Operating

System (4330703)
Micro Project
01. MEET VAGHASIYA (236170307221)

02. RUSHI VAGHASIYA (236170307222)

Types Of OS :
 BATCH OPERATING SYSTEM
 A batch is a sequence of user jobs grouped for the purpose of the processing.
 Batch OS worked in following manner.
 Batch os was very simple and resident in main memory.
 Programmers were prepared a job & submit it to the operator in a device called punch
card.
 Jobs with similar requirements are grouped and executed as a group to speed up
processing. Once the programmers have left their programs with the operator, they sort
the programs with similar needs into batche.
Memory Structure in Batch OS:

Working of Batch OS:

 Advantages of Batch OS:
 It isn't easy to forecast how long it will take to complete a job; only batch system processors know how long it
will take to finish the job in line.
 This system can easily manage large jobs again and again.
 The batch process can be divided into several stages to increase processing speed.
 When a process is finished, the next job from the job spool is run without any user interaction.

 Disadvantages of Batch OS:

 When a job fails once, it must be scheduled to be completed, and it may take a long time to complete the task.
 Computer operators must have full knowledge of batch systems.
 The batch system is quite difficult to debug.
 The computer system and the user have no direct interaction.
 If a job enters an infinite loop, other jobs must wait for an unknown period of time.
 Multiprogramming operating system
 Multiprogramming in an operating system as the name suggests multi means more than
one and programming means the execution of the program.
 When more than one program can execute in an operating system then this is termed a
multiprogramming operating system.
 In contrast to batch operating system, more than one program can simultaneously be
loaded into the main memory. These program can be executed concurrently.
 Memory is shared between OS and such kinds of programs, as shown in given figure.
 Working:
 A simple multiprogramming os works in a non- preemtive manner.
 A program is allowed to execute until it voluntarily gives up the CPU.
 A multi-user operating system allows many users to share processing time on a powerful
central computer on different terminals.
 Once a CPU becomes free, it can be allocated to another program, as shown in given figure.
 Advantages of Multiprogramming OS
 Resources are used nicely.
 Total read time taken to execute program/job decreases.
 Short time jobs are completed faster than long time jobs.
 Multiprogramming systems support multiply users.
 In some applications multiple tasks are running and multiprogramming systems
handle these type of applications.
 Disadvantages of Multiprogramming OS
 Prior knowledge of scheduling algorithms is required.
 If it has a large number of jobs, then long-term jobs will have to require a long wait.
 Memory management is needed in the operating system because all types of tasks are stored
in the main memory.
 Long time jobs have to wait long.
 Tracking all processes sometimes difficult.
 Requires efficient memory management.
 User interaction not possible during program execution.
 Multiprocessing operating system
 A multiprocessing operating system is defined as a type of operating system that makes use of more
than one CPU to improve performance.
 Multiple processors work parallelly in multi-processing operating systems to perform the given task.
 All the available processors are connected to peripheral devices, computer buses, physical memory, and
clocks.
 The main aim of the multi-processing operating system is to increase the to increase the speed of
execution of the system.
 The use of a multiprocessing operating system improves the overall performance of the system. For
example, UNIX, LINUX, and Solaris are the most widely used multi-processing operating system.
 Working of multiprocessing OS

 A Multiprocessing Operating System can be classified into two categories based on the
architecture of the computer system.
1. Asymmetric Multiprocessing
2. Symmetric Multiprocessing
 Advantages of Multiprocessing system
 Increased reliability : Processing tasks or Program is distributed among several processors. This increase realibilty as if
one processor fails; the task can be given to another processor for completion.
 Increased throughout : Due to more number of CPUs, more work can be done in less time.
 The economy of scale : This OS share secondary storage devices, peripherals and power supplies. They are relatively
cheaper than singly-processor systems.

 Disadvantages of Multiprocessing system

 Operating system of multiprocessing is more complex and sophisticated as it takes care of multiple CPU at the same time.
 Failure of the master processor results in failure of the entire system in Asymmetric Multiprocessing.
 The master processor has to cater to all other slave processors. So, it is possible that the master processor may be overloaded
while slave processors may remain idle. This results in a bottleneck for the performance.
 TIME SHARING OPERATING SYSTEM:
 A time-sharing operating system is a type of computer software that allows multiple users to share
the same computer. It's designed to allow each user to have their own virtual machine, which isolates
processes from each other (so they aren't interfering with one another).

 The main objective of time sharing operating system is to provide better response time to users.

 Pseudo-parallelism is achieved by providing rapid CPU scheduling among programs. Thus, users can
have a good terminal response. It also provides direct interaction between the user and system.

 Working
 Here, a program is allowed to execute only for some maximum time duration. After this time duration,
a CPU is forcibly taken away from that program and allocated to another program.
Here, smaller programs need not wait for another large program to finish its execution. So, it minimizes the response
time for the user. And so they are suitable for interactive programs where users can directly interact with the program.

 Following diagram represents time sharing OS.

 Advantages of time-sharing OS:
 It provides a quick response.
 Reduces CPU idle time.
 All the tasks are given a specific time.
 Less probability of duplication of software.
 Improves response time.
 Easy to use and user friendly.

 Disadvantages of time-sharing OS:

 It consumes many resources.
 Requires high specification of hardware.
 It has a problem of reliability.
 An issue with the security and integrity of user programs and data.
 Probability of data communication problem.
 REAL-TIME OPERATING SYSTEM
 Real-Time Operating Systems strictly require processing input data in a pre-specified time duration.

 In such types of Operating System, time is the crucial parameter.

 Here, input immediately affects the output. Time is very critical.

 Such characteristics include systems to control nuclear power plants, oil refining, air traffic control
systems, air defence systems, etc.

 In all such systems, input coming from some sensors should be processed immediately. The results of
such processing affect the output, which generally controls some devices. All these operations must
occur within some time limits.
Basic model of Real-time OS
 Advantages of Real-Time OS:
 Maximum consumption
 Task Shifting
 Focus On Application
 Real-time operating system in Embedded System
 Error Free
 Memory Allocation

 Disadvantages of Real-Time OS:

 Limited Tasks
 Use Heavy System Resources
 Complex Algorithms
 Device Driver And Interrupt signals
 Thread Priority
 Minimum Switching
THANK YOU