STRUCTURAL
THEORY
ENGR. JOMARI T. FERRER
INTRODUCTION
● A structure refers to a system of connected
parts used to support a load. Important
examples related to civil engineering include
buildings, bridges, and towers; and in other
branches of engineering, ship and aircraft
frames, tanks, pressure vessels, mechanical
systems, and electrical supporting structures
are important.
01. Classification of Structures
02. General building Codes /
Design Codes
03. Loads on Structures
04. Determinacy of Beams, Trusses
and Frames
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
Classification of Mercury Venus
Structures
1. Tie Rods - Structural members subjected to a tensile force
It’s the closest Venus has a
are often referred
planet totothe
asSun
tie rods or bracing [Link]
beautiful Due to
the nature of this load, these members are rather slender,
and are often chosen from rods, bars, angles, or channels.
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
Classification of Mercury Venus
Structures
2. Beams - are usually straight horizontal members used
It’s the closest Venus has a
primarily toplanet
carry tovertical
the Sunloads. Quite often theyname
beautiful are
classified according to the way they are supported, as
indicated in figure below:
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
Classification of Mercury Venus
Structures
3. Columns - members that are generally vertical and resist axial
It’s the closest Venus has a
compressiveplanet
loads to
arethe
referred
Sun
to as columns.
beautiful name
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
Classification of
4. Slabs - a flat, horizontal, and typically reinforced concrete
Mercury
element used Venus
to form floors, ceilings, and roofs.
Structures
It’s the closest Venus has a
planet to the Sun beautiful name
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
Classification of
𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛
ONE WAY SLAB: >2 or < 0.5
Mercury𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛 Venus
𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛
Structures
It’s the closest Venus has a
𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛
planet to the Sun
TWO WAY SLAB: ≤2 or beautiful name≥ 0.5
𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
Classification of
5. Footings - are structural elements that support the weight of a
building and Mercury Venus
transmit it to the ground. The type of footing used
Structures
depends on It’s
various factors, including the soilVenus
the closest conditions,
has a the load-
planet
bearing capacity to the Sun
required, and the structuralbeautiful
design ofname
the
building
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
Classification of
6. Shear wall- Shear wall is a structural member used to resist
Mercury
lateral forces, that is, parallel to the plane of Venus
the wall. For slender
Structures
walls where It’s
thethe
flexural deformation is more,Venus
closest shearhas
wallaresists
the loads dueplanet to the Sun
to cantilever beautiful
action. In other words, shearname
walls are
vertical elements of the horizontal force resisting system.
TYPES OF STRUCTURES
Classification of
1. Trusses - When the span of a structure is required to be large
and its depthMercury
is not an important criterion forVenus
design, a truss may
Structures
be selected. It’s the closest
Trusses Venususually
consist of slender elements, has a
planet to the
arranged in triangular Sun Planar trussesbeautiful
fashion. name of
are composed
members that lie in the same plane and are frequently used for
bridge and roof support, whereas space trusses have members
extending in three dimensions and are suitable for derricks and
towers.
TYPES OF STRUCTURES
Classification of 2. Cables - usually
Mercury
flexible and carry their loads in tension.
Venus
Structures
They are commonly used to support bridges, and building
It’s the closest Venus has a
roofs. planet to the Sun beautiful name
TYPES OF STRUCTURES
Classification of 3. Arches - The arch achieves its strength in compression,
since it hasMercury
a reverse curvature to that ofVenus
the cable. The
Structures arch must beIt’s rigid,
the closest
however, in order toVenus has a
maintain its shape,
planet to the Sun beautiful name
and this results in secondary loadings involving shear and
moment, which must be considered in its design
TYPES OF STRUCTURES
Classification of - are often used in buildings and are
4. Frames Mercury Venus
Structures
composedIt’softhe
beams
closest and columns that are
Venus has either
a pin
planet to theLike
or fixed connected. Sun trusses, frames
beautiful name in
extend
two or three dimensions.
01. Classification of Structures
02. General building Codes /
Design Codes
03. Loads on Structures
04. Determinacy of Beams, Trusses
and Frames
General building Codes / Design Codes
● General building codes specify the
requirements of governmental bodies for
minimum design loads on structures and
minimum standards for construction. Design
codes provide detailed technical standards
and are used to establish the requirements for
the actual structural design.
General building Codes / Design
Codes
NSCP 2015
● the National Structural
Code of the Philippines
(NSCP, 2015) is the primary
design code in the country,
providing guidance to civil
and structural engineers on
the design and assessment
of buildings and any other
structures since its first
edition in 1972.
General building Codes / Design
Codes
Minimum Design Loads
for Buildings and Other
Structures , ASCE/SEI 7-
10,American Society of Civil
Engineers
General building Codes / Design
Codes
The International Building
Code (IBC)
● It is an essential tool to
preserve public health
and safety that provides
safeguards from
hazards associated with
the built environment.
01. Classification of Structures
02. General building Codes /
Design Codes
03. Loads on Structures
04. Determinacy of Beams, Trusses
and Frames
LOADS ON
STRUCTURES
It is the anticipation of the various loads
that will be imposed on the structure that
provides the basic type of structure that
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TYPES OF LOADS
Mercury - Dead loads consist
1. DEADLOADS Venusof the
Structures weights of It’s
thethevarious
closest structural members
Venus has a the
Loads on
and
planet to the Sun beautiful name
weights of any objects that are permanently
attached to the structure. Hence, for a building, the
dead loads include the weights of the columns,
beams, and girders, the floor slab, roofing, walls,
windows, plumbing, electrical fixtures, and other
miscellaneous attachments
TYPES OF LOADS
Mercury Venus
Structures
It’s the closest Venus has a
Loads on
planet to the Sun beautiful name
TYPES OF LOADS
Mercury
2. LIVELOADS - Live Loads can Venus
vary both in
Structures
It’s the closest Venus has a
Loads on
their magnitude and
planet to the Sun
location. They may be
beautiful name
caused by the weights of objects
temporarily placed on a structure, moving
vehicles, or natural forces. The minimum
live loads specified in codes are determined
from studying the history of their effects on
existing structures.
TYPES OF LOADS
Mercury Venus
Structures
It’s the closest Venus has a
Loads on
planet to the Sun beautiful name
TYPES OF LOADS
3. WINDLOADS - When structures block the flow of
wind, the wind’s
Mercury kinetic energy is converted
Venus into
Structures
It’s the closest
potential energy Venus hasaawind
of pressure, which causes
Loads on
loading. planet to the Sun beautiful name
4. SNOWLOADS - In some parts of the country, roof
loading due to snow can be quite severe, and
therefore protection against possible failure is of
primary concern. Design loadings typically depend
on the building’s general shape and roof geometry,
wind exposure, location, its importance, and whether
or not it is heated
Mercury Venus
Structures
It’s the closest Venus has a
Loads on
planet to the Sun beautiful name
PROBLEM SOLVING #1
(Loads on Structures)
ANSWER: 1062 lb/ft
PROBLEM SOLVING #2
(Loads on Structures)
The floor of a light storage warehouse is made of
150-mm-thick lightweight plain concrete. If the floor is
a slab having a length of 7 m and width of 3 m,
determine the resultant force caused by the dead
load and the live load.
ANSWER: 173.25 kN
01. Classification of Structures
02. General building Codes /
Design Codes
03. Loads on Structures
04. Determinacy of Beams, Trusses
and Frames
DETERMINACY OF STRUCTURES
Determinacy and The equilibrium equations provide both the necessary and
Mercury
sufficient conditions for equilibrium. When allVenus
the forces in a
structure canIt’s
bethe closest strictly from these
Venus has a the
Stability determined
planet to
structure is referred tothe
as Sun
equations,
beautiful
statically determinate. name
Structures
having more unknown forces than available equilibrium equations
are called statically indeterminate.
In particular, if a structure is statically indeterminate, the
additional equations needed to solve for the unknown reactions
are obtained by relating the applied loads and reactions to the
displacement or slope at different points on the structure. These
equations, which are referred to as compatibility equations, must
be equal in number to the degree of indeterminacy of the
structure.
Determinacy and
DETERMINACY OF BEAMS & PIN-CONNECTED STRUCTURES
r = 3n - Mercury
Statically Venus
Determinate
r > 3n - It’s the closest Venus has a
Statically Indeterminate
Stability ( rplanet
– 3n )toDegree
the Sun beautiful name
of Indeterminacy
r < 3n - Unstable
THE STRUCTURE IS ALSO UNSTABLE IF:
- Reactions are Parallel
- Reactions are concurrent
- By inspection
where:
r – number of reactions (external & internal)
n – number of beams/members
PROBLEM SOLVING #1
(Determinacy and Stability)
a. Classify each of the beams
or pin-connected structure
as statically determinate or
b.
statically indeterminate. If
statically indeterminate,
report the number of
degrees of indeterminacy.
c.
PROBLEM SOLVING #1
(Determinacy and Stability)
d. Classify each of the beams
or pin-connected structure
as statically determinate or
e.
statically indeterminate. If
statically indeterminate,
report the number of
degrees of indeterminacy.
DETERMINACY OF A TRUSS
Determinacy and b + r = 2j -
b + r > 2j Mercury-
Statically Determinate
Venus
Statically Indeterminate
It’s the closest Venus has a
Stability (b+r)
b + r < 2j
– 2j Degree of Indeterminacy
planet to the Sun
-
beautiful name
Unstable
THE TRUSS IS ALSO UNSTABLE IF:
- Reactions are Parallel
- Reactions are concurrent.
- Joint can’t hold in a fixed position
where:
b – number of bars
r – number of external support reactions
j – number of joints
PROBLEM SOLVING #2
(Determinacy and Stability)
a. Classify each of the
following trusses as
statically determinate,
statically indeterminate, or
unstable. If indeterminate,
state its degree.
b.
PROBLEM SOLVING #2
(Determinacy and Stability)
c. Classify each of the
following trusses as
statically determinate,
statically indeterminate, or
unstable. If indeterminate,
state its degree.
d.
DETERMINACY OF FRAMES
Determinacy and
PROBLEM SOLVING #3
(Determinacy and Stability)
Mercury Venus
It’s the closest Venus has a
Stability planet to the Sun beautiful name
a.
b.
c.
ASSESMENT #1
(Loads on Structures)
The prestressed concrete
girder is made from plain
stone concrete and four ¾
inch cold form steel
reinforcing rods.
Determine the dead weight
of the girder per foot of its
length.
THANK YOU
REFERENCE: Hibbler, R.C., Structural Analysis, 8th Ed.
