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UNACADEMY PLUS COURSES FOR SSC JE
SSC JE 2019 Paper 1
COURSE ON
Strength of
Materials
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Origin of Soil and soil water
relationships
• Soil is composed of particles found from the
disintegration of rocks.
• Formation of Soil takes place by two methods:
1. Physical Weathering
2. Chemical Weathering
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Erosion of rock by Wind ,
water glaciers, alternate
freezing and defreezing
Soil formed retain minerals
Physical Weathering
and composition
Soil Formation
Exp- sand and gravel
Chemical actions of acids
and alkalies in water, air,
glaciers, etc
Mineral composition is
Chemical Weathering
changed
Exp- clay
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Soil Deposits
• Residual Soils: Located at location of formation
• Transported Soil: Transported from parent location to a new location
• Alluvial deposits: deposited by river
• Lacustrine deposit: deposited by still water of lakes
• Marine deposit: deposited by sea Water
• Aeolian deposit: deposited by wind , example Loess
• Glacial deposit: deposited by glaciers , example drift, till
• Colluvial deposit: transported by Gravity expect Talus
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Some important Soils
• Bentonite clay:
• Has high percentage of montmorillonite
• Highly plastic, high swelling and shrinkage
• Formed due to volcanic ash, used as drilling mud
• Black cotton soil:
• Contains high percentage of montmorillonite
• Has high swelling and shrinkage potential
• Has very low bearing capacity
• Formed from chemical weathering of basalt
• Loam: mixture of sand silt and clay, known as Garden soil
• Indurated clay: hardening of clay due to heat and pressure
• Organic clays: soil gets mixed with decomposed vegetation and dead and
decayed matter
• Muck: inorganic + organic matter
• Peat: fully decomposed organic matter
• Humus: Top soil, it contains partly decomposed organic material
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Soil Water Relationships
Phase System
Three phase Two Phase
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Soil Water Relationships
𝑾𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆
𝑺𝒚𝒎𝒃𝒐𝒍𝒔 𝑺𝒚𝒎𝒃𝒐𝒍𝒔
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Soil Water Relationships
1. Void ratio (e) is the ratio of the volume of voids (Vv) to the volume
of soil solids (Vs)
𝑉𝑉 𝑛
𝑒= 𝑒=
𝑉𝑆 1−𝑛
2. Porosity (n) is the ratio of the volume of voids to the total
volume of soil (V )
𝑉𝑉 𝑒
𝑛= 𝑛=
𝑉 1+𝑒
3. Degree of saturation (S) The volume of water (Vw) in a soil can
vary between zero (i.e. a dry soil) and the volume of voids. This
can be expressed as the degree of saturation (S) in percentage.
𝑉𝑤
𝑠=
𝑉𝑉
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Soil Water Relationships
4. Air content (ac) is the ratio of the volume of air (Va) to the volume of
voids.
𝑉𝑎
𝑎𝑐 =
𝑉𝑉
5. Percentage air voids (𝑛𝑎 ) is the ratio of the volume of air to the total
volume.
𝑉𝑎
𝑛𝑎 = 𝑛𝑎 = 𝑛 × 𝑎𝑐
𝑉
6. Water content (𝑤): The ratio of the mass of water present to the
mass of solid particles is called the water content (𝑤), or sometimes
the moisture content. Its value is 0% for dry soil and its magnitude
can exceed 100%
𝑊𝑤
𝑤=
𝑊𝑠
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Soil Water Relationships
7. True Specific Gravity (Gs):
𝛾𝑠
𝐺𝑠 =
𝛾𝑤
8. Mass Specific Gravity (Gm):
𝛾𝑡
𝐺𝑚 =
𝛾𝑤
2.6 − 2.7 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐼𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑔𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑠
• 𝐺𝑠 = ቊ
1.2 − 1.4 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑂𝑟𝑔𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐 𝑆𝑜𝑖𝑙
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Soil Water Relationships
9. Unit Weight of Soil
a) Bulk Unit Weight (ɣt): It is total weight by total volume of soil
𝑊
𝛾𝑡 =
𝑉
b) Dry Unit Weight of soil (𝛾𝑑 ): It is weight of solids divided by total volume of soil
𝑊𝑠
𝛾𝑑 =
𝑉
c) Saturated Unit Weight (𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 ) of soil:
𝑊𝑤 + 𝑊𝑠
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 =
𝑉
d) Submerged unit Weight of soil (ɣsub) :
𝛾𝑠𝑢𝑏 = 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝛾𝑤
e) Unit Weight of Solids(ɣs): It is weight of solids per unit volume of solids
𝑾𝒔
𝜸𝒔 =
𝑽𝒔
f) Unit weight of water(ɣw): It is weight of water per unit volume of water
𝑾𝑾
𝜸𝒘 =
𝑽𝑾
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Soil Water Relationships
10. Relative Density:
𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑒
𝐼𝐷 =
𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛
11. Relative Compaction
𝛾𝑑
𝑅𝑐 =
𝛾𝑑 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐺𝛾𝑤
= 1+𝑒
𝐺𝛾𝑤
1 + 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛
1 + 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛
⇒ 𝑅𝑐 =
1+𝑒
And 𝑅𝑐 = 80 + 0.2 𝑅𝐷
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Relation between different terms
1. 7.
2. 8.
3. 9.
4. 10.
5. 11.
6. 12.
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SSC JE 2012
Que 1. A sampler has a porosity of 40%. The specific gravity of
solids is 2.7. Find
a) Void ratio
b) Dry Density
c) Unit weight of soil if it is 50% saturated
d) Unit weight of soil if it is completely saturated
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Que 2. The void ratio and specific gravity of a
sample of clay are 0.73 and 2.7. If the voids are 92%
saturated, find the bulk density, dry density and
water content. What would be the water content
for s=100% ?
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Que 3. A sample of sand above the water table is found to have
natural moisture content of 0.15 or 15% and a unit weight
𝟏𝟖. 𝟖𝟒 𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟑 . Lab test on dried sample indicate value of 0.5 and
0.85 for minimum and maximum void ratio for dense and loose
state.
If G=2.65, Find
a) s
b) Relative density
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