2025
Sampling
Probability
Distribution
∣ ∣
Sampling Sampling Techniques Parameters &Statistics ∣ Sampling Distribution of Sample Means
Statistics & Probability l Roseane M. Olsim
Objectives:
At the end of this lesson, I am able to:
a. distinguish population from a sample;
b. identify random and non-random sampling techniques; and,
c. appreciate the value of precision through problem-solving.
Statistics & Probability l Roseane M. Olsim
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Sampling
Sample Importance of Sampling
selected members that will represent 1. economical & practical
the population
2. timely
Sampling 3. yields more comprehensive
process of selecting samples
information
4. enables the researcher to do some
Population inferences or generalizations
(N) Slovin’s Formula
𝑵
𝒏=
Sample 𝟏 + 𝑵𝒆𝟐
(n) 𝒏 – sample size
𝑵 – population size
𝒆 – margin of error
Slovin’s Formula
E1. Find the sample size from the population E2. Find the sample size from the population
of 600 with sampling error of 5%. of 1200 with sampling error of 10%.
Given: 𝑵 = 𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒆 = 𝟓% 𝒐𝒓 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓 Given: 𝑵 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒆 = 𝟏𝟎% 𝒐𝒓 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎
𝑵 𝑵
𝒏= 𝒏=
𝟏 + 𝑵𝒆𝟐 𝟏 + 𝑵𝒆𝟐
𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎
= =
𝟏 + 𝟔𝟎𝟎(𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟐 ) 𝟏 + 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎(𝟎. 𝟏𝟎𝟐 )
= 𝟐𝟒𝟎 = 𝟗𝟑
Hence, the number of sample size is 240. Hence, the number of sample size is 93.
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Slovin’s Formula
E3. Dr. Gawiden conducted a research study on the Attitude of Senior High School Students
in Mathematics at King’s College of the Philippines. The population size is 2 674. She
utilizes the Slovin’s Formula to determine the sample size with 98% Level of Confidence.
How many respondents were there?
Given: 𝑵 = 𝟐 𝟔𝟕𝟒 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒆 = 𝟐% 𝒐𝒓 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐
𝑵
𝒏=
𝟏 + 𝑵𝒆𝟐
𝟐 𝟔𝟕𝟒
= = 𝟏𝟐𝟗𝟑
𝟏 + 𝟐 𝟔𝟕𝟒(𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟐 )
Hence, the number of sample size is 1293.
Sampling techniques
Probability or Random Sampling Non-Probability Sampling or Non-Random Sampling
the researcher’s judgement is the basis for the
gives every member of the population an
choice of sample; relies on randomization and
equal chance of being part of the study
sampling might be biased
1. Simple Random Sampling/Fish Bowl Technique
1. Purposive Sampling
2. Systematic Random Sampling
2. Incidental or Accidental Sampling
3. Stratified Random Sampling is dividing
4. Cluster Sampling
3. Quota Sampling
5. Multi-stage Sampling 4. Snowball or Referral Sampling
Statistics & Probability l Roseane M. Olsim
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2025
Probability Random sampling
1. Simple Random Sampling/Fish Bowl Technique
done by draw lots or by the use of the table of
random numbers
Probability Random sampling
1. Simple Random Sampling/Fish Bowl Technique
done by draw lots or by the use of the table of
random numbers
2. Systematic Random Sampling
sample are selected by skipping through the list at
regular intervals
done by choosing a starting point at random, then
pick every kth person from a list
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Probability Random sampling
1. Simple Random Sampling/Fish Bowl Technique
done by draw lots or by the use of the table of
random numbers
2. Systematic Random Sampling
sample are selected by skipping through the list at
regular intervals
3. Stratified Random Sampling
done by dividing the population into strata based on a
characteristic then randomly select from each stratum
Probability Random sampling
1. Simple Random Sampling/Fish Bowl Technique 4. Cluster Sampling
done by draw lots or by the use of the table of done by dividing the population into clusters, then
random numbers randomly select entire clusters instead of individuals
2. Systematic Random Sampling
sample are selected by skipping through the list at
regular intervals
3. Stratified Random Sampling
dividing the population into strata and drawing sample
at random in each stratum
Statistics & Probability l Roseane M. Olsim
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2025
Probability Random sampling
1. Simple Random Sampling/Fish Bowl Technique 4. Cluster Sampling
done by draw lots or by the use of the table of uses group as a sample rather than an individual
random numbers
5. Multi-stage Sampling
2. Systematic Random Sampling ideal for nationwide or large scale studies
done by several stages depending on how many
sample are selected by skipping through the list at
stages were employed
regular intervals
3. Stratified Random Sampling
dividing the population into strata and drawing sample
at random in each stratum
Statistics & Probability l Roseane M. Olsim
Determine the most appropriate type of probability sampling.
1. A survey is on the health status of Benguet State University students. 2 out of the 8
Cluster Sampling
colleges were selected. Then the questionnaires were given to all the students
enrolled in the two colleges.
2. An environmentalist interviews 30 science teachers from the private high schools Stratified Random Sampling
and 30 science teachers from the government schools in a certain town.
3. An sample would be the names of 25 employees being chosen out of a hat from a Simple Random Sampling
company of 250 employees.
4. All employees of the company are listed in alphabetical order. From the first 10
Systematic Random Sampling
numbers, you randomly select a starting point: number 6. From number 6 onwards,
every 10th person on the list is selected (6, 16, 26, 36, and so on).
Statistics & Probability l Roseane M. Olsim
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Non – Probability or non – Random sampling
1. Purposive Sampling
samples are deliberately chosen based on judgement
Non – Probability or non – Random sampling
1. Purposive Sampling
samples are deliberately chosen based on judgement
2. Incidental or Accidental Sampling
weakest form of sampling but the most frequently
used because of its convenience;
sample is chosen based on who may be the most
available or nearest at the time of data gathering
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Non – Probability or non – Random sampling
1. Purposive Sampling 3. Quota Sampling
samples are deliberately chosen based on judgement a design suitable for opinion research;
made for individuals who possess the required
2. Incidental or Accidental Sampling
characteristics and a required number is set
weakest form of sampling but the most frequently
used because of its convenience;
sample is chosen based on who may be the most
available or nearest at the time of data gathering
Statistics & Probability l Roseane M. Olsim
Non – Probability or non – Random sampling
1. Purposive Sampling 3. Quota Sampling
samples are deliberately chosen based on judgement a design suitable for opinion research;
made for individuals who possess the required
2. Incidental or Accidental Sampling
characteristics and a required number is set
weakest form of sampling but the most frequently
4. Snowball or Referral Sampling
used because of its convenience;
sample is chosen based on who may be the most having the respondent refer people who are in
available or nearest at the time of data gathering position to answer the questions of the researcher;
helpful to study that involves highly sensitive topics
where identity of the respondents must be hidden.
Statistics & Probability l Roseane M. Olsim
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2025
Determine the most appropriate type of non – probability sampling.
1. You want to know more about the opinions and experiences of disabled students at Purposive Sampling
your university, so you purposefully select a number of students with different
support needs in order to gather a varied range of data on their experiences with
student services.
2. You are researching experiences of homelessness in your city. You meet one Snowball Sampling
person who agrees to participate in the research, and she puts you in contact with
other homeless people that she knows in the area.
Statistics & Probability l Roseane M. Olsim
