 0)/61]
 1 α α 2  x  1 
     
 α 1 α   y    1
α 2 α 1   z   1 
     
of linear equations, has infinitely many solutions, then 1 + +  =
2

12. How many 3 × 3 matrices M with entries from {0, 1, 2} are there, for which the sum of the diagonal
T
entries of M M is 5 ? [JEE(Advanced) 2017, Paper-2,(3, –1)/61]
(A) 198 (B) 162 (C) 126 (D) 135

 b1 
13*. Let S be the set of all column matrices b 2  such that b1, b2, b2 R and the system of equation (in real
b 3 
variables)
– x + 2y + 5z = b1
2x – 4y + 3z = b2
x – 2y + 2z = b3
has at least one solution. Then, which of the following system(s) (in real variables) has (have) at least
 b1 
one solution for each b 2  S ? [JEE(Advanced) 2018, Paper-2,(4, –2)/60]
b 3 
(A) x + 2y + 3z = b1, 4y + 5z = b2 and x + 2y + 6z = b3
(B) x + y + 3z = b1, 5x + 2y + 6z = b2 and – 2x – y – 3z = b3
(C) – x + 2y – 5z = b1, 2x – 4y + 10z = b2 and x – 2y + 5z = b3
(D) x + 2y + 5z = b1, 2x + 3z = b2 and x + 4y – 5z = b3

14. Let P be a matrix of order 3 × 3 such that all the entries in P are from the set {–1, 0, 1}. Then, the
maximum possible value of the determinant of P is _____ . [JEE(Advanced) 2018, Paper-2,(3, 0)/60]

55
Matrices and Determinant

sin 4   1  sin 2  1
15. Let M=    I  M
1  cos 
2
cos  
4

Where   () and   () are real numbers and  is the 2 × 2 identity matrix.
If  * = is the minimum of the set {() :   [0,2]} and
 * = is the minimum of the set {() :   [0,2)}
Then the value of  * +  * is [JEE(Advanced) 2019, Paper-1,(3, -1)/62]
37 29 31 17
(A) (B) (C) (D)
16 16 16 16

0 1 a  - 1 1 - 1
   
16*. Let M = 1 2 3 and adjM=  8 - 6 2 
3 b 1 - 5 3 - 1
where a and b are real numbers. Which of the following options is/are correct ?
[JEE(Advanced) 2019, Paper-1,(4, -1)/62]
2
(A) det(adjM )=81
(B) a+b= 3
   1
   
(C) If M    = 2 then      =3
  3 
 
-1 -1
(D) (adjM) +adjM =-M

17*. Let
 1 0 0  1 0 0 0 1 0
P1 = = 0 1 0 , P2 = 0 0 1 , P3 =  1 0 0
0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
P4 = 0 0 1 , P5 =  1 0 0 , P6 = 0 1 0
 1 0 0 0 1 0  1 0 0

6
2 1 3 

and X =  Pk  1 0 2 Pk
 T
k 1 3 2 1
T
Where Pk denotes the transpose of matrix Pk. Then which of the following options is/are correct?
[JEE(Advanced) 2019, Paper-2,(4, -1)/62]
(A) X is a symmetric matrix
(B) The sum of diagonal entries of X is 18.
1 1
(C) If X 1 =  1 , then = 30
 
1 1
(D) X – 30is an invertible matrix

56
Matrices and Determinant

18*. Let x R and let

 1 1 1 2 x x 
P = 0 2 2 , Q = 0 4 0  and R = PQP .
  –1

0 0 3  x x 6

Then which of the following is/are correct [JEE(Advanced) 2019, Paper-2,(4, -1)/62]
(A) there exists a real number x such that PQ= QP
2 x x 
(B) det R = det 0 4 0  + 8 for all x R
 x x 5 
α  0
(C) For x = 1 there exists a unit vector α i  β j  γ k for which are R β   0
ˆ ˆ ˆ
 γ  0
 1  1
(D) For x = 0 if R a  6 a then a + b = 5
 
b b

19. Suppose
 n n 
 
 k 0
k 
k 0
n
Ck k 2 

det  n n = 0
 
k 0
n
Ck k 
k 0
n
Ck 3 k

n n

 k  1 equals.
Ck
holds for some positive integer n. Then [JEE(Advanced) 2019, Paper-2,(3, 0)/62]
k 0

57
Matrices and Determinant

Answers
Exercise-1
PART - I
Section (A):

1 0
3 2  2  1/2
A-1.   A-2. 4  1  A-3. Only CAB is defined. CAB = [25 100]
 
5 4 
 18  11 10
 49 24
AB =  16 47 10 , BA = 
3
A-4. x= , y=2 A-5. 
2
 62  23 42  7 58

  4 7  7
A-7. y R A-8.  3 5 5 
 
 a b 
A-9. (i) X =   for a, b  R ; (ii) X does not exist ;
2  2a 1 2b
a  3a
(iii) X =   a, c  R and 3a + c  0; 3b + d  0
c  3c
 4 2 2  4 2 2 
A-11. Zero A-12.   , , 2 2 ,  , ,  2 2  ,(3,3, –1)
 3 3   
  3 3 
A-13. AB is neither symmetric nor skew symmetric
Section (B) :
3
B-1. 0, ,
4
B-2. (i) 0 (ii) 0 (iii) 0 (iv) 0 (v) 0 
(iv) 5 3 2  5 3 
B-9. (i) x = 2 b/a (ii) 4 B-10. 4 B-15. A = 0, B = 0
Section (C) :
 17 4  19  9  3 5
 n13  2 1 0
C-1.  10 0 13  C-2. (ii) A C-3.  
  21  3 25   1 0 2
C-5. a = 1, c = – 1

Section (D) :
–1  1  2
D-1. a = – 4, b = 1, A =   D-2. 0
 1 3 
1 13t 4  7t
D-4. x = – (a + b + c) , y = ab + bc + ca , z = – abc D-5. x=t, y= , z= ; t R
5 5
5k 8 2k 1
D-6. (i) x = 3, y = 4, z = 6 (ii) x =  ,y=  , z = k, where kR
3 3 3 3
D-7. x = 7, y = 4
1 4
D-8. for c = 0, x = 3, y = 3 for c = 10, x =  ,y=
2 3
D-9. (i) x = 2, y = 2, z = 2 (ii) x = 1, y = 3, z = 5
D-10. (a) 3 (b) = 3, = 10 (c) = 3, 10
D-11. x = 3, y = – 2, z = – 1
D-12. (i) a  – 3 , b  R ; (ii) a = – 3 and b  1/3 ; (iii) a = –3 , b = 1/3

58
Matrices and Determinant

1 5 1
1 
8 6  9
–1
D-13. x = 1, y = 2, z = 3, A = D-14. S1, S3, S4
17 
10  1  7

PART - II
Section (A):
A-1. (A) A-2. (C) A-3. (D) A-4. (C) A-5. (A)
A-6. (B) A-7. (D) A-8. (A) A-9. (A) A-10. (B)
A-11. (A)
Section (B) :
B-1. (B) B-2. (C) B-3. (A) B-4. (C) B-5. (A)
B-6. (D) B-7. (C) B-8. (D) B-9. (A) B-10. (D)
B-11. (B) B-12. (B) B-13. (C) B-14. (C) B-15. (B)
B-16. (B) B-17. (B)
Section (C) :
C-1. (A) C-2. (A) C-3. (C) C-4. (A) C-5. (A)
C-6. (C) C-7. (A)
Section (D) :
D-1. (A) D-2. (C) D-3. (B) D-4 (A) D-5. (D)
D-6. (A) D-7. (B) D-8. (B) D-9. (D) D-10. (B)
D-11. (A) D-12. (A)

Exercise-2
PART - I
1. (D) 2. (A) 3. (B) 4.  (D) 5. (C)
6. (D) 7. (D) 8. (A) 9. (A) 10. (C)
11. (C) 12. (D) 13. (A) 14. (C) 15.  (A)
16.  (A)  17. (D) 18. (C) 19. (A) 20. (B)
21.  (B) 22. (D) 23. (A) 24.  (A) 25. (C)
26. (A) 27. (C) 28. (B) 29. (B)
30. (A)

PART – II

1. (AD) 2. (BC) 3. (ABCD) 4. (ABD) 5. (AB)

6. (AB) 7. (ABC) 8. (ABC) 9. (BD) 10. (AC)
11. (AD) 12. (BCD) 13. (ABD) 14.  (ABD)
15. (ABCD) 16. (BD) 17. (AD) 18. (BC)
19. (ABD) 20. (AC) 21.  (BCD)

Exercise-3
PART - I
1. 2 2. 4 3. 64 4. 650 5. 1
6. 36 7. 9 8. 0 9. 50 10. 4
11. 4 12. 0 13. 0 14. 4 15. 6
16. 2 17. 1 18.  2 19. 80
20. = 39 21. 3 22. 17 23.  8

59
Matrices and Determinant

PART – II

1. (A) (s), (B) (p), (C) (p), (D) (p)

2. (A) (q), (B) (p), (C) (s), (D) (q)
3. (A) 4. (B) 5. (B) 6. (A) 7. (B)
8. (A) 9. (C) 10. (C) 11. (D) 12. (A)
13. (D) 14. (C) 15. (D) 16. (A) 17 . (B)

Exercise-4
PART - I
1. (2) 2. (2) 3. (1) 4. (4) 5. (4)
6. (3) 7. (3) 8. (1) 9. (4) 10. (2)
11. (4) 12. (1) 13. (3) 14. (2) 15. (1)
16. (4) 17. (2) 18. (3) 19. (2) 20. (3)
21. (4) 22. (2) 23. (4) 24. (4) 25. (2)
26. (2) 27. (3) 28. (2) 29. (1) 30. (2)

PART - II
1. (CD) 2. (CD) 3. (AB) 4. (CD) 5. (BC)
6. (BC) 7. 2 8. (B) 9. (BCD) 10. (AC)
11. 1 12. (A) 13. (AD) 14. 4  15. (B)
16. (BCD) 17. (ABC) 18. (BD) 19. (6.20)

60
Matrices and Determinant

Exercise-5 (Diamond)
PART – I OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
cos1x cos1y cos1z 
 
1. Let A = cos1y cos1z cos1x  such that |A| = 0, then find the maximum value of x + y + z
cos1z cos1x cos1y 
 
(A*) 3 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) 0

2. Let ar  x r ˆi  y r ˆj  zr kˆ , r = 1, 2, 3 be three mutually perpendicular unit vectors, then find the value of
x1 x 2 x3
y1 y 2 y3
z1 z 2 z3

(A) 8 (B) 2 (C*) 1 (D) 0

xk x k 2 x k 3
k 2  1 1 1
3. If y k
y y k 3 = (x y) (y z) (z x)     , then find the value of k.
zk zk 2 zk 3 x y z

(A) 3 (B*) 1 (C) 1 (D) 0

Comprehension # (Q. No. 4 to 6)

Let p be an odd prime number and Tp be the following set of 2 × 2 matrices :


 a b 

T p = A    : a,b,c  0,1,2,.....p  1

 c a  


4. The number of A in Tp such that A is either symmetric or skew-symmetric or both, and det (A) divisible
by p is
2 2
(A) (p – 1) (B) 2 (p – 1) (C) (p – 1) + 1 (D*) 2p – 1

5. The number of A in Tp such that the trace of A is not divisible by p but det (A) is divisible by p is
[Note : The trace of matrix is the sum of its diagonal entries.]
2 3 2
(A) (p – 1)(p – p + 1) (B) p – (p – 1)
2 2
(C*) (p – 1) (D) (p – 1)(p – 2)

6. The number of A in Tp such that det (A) is not divisible by p is

2 3 3 3 2
(A) 2p (B) p – 5p (C) p – 3p (D*) p – p

7. Let a, b, c be real numbers with a2 + b2 + c2 = 1 . Then equation

ax  by  c bx  ay cx  a
bx  ay  ax  by  c cy  b = 0
cx  a cy  b  ax  by  c
represents
(A) Point (B) Ellipse (C*) Straight line (D) Circle

61
Matrices and Determinant

f x gx  f x gx  1
   f x   
2
i x 2 2 2 gx
8. If f (x) = log10x and g(x) = e and h(x) = f x g x 0 , then find the value of h(10).
3 gx 
f x gx  f x 
3
3 3
1
(A) i (B) 1 (C) i (D*) 0

9. Let 'A' is (4×4) matrix such that sum of elements in each row is 1. Find out sum of all the elements in
10
A .

(A)  (B*) 4 (C) 16 (D) 0

a11 a12 a13

10. Let 0 = a 21 a 22 a 23 (where 0  0) and let 1 denote the determinant formed by the cofactors of
a 31 a 32 a 33
elements of 0 and 2 denote the determinant formed by the cofactor at 1 and so on n denotes the
determinant formed by the cofactors at n–1 then the determinant value of n is –
n 2
(A) 2n
0 (B*) 20 (C) n0 (D) 20

11. Let A, B, C be three 3 × 3 matrices with real entries. If BA + BC + AC = and det(A + B) = 0 then find
the value of det(A + B + C – BAC).

(A)  (B) 1 (C) 1 (D*) 0

12. A3 × 3 is a matrix such that | A | = a, B = (adj A) such that | B | = b. Find the value of (ab 2 + a2b + 1)S
1 a a 2 a3
where S   3  5 + ……. up to , and a = 3.
2 b b b

(A*)  (B)  (C) 9 (D) 135

3 –1
13. IF there are three square matrices A, B, C of same order satisfying the equation A = A and let
n n4 
B  A 3 and C = A 3 then det(B + C) is( n N)

(A)  (B) 1 (C*) 0 (D) 1

14. Let A be a 3 × 3 matrix such that a11 = a33 = 2 and all the other aij = 1. Let A–1 = xA2 + yA + zI then find
the value of (x + y + z) where I is a unit matrix of order 3.

(A) 1 (B*) 1 (C) 5 (D) 6

PART – II SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS


a 2  b 2  c 2 cos 
ab1 cos  ac1 cos 
1.
2 2 2
If a + b + c = 1, then prove that ba1 cos  b  c  a cos
2 2 2

bc1 cos  is 
ca1 cos  cb1 cos  c 2  a 2  b 2 cos  
independent of a, b, c

62
Matrices and Determinant

2. If a, b, c, x, y, z R, then prove that,

a  x 2 b  x 2 c  x 2 1 ax2 1 bx2 1 cx 2

a  y 2 b  y 2 c  y 2  1 ay2 1 by2 1 cy 2
a  z2 b  z2 c  z2 1 az2 1 bz2 1 cz2

1 a1 1 1
1 a 2
3 2
3. If a1, a2, a3 are distinct real roots of the equation px + px + qx + r = 0 such that 1 1 =
1 1 1 a 3

r
0, then Prove that <0
p

βγ βγ' β' γ β' γ'

4. Prove that = γα γα' γ'α γ'α' = (' – ') (' – ') (' – ')
αβ αβ' α' β α' β'

ax12  by12  cz12  d ax 2 x 3  by 2 y 3  cz 2 z 3  f

5. If ax 2  by 2  cz 2  d and ax3 x1  by3 y1  cz 3 z1  f
2 2 2

ax32  by32  cz 32  d ax1x 2  by1y 2  cz1z 2  f

x1 y1 z1
d  2f
then prove that x 2 y2 z 2  d  f 2 , where a, b, c 0.
abc
x3 y3 z3

x1  x 2 2  y1  y 2 2  a 2 x1 y1 1
2

6. If x 2  x 3 2  y 2  y 3 2  b 2 , prove that 4 x2 y 2 1 = (a + b + c) (b + c a) (c + a b)(a + b c).

x 3  x1 2  y 3  y1 2  c 2 x3 y3 1

2
u v 0
u 3 d y
7. If y = , where u & v are functions of ' x ', show that, v u' v' v
v dx 2
u" v" 2v'

u dy vu'uv' d2 y v 2 vu" v' u'u' v'uv"  2vv' u'v  u

Sol. y=    =
v dx v2 dx 2 v4
v 2v' 0 u v 0
d2 y d2 y

3 3
v = v(vu– uv– 2v(uv – uv) = u' u" u v = u' v' v
dx 2 dx 2
v' v" v u" v" 2v'

If , be the real roots of ax + bx + c = 0 and sn=  +  , then prove that asn + bsn–1 +
2 n n
8.
3 1 s1 1 s 2
csn–2 = 0 for all n 2, n N. Hence or otherwise prove that 1 s1 1 s 2 1 s 3 > 0 for
1 s 2 1 s 3 1 s 4
all real a, b, c.

63
Matrices and Determinant

0 b c
9. If a, b, c are complex numbers and z = b 0  a then show that z is purely imaginary.
c a 0

a 1 2i 3  5i
10. If a, b, c, are real numbers, and D = 1 2i b  7  3i then show that D is purely real .
3  5i  7  3i c

1 a 1
11. If A =   then find lim A n
0 1 n  n

0 a
Ans. 0 0
 

12. Consider an odd order square symmetric matrix A = [aij]nxn. It's element in any row are 1, 2, ......, n in
some order, then prove that a11, a22, ..........., ann are numbers 1, 2, 3, ......, n in some order.

1 1 1  2  1  1
13. 
Let A = 1 1 1  ; B =  1 2  1 and C = 3A + 7B
1 1 1  1  1 2 
Prove that
2013 2013 2013
(i) (A + B) =A +B
n n–1 n n–1 n 2n – 1 n–1
(ii) Prove that A = 3 A;B =3 B;C =3 A + 7.21 B.

x  λ x x 
14. 
Let A =  x xλ x  , then prove that A exists if 3x + 0, 0
–1

 x x x  λ 

15. Prove that if A and B are n × n matrices, then det ( n – AB) = det ( n – BA).

a 1 0 a 1 1 f  a 2  x 
 
16. A =  1 b d , B = 0 d c  , U = g , V =  0  , X =  y 
     
 1 b c   f g h h  0  z 
 
If AX = U has infinitely many solution, then prove that BX = V cannot have a unique solution. If further
afd  0, then prove that BX = V has no solution.

Let A be an n × n matrix such that A = A where is a real number different from 1 and – 1. Prove
n
17.
that the matrix A + n is invertible.

Let p and q be real numbers such that x + px + q 0 for every real number x. Prove that if n is an odd
2
18.
positive integer, then X + pX + qn 0n for all real matrices X of order n × n.
2

z  z2 
1
 z1 z2 
1 1 0
If |z1| = |z2| = 1, then prove that  1  2 
z1   z z1 
19.
z2  2 0 1 
 2
–1 2 2 2
20. If A and B are two square matrices such that B = –A BA, then show that (A +B) = A + B

64
Matrices and Determinant

a 1 0 a 1 1 f  a 2  x 
 
21. If A =  1 b d , B = 0 d c  , U = g , V =  0  , X =  y 
 1 b c   f g h h  0  z 
 
and AX = U has infinitely many solution. Prove that BX = V has no unique solution, also prove that if
afd 0, then BX = V has no solution.

22. If the system of equations x = cy + bz, y = az + cx and z = bx + ay has a non-zero solution and at least
3 3 3
one of a, b, c is a proper fraction, prove that a + b + c < 3 and abc > – 1.

23. If D = diag {d1, d2,........., dn}, then prove that f(D) = diag {f(d1), f(d2),........, f(dn)}, where f(x) is a
polynomial with scalar coefficient.

 1 3 5
Given the matrix A =  1  3  5 and X be the solution set of the equation A = A, where x N – {1}.
 x
24.
 1 3 5 
x 3 1
Evaluate  ; where the continued product extends x X.
x3 1

25. Let a, b, c, d be real numbers in G.P. If u, v, w satisfy the system of equations,

u + 2v + 3w = 6
4u + 5v + 6w = 12
6u + 9v = 4
then show that the roots of the equation,
1 1 1  2
    x + [(b  c)2 + (c  a)2 + (d  b)2] x + u + v + w = 0
u v w 
and 20 x2 + 10 (a  d)2 x  9 = 0
are reciprocals of each other.

Comprehension (Q. NO. 26 to 28)

Any non-zero vector, X, is said to be characteristic vector of a matrix A, if there exist a number such
that AX = X. And then is said to be a characteristic root of the matrix A corresponding to the
characteristic vector X and vice versa.
Also AX = X  (A – )X = 0
Since X 0  |A – | = 0
Thus every characteristic root of a matrix A is a root of its characteristic equation.

–1
26. Prove that the two matrices A and P AP have the same characteristic roots and hence show that
square matrices AB & BA have same characteristic roots if at least one of them is invertible.

A
27. If q is a characteristic root of a non singular matrix A, then prove that is a characteristic root of a
q
adj A.

28. Show that if 1, 2, ........, n are n characteristic roots of a square matrix A of order n, then the roots of
2
the matrix A be α12 , α 22 ,........αn2 .

29. If A is a non-singular matrix satisfying AB – BA = A, then prove that det.(B + ) = det.(B – )

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Matrices and Determinant

30. If rank is a number associated with a matrix which is the highest order of non-singular sub matrix then
prove that

 1 3  2
(i) Rank of the matrix A = 4  1 0  is 2
2  7 4 
y  a b c 

(ii) If the matrix A =  a y b c  has rank 3, then y – (a + b + c) and y 0
 a b y  c 
(iii) If A & B are two square matrices of order 3 such that rank of matrix AB is two, then at least one
of A & B is singular.

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Matrices and Determinant

Answers
Exercise-5
PART - I
1. (A) 2. (C) 3. (B) 4. (D) 5. (C)
6. (D) 7. (C) 8. (D) 9. (B) 10. (B)
11. (D) 12. (A) 13. (C) 14. (B)

PART - II

0 a
11. 0 0
 

67
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