# tactiq.

io free youtube transcript

[Link].280 Very good morning all of you today will have very interesting lectures
on
[Link].800 river equilibriums and which talk about how the river reaches the
equilibrium positions
[Link].960 that is what we today will discuss it. And also I will show a case
studies of predicting
[Link].480 the river bank erosions in Bhramaputra river so that the part what we
will cover today.
[Link].280 And if you look at that mostly we are following this book P.Y. Julian
books and it has a chapters
[Link].760 on river equilibriums. So we are following that book with some of the
case studies
[Link].440 from indian river [Link] if you look at the next part
[Link].320 see if you look at that many of the times it was challenging task to
design stable alluvial rivers.
[Link].640 What could be the cross section, what could be the slope of the
channels
[Link].800 so that river remains at stable conditions that means there is not
significant order of scouring
[Link].720 or the siltation process. So there was a challenging task and that is
what
[Link].880 we solved it by thorough field observations of the rivers and
modifying the river such a way that
[Link].120 river can come to an equilibrium stage where there is no much change
of the channel is a stables.
[Link].360 Where the particles along these wetted perimeter are not moving it
which we talk about in terms
[Link].440 of the stable channels. But if you look at this the stable channel
part which is is a concrete
[Link].160 line canal but can you make a stable channel of alluvial rivers and
the sedimentations if you look
[Link].080 at these rivers can you make a stable channels can you make a the
river at the equilibrium stage.
[Link].880 What do we mean by that the equilibriums of alluvial
[Link].680 channels is a balance between the incoming and outgoing discharge and
the sediment loads
[Link].720 what is talking about that you say no scouring no scouring and no
depositions
[Link].320 no depositions of sediment passing through the particular river reach.
The concept is now it's
[Link].600 a quite challenging and quite interesting to make a river cross
section such a way that the channel
[Link].040 bed slope such a way that there will be no scouring and there will be
no depositions.
[Link].000 That means that whatever the sediment in flux is coming from a
particular reach upstream that
[Link].400 should be equal to the the sediment outflux coming from that. So if
you look at that at the reach
[Link].120 levels equilibriums examples will come it when the rate of erosions of
the outside of river bank
[Link].080 is a rate of the sedimentations on the point bar. So that means we are
talking about the reach scale
[Link].160 reach scale river equilibriums reach scale river equilibriums where
the rate of erosions of the
[Link].200 outside of a river bank that should be equal to rate of sedimentations
on the point bar.
[Link].560 Or we can talk about the amount of the sediments is coming from a
upstream a particular reach
[Link].959 that should be equal to the amount of sediment out flux from that
[Link].600 the downstream rates. So, that means we can say that reach
[Link].320 is at the equilibrium stage but not only that it is not easy to
achieve that or we can make a flow
[Link].480 such a way that the all the particles along the wetted perimeters that
means in a bed bank they
[Link].880 are not at moving it that is the conditions we do not look it for
alluvial channel cases.
[Link].240 But this is the conditions we look at the for the stone riprap or
protection system such a way that
[Link].960 the particles which is on the bed or the bank in a wetted zones are
not moving it that is the
[Link].680 channel stability. But besides that we also talk about that if we plot
the time versus
[Link].200 let be channel depth channel depth h if I locate that there will be
erosions and depositions and
[Link].400 all but if I talk about long term average that is there is constant.
[Link].560 So if I take a long term average if I plot the depth versus time and
take a long term
[Link].240 for average at a particular stations if that long term average becomes
a steady
[Link].680 there no trend the increasing trend and decreasing trend.
[Link].200 The significant trend then also I can say the river at equilibriums.
So this is the concept
[Link].120 if you look at that is quite challenging that is the reasons there is
2 way 1 way to try to
[Link].840 understand the river mechanics point of view the how how river can be
at the equilibrium stage.
[Link].480 Other ways that go to the field collect the river cross section data
[Link].520 collect the velocity the discharge area of the flow and then try to
establish the reaches where
[Link].680 the equilibrium stage is achieved in the last 5-10 years what is that
geometric relationship between
[Link].280 flow characteristics and degree of freedoms like in terms of width
which in terms of the
[Link].880 depth in terms of the bed [Link] that what we will be discussing
more
[Link].920 more details let us go for next ones which is the particle stability.
The basically we look it like
[Link].560 stone riprap or we try to design a channel such a alluvial channel
such a way that
[Link].160 there will be no motions of the particles on the bank as well as on
the bed so that is what we are
[Link].760 looking at. That whether we can design a channel such a way that the
particles which is on the bed
[Link].040 bank that is not in motions not in a motions not in incipient
conditions.
[Link].200 So that means we are trying to look it at what conditions what the the
configurations of the drag
[Link].080 force the lift force and the the uplift forces those force how the
equilibrium and how they are
[Link].440 initiating the bed materials to roll it. So now now if you look at
that
[Link].920 let be a bed materials are here and you have the channels with a Q
discharge is coming it
[Link].520 it has a side slope theta 1 theta naught is the downstream slope of
the channels ok.
[Link].200 The channels also have a slope and if you look at that part now if you
look at this component we can
[Link].920 see particle path line we can see the stream line components the
particles once detached from the
[Link].320 surface which is the path is follows its that what is the particle
path line at that point because we
[Link].480 are talking about the drag forces and the lift forces. That is what it
happens it and we look
[Link].160 it what is the stream line [Link] if I result in the different
angle
[Link].760 like theta beta alpha and the lambda. So lambda is a deviation of the
angle
[Link].960 from this slope to the stream lines. So the stream lines having the
angle of deviations
[Link].760 from this slope surface. So if you look at that part and if you look
at this downstream part
[Link].280 so you can have the stream lines and you have the the force components
in terms of F s force.
[Link].120 The F s force is a submerged weight of the particles. So let you look
at that if you have
[Link].440 a stones you can visualize that stones will have the packing like that
so we are trying to look it
[Link].080 that is a stone is a particle for us. But if you look at the sand so
if you microscopically if you
[Link].680 look at the sand compositions sand can be located like a stacking of
the particles. So if you look
[Link].320 at that particles either a stone in a gravel river or if you talk
about a the sandy river
[Link].440 the sand particles this is very finer particle but they are the
compositions could be like that.
[Link].760 Because of that we need to find out submerged weight of the particles
which you know it very
[Link].960 well is a difference between the weight and the buoyancy force thats
the differentiate and the
[Link].440 small water surface slope in the downstream directions. So you have a
channel parameter
[Link].040 like theta 1 side slope angles theta naught the downstream bed slopes
the F L is stands
[Link].440 for the lift force. So you can imagine it the particles you are
talking about is just starting
[Link].640 the incipient motion it is a detaching from that and its moving along
the particle path lines.
[Link].160 So you have a drag force we have a buoyancy force and the weight of
the particles so thats
[Link].600 what again I need to repeat it if you look at that sand particles
these are all cohesion
[Link].560 less particles we are not talking about the clay we are not talking
about compositions of
[Link].360 the silt. We are talking about big boulders or we are talking about
the sand particles.
[Link].440 So if you look at that and we are looking at these particles where it
will be stability and
[Link].280 these are the force component if you can result it geometrically if
you look at that part.
[Link].920 Now if you look at the next part which is more geometric point of view
that you can find out
[Link].240 the theta E J functions of theta naught and theta 1 tan theta we can
confine it
[Link].920 when the angles are the smalls in most of the times of the alluvial
rivers when you design it
[Link].600 the downstream slope these slopes are quite gentle similarly a theta
can be approximated as sine
[Link].520 square theta 1 minus sin square theta naught. Basically what I am
looking at you want to look at
[Link].600 the projections on the plane on the slope the all this component we
are looking at the projections
[Link].800 on the bank slope. If you look at that and you have the lambda is a
deviations of the stream line
[Link].720 from the downstream directions positive downward that means how much
of angle deviations are there
[Link].880 of the stream lines the downstream [Link] beta is angle of the
particles from the
[Link].960 direction of steepest descent the deviations of angle between the
particles direction and
[Link].960 streamline in case of the rotation the particles will be rotated. So
if you are approximated most
[Link].200 of the theta theta naught is very close to the 0 and a theta can be as
close to the cos theta 1
[Link].960 because theta naught is very very close to 0 as we discussed is the
like bhramaputra rivers
[Link].240 we have the slope gradient 1 is to 10000 [Link] you can find out
what will be the
[Link].400 theta naught value for that but no doubt in case of the hilly regions
it can go up to 1 is to 100.
[Link].480 So you can also come the theta naught value so its its its generally
theta naught as close to the 0
[Link].080 and we can approach means theta you will be cos theta 1 so that is the
approximations we can
[Link].920 do it and its quite valid for the river systems when you do not have a
steep slope of the river
[Link].960 but that though conditions you should consider all other components.
[Link].120 Now if you look at ah particles levels I am looking at how it is
stables that means what
[Link].600 are the forces acting on these particles 1 is lift force because the
water is flowing through that
[Link].840 there is a drag force and there is a submerged weight of the
particles. So if you look at that
[Link].240 what are the force is a lift force you have a drag force F D is a drag
force F S is submerged
[Link].720 in weight of the [Link] is that depending on particles
[Link].280 size you will have these force actings like a lift force and drag
force acting components also you
[Link].800 will have the components due to the submerged weight in 2 components
will have and they will
[Link].760 have a if I to take a O is a point the pivotal point where the
particles will be rotate out
[Link].760 rotate from that that means particle will be detaching from that. If
that is the conditions,
[Link].680 if you look at that and you can find they are the distance of l 1, l
2, l 3 and l 4.
[Link].920 So basically I am representing that you microscopically if you look at
these sand
[Link].800 compositions are the stones packings and you are looking at a
particular stones at what
[Link].280 flow conditions it will be lift out from that it will be retained out
from that. So the if these
[Link].080 are the stone 1 2 3 and our target stone is the particle p if is that
it will rotate from this
[Link].360 because these are the force component will act on these particles.
[Link].520 The lift force the drag force and the submerged
[Link].520 weight and they are depending upon particles dimensions they will have
a l 1, l 2, l 3,
[Link].240 l 4 distance we are looking microscopically we will talk about a sand
composites. If it is that
[Link].960 what I try to look at how much a movement is working on to rotate this
ones 1 is a
[Link].520 restoring moments that is what it happens it that the distance into
the force component.
[Link].240 And another is the overturning moments that because of F X F D and F L
components
[Link].120 as you can see these force components. So you can find out the
movement of rotations 1 is a
[Link].520 restoring another is overturning moment that what we can compute it
and you can equate it
[Link].840 thats a positions if this force component is larger than this ones
then it will be overturned
[Link].360 that is the reasons the stabilizing movement due to the particle
weight and there is a lift
[Link].880 moment to destabilize the [Link] have a lift moment to
distabilize. So
[Link].440 basically we try to locate factor of safety for overturning will it
have a resist ratio between
[Link].320 the resisting moments and moments generating the motions or
overturning that that is what if I
[Link].600 substitute I will get it this ones. The basically I am looking it as f
naught should be a much much
[Link].360 lesser than the value of 1. If its value equal to the 1 there is a
chance to have the particle will
[Link].720 be detached from that rotate from [Link] you do design a alluvial
channels
[Link].880 we try to look at this sf naught the that is a factor of safety for
overturning this particle
[Link].440 should be lesser than 1 value should be lesser than 1 value.
[Link].440 If you look it that way and if I somewhat simplified it that for
example when fluid at the
[Link].240 rest conditions. So in that case we will not have a drag and lift
forces you can see the channels
[Link].800 the flow is at the right conditions that means the the factors of
safety equal to 1 and your
[Link].440 the theta naught theta 1 will come you will be the equal to angle of
repose and if I have a tan
[Link].840 phi in terms of angle of reports is l by 2 by l 1 then if I just
change that equations I will get a
[Link].680 factor of safety of overturning is mathematically we are just
manipulating it.
[Link].920 To get it a functions of a naught tan phi is the angle of repose the
beta part and we have
[Link].040 a eta 1 part. So if you look at this eta 1 is called stability number
of the particles on
[Link].200 the embankment on the side. So that is what will be equal to this
value m plus delta
[Link].040 and m and can be defined like this just we are raising looking it the
the ratio of the lift to
[Link].880 drag moments of the force okay this is just the simplifications of the
previous equations.
[Link].720 To look at that the factor of safety is a functions of
[Link].600 phi angle of repose it depends upon your stability numbers size
[Link].360 stability numbers which is a functions of M and N, M and N ratio
representing
[Link].400 us lift to drag moments of the force that is the concept we brought it
and we try to look it
[Link].760 how these functions relationship is [Link] you look at that further
we can simplify that
[Link].760 as we go for a plane horizontal surface where you have a theta 1
theta,
[Link].120 theta naught, theta 1 and delta it becomes 0 and this is a sub
assumption of angle is a 90 degree
[Link].720 and you can simplify the eta 1 is a function of eta naught in the
function of M and N alpha beta
[Link].600 and theta and theta naught can divide is a tau naught is applied shear
stress
[Link].120 that is what is tau naught stands for applied shear stress and tau
stars stands for the critical
[Link].920 shield shear [Link] basically when you have a fully turbulent
[Link].520 flow and the hydraulically rough surface at the incipient motions the
eta naught equal to 1 and
[Link].600 the critical shear stress the shield critical shear stress is equal to
0.047 that is what
[Link].160 we discussed earlier. So we can find out the eta naught part you have
a relationship between
[Link].320 applied shear stress and the critical shear stress and that is what we
define the critical
[Link].600 shear stress in terms of shield critical shear stress. And that is
what we can have a very simple
[Link].960 equations to find out what will be the eta [Link] if you look it next 1
when you talk about
[Link].880 its not the it will be rotate on this the plane surface on the bank
plane surface. It
[Link].240 can rotate to perpendicular to that that means we are looking at
particle b which can rotate
[Link].240 along these directions perpendicular to inclined surface. You put that
you can again come get it
[Link].360 the the components here there are the 2 components are there 1 is the
drag force components and
[Link].960 another is submerged weight [Link] if you look at that what is
the moment at this
[Link].280 point again we can put it to the same conditions are the restoring
moment is equal to the
[Link].400 yours the overturning moments and that what if you simplify it will
get it
[Link].200 tan beta or beta tan inverse will be a function of this. So more
detailed derivations you can get it
[Link].680 from reference like Julian book or respective publications who are not
going more details.
[Link].760 But analytically if I consider the particles which are there on the
river or the it is bank
[Link].440 they are the particles and we are looking at what force components are
there because of the flow
[Link].760 the drag force the lift force and some modulate and what conditions of
the layouts are there that
[Link].472 is what is talking about in terms of angles in terms of the path line
particle path line
[Link].160 in terms of stream path lines stream [Link] we can result it to
find out
[Link].160 the factor of safety of this particle. If I know the factor of safety
of the particles
[Link].560 that means I can know it at what conditions if a factor of safety is
more than 1 no doubt
[Link].200 the particles will remove from that the erosions will start it on the
bank or the bed. If a
[Link].480 factor of safety is lesser than 1 I can say it it is a stable but
significantly if it is a much,
[Link].800 much lesser than 1 then I can say it the bed or bank cases it remains
a stable conditions.
[Link].440 So we try to look it at the particles levels which you know it
[Link].160 the river bed does not have a uniform bed materials or the bank
materials and
[Link].760 the particle level of concept to implement at the rivers is always a
questions mark. We can
[Link].600 derive a good analytical equation to know it what could be a factor of
safety for a
[Link].000 particle to initiate the motion so in spanned motions that what we can
do it. Looking this
[Link].480 safety factors of the particles [Link] it is a greater than 1 its
unstable
[Link].280 the particles will remove from the bed or bank in that case it will
initiate the river is not
[Link].400 equilibrium stage or particle number is less than 1 this we can
achieve the stable but if your
[Link].080 factor of safety is much much lesser than 1 then we can say the
channels are the stable.
[Link].840 But the limitations here that as you know it river banks are
heterogeneous mixed bank
[Link].360 similar way the bed is a mix is not a uniform sand or the uniform the
gravels are there.
[Link].960 So those condition we should look it not only that we should talk
about more detail about
[Link].400 river bend and the geometric conditions. So another interesting
concept will let us talk
[Link].320 about not the particle level stability talk about channel stability
that means I have a
[Link].400 river channels ok. So most of the times it will be parabolic shape and
I have the flow
[Link].440 here I this is the flow is moving with the velocity v and there are
the variations of the
[Link].520 shear stress the variations of the shear stress happening along the
perimeter of the channels.
[Link].120 How can I say the channel is stable?If I consider a straight channel
[Link].040 it is and all the particles on the bank or the bed they are at the
incipient motion they are about to
[Link].560 move out from that bank or the bank materials along these wetted
parameters having a
[Link].280 weight part of the particles is F S. So that means I consider a wet
particles which is on the bank
[Link].160 or the wet particles here on the bed I try to look it what conditions
it should prevail it
[Link].800 that all these things and what could be the shape of these channels
such a way that these
[Link].280 2 particles are remains on the same locations they are not we just
starting the incipient motions.
[Link].440 So that means we are tracking it if it is theta 1 angle is there
[Link].960 and looking it critical shear stress is tau as c along these things
use analogous to critical
[Link].880 shear stress corresponding angle of repose and if I consider the lanes
1953 the critical c stress
[Link].240 is equal to F S tan phi, phi stands for angle of repose. And the
resultant component on the
[Link].120 side slope is tan phi R by F S cos theta 1 I can have a the ratio
between shear stress,
[Link].600 critical shear stress on the bank on the side
[Link].200 and the relations will be come to a functions of theta 1 and the phi.
[Link].600 So theta 1 is angle, so if I look it even if I have a flow depth is h
naught
[Link].320 the fluid depth is h naught then I have a the critical shear stress
acting on this
[Link].000 and applied shear stress on this side flow. And if I just equate all
these equations and
[Link].080 do isolating this omega s per omega S value S stands for here is the
bed slope.
[Link].360 If you look at that parameters and if I make it the simplifications of
this.
[Link].960 We are going to get it a differential equations of ideal cross
sections geometry
[Link].160 that is what will be tan theta 1 is dh by dy
[Link].400 so this is h naught if you look at that we are looking at tau naught
is equal to at applied
[Link].200 stress acting on this bank or the bed that is what you equal to the
tau c that is the incipient
[Link].640 conditions. If that is the conditions you tau c is a functions of
omega hs cos theta 1 and theta
[Link].320 1 can re write it in terms of geometrically tan theta 1 equal to minus
dh by dy.
[Link].720 And if you cancel it you will get these equations and if I solve these
equations h 1 is flowed up
[Link].040 center line of the channel the hydraulic radius comes like this. So
now if you look it
[Link].600 so no doubt the tau sc on the side surface which is much lesser than
the critical shear stress on
[Link].760 the bed. So if that is the conditions if you look at that the here we
have the ratio between tau
[Link].040 sc the critical shear stress on the bank divide by the critical shear
stress on the bed.
[Link].000 If I consider that the conditions definitely this value should of
course this value should
[Link].080 be less than 1 and this is the angles okay the theta 1 angles and this
is the different slope
[Link].800 20 degree 25 degree 30 degree and 40 degree of the phi value angle of
repose. So we can get
[Link].400 this relationship with the solutions of these equations. So this is
what is indicating it the
[Link].400 shape. The same way for this equilibrium surface will get it this
once.
[Link].040 The shape will commit to like this so we can define the shape of the
river which is the
[Link].680 equilibrium shape. The shapes are all these bed material and the bank
materials they are for a
[Link].800 uniform bed size bed and sediment glue conditions we will have a the
relationship between these
[Link].520 ones as well as the graphically you can see it how these ratios are
varying with angle of of
[Link].040 repose and the theta 1, theta 1 is a downstream slope.
[Link].520 So it is a quite interesting the analytical derivations of
[Link].000 the relationship with a side critical shear stress and the critical
shear stress as well as getting a
[Link].680 equilibrium shape the channel safe for uniform bed and the bank
materials. If you know it angle
[Link].280 of repose and all we can compute it what could be the channel shapes
so most of the times we
[Link].840 show the sum of the channel cross sections the data from Brahmaputra
rivers and you can see it,
[Link].200 it does not follow these [Link] that means it does not follow
these
[Link].480 equilibrium constants concept as we are looking at more details and we
will do discuss more details
[Link].320 in about Brahmaputra rivers and why do not get a equilibrium cross
sections. But smaller rivers
[Link].600 we generally get a single channels close to this resembled to this
equilibrium ideal cross
[Link].800 section geometry of a [Link] very interesting thing
[Link].200 is regime relationship. Way back we used to have a constructions of
[Link].880 great Ganga canal or Indus canals in Pakistan
[Link].960 it was a quite challenging task for the engineers that how to design a
slope of the channels
[Link].160 and the cross section such a way that unlined canals in alluvial plain
of
[Link].320 Ganga and also alluvial from Indus such a way that we should get a
stable channel cross sections.
[Link].720 That means they are not a significant amount of erosions or
depositions are happening it
[Link].000 they are not significant amount of changing of the bed width or the
change of the for a particular
[Link].280 constant discharge. So what they try to do it that is that is what is
the contributions of Indian
[Link].760 engineers by the Lacies, Kennedy Wayback in 1929's before our country
independence
[Link].240 we used to have a to be a leader on designing this alluvial channels.
[Link].040 In terms of getting the field data try to establish the relationship
between for a
[Link].280 river or stable rivers stable canal reach what is the relationship
between geometry of
[Link].920 the river with the flow regions. Because most of the canals we have
the constant discharge
[Link].680 we do not make a transient flow in that conditions what is the
geometry it shapes the rivers.
[Link].360 If we follow that geometry of the rivers that means we try to
understand from the river
[Link].960 perspectives or the channel perspective that how the river shaping
it.
[Link].000 And if we try to find out the same geometry of the rivers in geometry
and the slope and
[Link].560 that empirical relationship will give a design relations. The Lacey
equations in 1929
[Link].000 and Blench in 1969's which is very widely used Lacey s equations still
now also we
[Link].880 have been use it for scouring computations we have been using for
designing the bridge piers
[Link].600 and we are also we have been using [Link] Lacey s equations is
similar to the
[Link].360 mannings equations its empirical natures since it is a field data
collected data based a plus
[Link].560 a data mining or data science today we talk about. The combinations of
both after extensive
[Link].120 data collections and the data mining they try to do it establish the
relationship which hold good
[Link].440 for a river or the reach at the equilibrium stage. The relationship
what they got it is a functions
[Link].920 of controlling part and the dependent [Link] if you look at the
river
[Link].640 as you say that river is author of its geometry the author of its
cross sections and author of
[Link].880 its slope. If I talk about that river shapes it is the path, river
shapes it is cross sections. If I
[Link].080 look at that concept and try to look at that there are the dependent
variables like the velocity area
[Link].320 if I talk about the velocity and if you talk about the area and if you
talk about the relationship
[Link].800 with the slopes these are empirical equations are derived for wetted
perimeters and all what they do
[Link].960 it because very easy to know the [Link] also its depends upon
another particles is
[Link].080 a particle dimension DMN is the particle diameters we can consider D50
values
[Link].320 can have a silt factors. So the empirical they introduce a factor
which is called
[Link].400 Lacey silt factors and they establish the relationship of velocity
area and hydraulic
[Link].880 radius and the parameters, wetted perimeters and the slope these are
all empirical data
[Link].840 collecting the field data do a data mining develop a correlations
between the dependent.
[Link].840 And here is independent variable is the discharge and the D50 value
that is what they introduce the
[Link].400 Lacey shield factors this is very well known the Lacey s equations and
the velocity area
[Link].440 radius and speed and still we use for designing a unlined canal
scouring depth of
[Link].840 flood plane width all while we do it based on this Lacey s equations
which is way back
[Link].960 in 1929 still still it has a lot of relevance to a to hydraulic
engineers
[Link].040 or the sediment engineers to know it how they have divide these
empirical equations which is still
[Link].720 has a lot of utility even if you have a lot of understanding more.
[Link].080 So this is called regime relationship and that is you have to try to
understand it
[Link].480 and try to make it how it is very good equations has come up in terms
of
[Link].920 Q. And so this is now if you look it that is what is representing you
can make it as
[Link].920 equivalent to rectangular cross sections with a flood plane and river
and you can know it
[Link].080 whether the river is equilibrium conditions if it follows these regime
relationship.
[Link].680 Now if you look it ah very interesting part if you look at this large
gauges in Brahmaputra rivers
[Link].800 still it is a inaccessible to these river bends which is there in part
of China and India border
[Link].960 and 1 of the largest gorges is there and huge energy is dissipated in
these 3 gorge
[Link].640 still we have a lot of questions mark on these gorges what it happens
to that. So
[Link].480 let me come back to the reverb bend a simple reward bend if you make
it.
[Link].280 We can understand it that will have a surface stream lines
[Link].480 will have the surface stream lines like this and you will have a the
near bed stream lines very
[Link].880 interesting that you will have a surface stream lines which are
attacking this outer bank you
[Link].400 have a near bed stream line which is scour this bed materials and
bring it to the inner bend so
[Link].000 that is the reasons point bar formations happens it. So the you have
this outer bank this surface
[Link].040 you can look it and there is a angle there is a angle of deviations of
nearby stream lines.
[Link].480 So how much of angle of deviations are happening it that was also play
the major roles.
[Link].880 Now if you look it if I have a river bend ok and if I consider river
bank at the equilibrium stage
[Link].080 what do you mean by that? That the force components are
[Link].000 some of the net force acting on this control volume should be
[Link].760 equal to the 0 that is what the equilibrium conditions. That means we
we look at that
[Link].000 centrifugal force per unit mass that is the accelerations is equal to
balance by
[Link].960 this unbalance the pressure force [Link] also the unbalance
the force due to the shear
[Link].880 stress components. So ready so S naught stand for here radial water
surface slope r is a radius of
[Link].560 curvature z is in vertical directions. See if you look at that what we
are looking at centrifugal
[Link].200 force per unit mass that is the accelerations this is the unbalanced
pressure force
[Link].000 because there will be super elevations per unit mass that is what be
also the shear force
[Link].000 per unit mass that is what we have done [Link] equilibrium condition
that is the net force
[Link].600 acting on this control volumes is equal to 0 here as the water is
[Link].760 rotated and you will have a centrifugal forces per unit mass you look
at the pressure force
[Link].120 difference what is comes it and the shear force per unit mass that is
what we equate here.
[Link].920 Now if you look at the figure levels that you have the river like
this
[Link].960 and you have the slope of the free-board this is the inner bank
[Link].000 this is the outer bank you have a W is a width r is a radius and you
have a z and y directions tau
[Link].920 r the subscript r is a transversal shear stress. So if you look at
that
[Link].680 g S r can have a this directions if you look it and v square by
[Link].480 r which is a centrifugal forces components that is what will be net
will come like this
[Link].160 you can see that there will be negative and the positive part net
force acting that.
[Link].520 So transverse boundary shear stress we can we can have a radial sales
force part and we can
[Link].240 average flow and all so we can make a non dimensionally try to look
this part but I I try to
[Link].240 convince you that you you take a control volumes and try to look it
what are the force components
[Link].920 are there and that the force components we are looking at how it
varies along the depth
[Link].360 that is what is the showing it the net components of the shear stress
component how its acting it
[Link].760 that is what is showing it. And you can have the super elevations
[Link].960 and we can do a non dimensional things which if you want to have
interest you can follow this
[Link].960 P Y Julian books but I will be just summarize this if I make it a non-
dimensional way to make it
[Link].920 in terms of fluid volumes the reach length and making a dimensional
less volume parameters.
[Link].560 And the same equations we are just doing a integrations volume
integrals things.
[Link].000 Then also we can have a moment big equilibrium at the point a this is
because of shear forces
[Link].920 this is because of centrifugal accelerations that is the part. If I
look it and we can have a
[Link].200 a concept to try to look at what is the
[Link].280 moment equilibrium happening at the point A that is the more details
we are not going it but
[Link].600 if you are having much more interest you can look at this components
how its working on this.
[Link].400 Now if you look it very interestingly if you can see this deviations
angles can have a function of
[Link].240 tau r and tau theta and which will be functions of equilibrium
momentum
[Link].760 h by ds. So h by ds is representing relative submergence h by r is a
functions if you look it
[Link].520 r is a radius h is a flow depth so tan lambda this angle of deviations
it has a function of this it
[Link].880 depends primarily on the ratio of flow depth and radius curvatures
that is what you can look it.
[Link].240 And safe bends will exhibit stronger the flow so if I have a bend is
more sharper then
[Link].000 you have a more the stronger the secondary flow will happen it and
angle lambda is increases with
[Link].160 the flow depth the cross sectional geometry is asymmetry when during
the floods. And symmetric
[Link].000 during the low flow let me I explained that by sketching the figures
see if you look at this
[Link].920 river in a flood period. So what will happen it the mostly geometry
will be asymmetric
[Link].440 in case of the flood periods and it will have a higher depth at the
outer bank.
[Link].080 Higher depth at the outer bank as the lambda value is changes but when
you come it to the low
[Link].640 flow periods the thalweg line will come closer to the central lines so
that means the thalweg line
[Link].160 the deepest point of a channels its oscillates it during the flood it
reaches to the bank and
[Link].960 after the flood when you have a less flow it again come back the
deepest points is again come to the
[Link].840 center line of a river [Link] is the it depends upon the
[Link].680 centrifugal force acting on which is balancing the counterbalance by
the unbalanced pressure
[Link].280 force in radial directions as well the shear stress acting on this. So
that is the reasons we
[Link].240 have a the oscillations of thalweg lines during the flood periods its
closest to the outer bank
[Link].440 as has come to as the lower periods this thalwaga line the deepest
channel depth line that what will
[Link].200 be shifting towards to the center [Link] in that period we will have
a symmetric
[Link].400 cross section so during the flood period you will have a cross
sections like this,
[Link].120 this is the flood period but during the low flow period you may get
the cross sections
[Link].800 will be the symmetric cross section that is the because of the the
hydrodynamic behavior
[Link].440 and the shear stress distributions what it happens in a river bed
during the flood and the low period
[Link].200 will have a asymmetric and the symmetry conditions that is the the
dynamic of the river banks.
[Link].280 If you look at that point and if I go for very interestingly look at
this figures what it
[Link].360 actually happens it ok. So when you have a very, very high flow
conditions you can see whenever
[Link].920 river bed is there; there is a point bar function depositions are
there and you can see that it
[Link].520 will be a Thalweg lines so you can see there is a secondary current
and the thalweg line since the
[Link].080 bed materials can have the mixed bed materials would have a bigger
size and smaller size
[Link].920 you can have a a finer coarser [Link] coarser materials will
be in this side outer
[Link].280 bank and in our bank will be that you will have a point bars the fine
sediment particles
[Link].440 will be here the coarse sediment particle here; so you can see the bed
material compositions
[Link].560 are changes it as the shear distributions are changing it and there
will be sedimentations
[Link].640 and erosions patterns. But when you go for lambda is much, much larger
then you can have
[Link].040 a lateral migrations of the it is a erosions of this bank and the
depositions are here.
[Link].960 So point bar formations will happen it so very interesting figures how
the river works
[Link].240 it during the extreme floods and the low flood when the river bends
are there. So if you can
[Link].840 try to understand it ah sketching these figures ah which is a part of
everywhere engineering
[Link].520 curriculums that you can sketch the figures and you can try to look it
how does a river behave
[Link].560 in during a flood periods. How does a river behave in a bend during
the low periods.
[Link].480 How the Thalweg lines are shifting it during flood periods during the
low periods how these
[Link].520 bed materials are armouring are happening it the coarser of bed
materials and the finer bed metals
[Link].960 finite sediment suspensions are happening it. All we can understand
it
[Link].840 and try to interpret the river how it is happening the dynamically
when a flood is passing through a
[Link].680 river bank. So that is what again I can repeat it that part the
cross
[Link].320 sectional geometry becomes asymmetric and Thalweg moving towards the
outer bank.
[Link].240 Downward lateral forces destabilize the bed particles whereas upward
lateral force to
[Link].000 stabilize the bed particles. And coarse grains can be found near the
outer bank
[Link].480 finer grains bed materials you can find in the inner bank. The
equilibrium is possible when
[Link].120 the big calving the erosions part balancing inside the deposition of
this. So then you will have a
[Link].200 river bank will be stabilized conditions. With this let me I have a 1
of the case studies
[Link].800 what we did it extensively in 2015 we published these journal papers
with stochastic erosions of
[Link].800 composite banks in alluvial river banks. Basically talking about the
Brahmaputra rivers
[Link].320 we talk about fluvial erosions seepage erosions cantilever mass
failures we develop a models which
[Link].440 is the hydrodynamic morphological models. I am not going detail of
modeling.
[Link].160 How we have defined this geometry of this part and if we look it how
this
[Link].080 stratified bank of Brahmaputra rivers have a silt fine sand medium
sand the clay particles
[Link].960 water tables and all and if you look at the total bank erosions. How
its varies with the time
[Link].080 cumulative erosions that is what we we predicted and is showing is the
seepage erosions which we
[Link].880 fill out with the people we introduce the seepage erosions is also a
significant part
[Link].440 in river like Brahmaputra [Link] we we are part of that and we
also
[Link].200 have a series of publications on seepage areas like a large river like
Brahmaputra river where
[Link].840 groundwater table fluctuations are there that is that is what we try
to look it and I am not
[Link].840 going more details you can look back this paper which is there in
hydrological process.
[Link].440 And we try to look at how river bends transport bed slope center lines
how the peak discharge
[Link].600 low discharge channel central lines how it is varying it how these
amplitudes and
[Link].800 all it is quite interesting to know it how a river bends behaves and
different and when
[Link].760 you have active of bank erosions bed transport uh the flow behaviors
that change it how things are
[Link].040 have changed how the thalweg lines are changing all we can have an
understanding on this.
[Link].120 No doubt who are interested you can go through that but let me quote
it as quoted by Victor Hugo
[Link].400 I think you do believe on that I am a intelligent river smart river
which has reflected successfully
[Link].000 all the banks before which it has flowed by mediating only the images
that is
[Link].560 offered it is a clear cut talking about the rivers is too dynamic and
too intelligent.
[Link].200 And try to balancing of the hydrodynamic the sediment and that is what
is reflects us
[Link].720 and with this let me conclude this lecture, thank you.