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Graham M. Vaughan

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 Social
8 th edition

Psychology
Graham M. Vaughan & Michael A. Hogg

Copyright © Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2018—9781488616068—Vaughan & Hogg/Social Psychology 8e
 DETAILED CONTENTS   vii

Where is the ‘social’ in social cognition? . . . . . 77 Self-awareness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78
Self-knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123
Literature, film and TV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Guided questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80 Self-schemas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Learn more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81 Regulatory focus theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Inferences from our behaviour . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Social comparison and self-knowledge . . . . . . . 128
3 Attribution and social Many selves, multiple identities . . . . . . . . . 129
explanation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Types of self and identity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Contextual sensitivity of self and identity . . . . . . 130
Seeking the causes of behaviour . . . . . . . . . . 84 In search of self-coherence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
How people attribute causality . . . . . . . . . . 85 Social identity theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132
People as naive psychologists . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Personal identity and social identity . . . . . . . . . 132
From acts to dispositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Processes of social identity salience . . . . . . . . . 132
People as everyday scientists . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Consequences of social identity
salience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Extensions of attribution theory . . . . . . . . . . 89
Explaining our emotions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Self-motives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .134
Attributions for our own behaviour . . . . . . . . . . 91 Self-assessment and self-verification . . . . . . . . . 135
Task performance attributions . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Self-enhancement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Applications of attribution theory . . . . . . . . 92 Self-esteem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Individual differences and attributional Self-esteem and social identity . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
styles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Individual differences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Interpersonal relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 In pursuit of self-esteem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Attributional biases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 Self-presentation and impression
Correspondence bias and the fundamental management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
attribution error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Strategic self-presentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
The actor–observer effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Expressive self-presentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
The false consensus effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Self-serving biases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Cultural differences in self and
identity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Intergroup attribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Attribution and stereotyping . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Literature, film and TV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Social knowledge and societal Guided questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
attributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105 Learn more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Social representations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Rumour and gossip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 5 Attitudes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Conspiracy theories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Societal attributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Structure and function of attitudes . . . . . . . .154
Culture’s contribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
A short history of attitudes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 Attitude structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Literature, film and TV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Attitude functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Guided questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 Cognitive consistency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Learn more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 Cognition and evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Decision making and attitudes . . . . . . . . . . . 159

4 Self and identity . . . . . . . . . . . 116 Can attitudes predict behaviour? . . . . . . . . .160

Beliefs, intentions and behaviour . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Who are you? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 Attitude accessibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Attitude strength and direct experience . . . . . . . 171
Self and identity in historical context . . . . . . 118 Reflecting on the attitude–behaviour link . . . . . . 172
Psychodynamic self . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 Moderator variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Individual versus collective self . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Collective self . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 Forming attitudes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Symbolic interactionist self . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Behavioural approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

Copyright © Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2018—9781488616068—Vaughan & Hogg/Social Psychology 8e
viii   DETAILED CONTENTS

Cognitive development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 7 Social influence . . . . . . . . . . . 238

Sources of learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178

Concepts related to attitudes . . . . . . . . . . . 179 Types of social influence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240

Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 Compliance, obedience, conformity . . . . . . . . . 240
Ideology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 Power and influence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Social representations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 Obedience to authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .244
Measuring attitudes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .182 Factors influencing obedience . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Attitude scales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 The ethical legacy of Milgram’s experiments . . . . 249
Using attitude scales today . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 Conformity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
Physiological measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
The formation and influence of norms . . . . . . . 250
Measures of overt behaviour . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Yielding to majority group pressure . . . . . . . . . 251
Measuring covert attitudes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Who conforms? Individual and group
Concluding thoughts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 Situational factors in conformity . . . . . . . . . . .256
Literature, film and TV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 Processes of conformity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .257
Guided questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Learn more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 Minority influence and social change . . . . . .260
Beyond conformity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
Behavioural style and the genetic model . . . . . . 262
6 Persuasion and Conversion theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .264
attitude change . . . . . . . . . . . 194 Convergent–divergent theory . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Social identity and self-categorisation . . . . . . . . 268
Attitudes, arguments and behaviour . . . . . . .196 Vested interest and the leniency contract . . . . . . 269
Attribution and social impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
Persuasive communication . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 Two processes or one? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
The communicator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .200 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
The message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 Literature, film and TV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
The audience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .208 Guided questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
Dual-process models of persuasion . . . . . . . 210 Learn more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
Elaboration–likelihood model . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Heuristic–systematic model . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
8 People in groups . . . . . . . . . . 274
Compliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Tactics for enhancing compliance . . . . . . . . . . 214 What is a group? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
Action research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Categories and group entitativity . . . . . . . . . . 276
Common-bond and common-identity groups . . .277
Cognitive dissonance and attitude Groups and aggregates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
Effort justification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Induced compliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .225 Group effects on individual performance . . . .278
Free choice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .228 Mere presence and audience effects: social
The role of self . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .228 facilitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
Vicarious dissonance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 Classification of group tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
Alternative views to dissonance . . . . . . . . . . . 230 Social loafing and social impact . . . . . . . . . . . 287
A new look at cognitive dissonance . . . . . . . . . 231
Group cohesiveness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .293
Resistance to persuasion . . . . . . . . . . . . . .231
Group socialisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
Reactance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
Forewarning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 Norms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
Inoculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
Morality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .304
Attitude accessibility and strength . . . . . . . . . .234
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 Group structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .304
Literature, film and TV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 Roles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .305
Guided questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
Learn more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 Communication networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308

Copyright © Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2018—9781488616068—Vaughan & Hogg/Social Psychology 8e
 DETAILED CONTENTS   ix

Subgroups and crosscutting categories . . . . . . . 310 Ageism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383

Deviants and marginal members . . . . . . . . . . 311 Discrimination against sexual minorities . . . . . . 384
Discrimination on the basis of physical or
Why do people join groups? . . . . . . . . . . . .313 mental handicap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .386
Reasons for joining groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
Motivations for affiliation and group formation . . 314 Forms of discrimination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
Why not join groups? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 Reluctance to help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .387
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316 Tokenism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
Literature, film and TV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317 Reverse discrimination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
Guided questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318 Stigma and other effects of prejudice . . . . . .389
Learn more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
Stigma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .389
Self-worth, self-esteem and psychological
9 Leadership and group wellbeing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
Stereotype threat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
decision making . . . . . . . . . . . 320 Failure and disadvantage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
Attributional ambiguity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
Leaders and group decisions . . . . . . . . . . . .322 Self-fulfilling prophecies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
Leadership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .322 Dehumanisation, violence and genocide . . . . . . 396
Defining leadership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 Explanations of prejudice and
Personality traits and individual differences . . . . . 324 discrimination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
Situational perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326 Frustration–aggression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
What leaders do . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 The authoritarian personality . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
Contingency theories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330 Dogmatism and closed-mindedness . . . . . . . . 404
Transactional leadership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 Right-wing authoritarianism . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
Transformational leadership . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336 Social dominance theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .405
Charisma and charismatic leadership . . . . . . . . 337 Belief congruence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
Leader perceptions and leadership schemas . . . . 338 Other explanations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .408
Social identity and leadership . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
Trust and leadership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
Gender gaps, glass ceilings and glass cliffs . . . . . 343 Literature, film and TV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
Intergroup leadership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 Guided questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
Learn more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
Group decision making . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .347
Rules governing group decisions . . . . . . . . . . . 347
Brainstorming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348 11 Intergroup behaviour . . . . . . 412
Group memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
What is intergroup behaviour? . . . . . . . . . . 414
Groupthink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .354
Group polarisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356 Relative deprivation and social unrest . . . . . . 414
Jury verdicts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .359 Relative deprivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
Social protest and collective action . . . . . . . . . 419
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
Literature, film and TV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363 Realistic conflict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
Guided questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363 Realistic conflict theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422
Learn more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364 Cooperation, competition and social
dilemmas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
10 Prejudice and Social identity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .428
discrimination . . . . . . . . . . . . 366 Minimal groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428
Social identity theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430
Nature and dimensions of prejudice . . . . . . .368
Social cognition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .439
Prejudiced attitudes and discriminatory Categorisation and relative homogeneity . . . . . . 439
behaviour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369 Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .440
Distinctive stimuli and illusory correlation . . . . . 441
Targets of prejudice and discrimination . . . . .371
Optimal distinctiveness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .442
Sexism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
Racism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379 Intergroup emotions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443

Copyright © Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2018—9781488616068—Vaughan & Hogg/Social Psychology 8e
x   DETAILED CONTENTS

Collective behaviour and the crowd . . . . . . 444 Guided questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514

Early theories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445 Learn more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514
Deindividuation and self-awareness . . . . . . . . .446
Emergent norm theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449
Social identity theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451
13 Prosocial behaviour . . . . . . . 516

Improving intergroup relations . . . . . . . . . .452 Now for something completely

different . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .518
Propaganda and education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453
Intergroup contact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454 Prosocial behaviour, helping behaviour
Superordinate goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .460 and altruism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518
Pluralism and diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .460 The Kitty Genovese murder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519
Communication and negotiation . . . . . . . . . . . 461 Why and when people help . . . . . . . . . . . . 520
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464 Biology and evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520
Literature, film and TV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465 Empathy and arousal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522
Guided questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466 Calculating whether to help . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522
Learn more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466 Empathy and altruism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524
Learning to be helpful . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526
12 Aggression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468 The bystander effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .529
Latané and Darley’s cognitive model . . . . . . . . 530
Aggression in our community . . . . . . . . . . .470
The person in the equation . . . . . . . . . . . . .535
Definitions and measurement . . . . . . . . . . .471
Mood states . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535
Defining aggression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471 Attributes of the person . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537
Measuring aggression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472 Helping to prevent crime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543
Theoretical perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . .473 Shoplifting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544
Exam cheating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544
Biological explanations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
Health support networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545
Social and biosocial explanations . . . . . . . . . . 476
Receiving help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546
Personal and situational variations . . . . . . . 482
Personality and individual differences . . . . . . . .482 Norms, motives and self-sacrifice . . . . . . . . 547
Situational variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .488 Norms for helping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .547
General aggression model . . . . . . . . . . . . .492 Motives and goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .548
Volunteers and martyrs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549
Societal influences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .493 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551
Disadvantaged groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493 Literature, film and TV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552
Criminality and demographics . . . . . . . . . . . . 494 Guided questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553
Subculture of violence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496 Learn more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553
Mass media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497
A cognitive analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498 14 Attraction and close
Rape myths, erotica and aggression . . . . . . . . .500 relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554
Domestic and intimate partner
Liking, loving and affiliating . . . . . . . . . . . .556
violence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503
Gender asymmetry? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .505 Attractive people . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .556
Hurting the one we ‘love’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .505
Evolution and attraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . .557
Institutionalised aggression . . . . . . . . . . . .506 The role of our genes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557
Role of society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .506 Attractive faces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558
War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507 The search for ideals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559
Role of the state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507
Role of the person . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .509 What increases liking? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .560
Levels of explanation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509 Proximity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560
Familiarity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561
Reducing aggression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511 Attitude similarity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512 Social matching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563
Literature, film and TV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513 Assortative mating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .563

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 DETAILED CONTENTS   xi

Personal characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .566 Conversation and discourse . . . . . . . . . . . .630

Cultural stereotypes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .567 Conversation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .630
Discourse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 632
Attraction and rewards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .568
A reinforcement approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568 Computer-mediated communication . . . . . . 633
Relationships as a social exchange . . . . . . . . . . 570 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635
Costs and benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570 Literature, film and TV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 636
Comparison levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571 Guided questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 636
Social exchange, equity and justice . . . . . . . . . 571 Learn more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637
The role of norms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573

Attachment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .574 16 Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638

Social isolation and the need to affiliate . . . . . . . 574
The cultural context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640
Isolation and anxiety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575
Effects of social deprivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576 Locating culture in social psychology . . . . . . 641
Attachment styles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577 Has social psychology neglected culture? . . . . . 641
Close relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .580 Defining culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 642
What is love? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .580 Culture, history and social psychology . . . . . 643
Love and romance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581 Origins in cultural anthropology . . . . . . . . . . .643
Labels and illusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 582 Rise of cross-cultural psychology . . . . . . . . . . 644
No greater love . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .583
Marriage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585 Culture, thought and behaviour . . . . . . . . . 645
Same-sex romantic relationships . . . . . . . . . . .586 Culture, cognition and attribution . . . . . . . . . .645
Culture, conformity and obedience . . . . . . . . .647
Relationships that work (and those that don’t) . 587
Culture and socialisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 648
Maintaining relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .587
For better or for worse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588 Two psyches: East meets West . . . . . . . . . . .650
Relationship breakdown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 590 Two kinds of self . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593
Dimensions for comparing cultures . . . . . . . 653
Literature, film and TV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594
Guided questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595 Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653
Learn more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595 Individualism and collectivism . . . . . . . . . . . . 655
Tightness–looseness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 656
Cooperation, competition and social identity . . . 656
15 Language and Collectivism and prosocial behaviour . . . . . . . . 657
Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 658
communication . . . . . . . . . . . 596
Culture through the lens of norms and identity 660
Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598
Contact between cultures . . . . . . . . . . . . . 661
Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .598 Communication, language and speech style . . . .662
Language, thought and cognition . . . . . . . . . . 599 Language and understanding . . . . . . . . . . . . .664
Paralanguage and speech style . . . . . . . . . . . . 601 Acculturation and culture change . . . . . . . . . . 665
Social markers in speech . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602
Language, identity and ethnicity . . . . . . . . . . .603 Testing social psychology cross-culturally . . . 667
Speech accommodation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 606 The cross-cultural challenge . . . . . . . . . . . . . 668
Bilingualism and second-language acquisition . . .607 Indigenous social psychologies . . . . . . . . . . . .668
Intergroup language and communication . . . . . . 610 The search for universals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 669
The multicultural challenge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 670
Communicating without words . . . . . . . . . .613 Where to from here? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .672
Functions of non-verbal communication . . . . . . 613 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 672
Variations in non-verbal behaviour . . . . . . . . . 613 Literature, film and TV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673
Using the face to express emotions . . . . . . . . . 614 Guided questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 674
Facial display rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 616 Learn more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675
Gaze and eye contact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 620
Postures and gestures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .622 Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 676
Touch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687
Up close and personal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 626 Author index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 759
Impression management and deception . . . . . . 628 Subject index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 780

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Preface
The original idea for an Australasian social psychology The fourth edition was published in 2005 – it too
text was born at the annual conference of Australasian was short-listed for an award for excellence in tertiary
social psychologists in Ballarat, Victoria, in April 1991. education publishing. This was a more modest revision
We felt there was an urgent need for a comprehensive aimed mainly at updating the field, and improving
introductory social psychology text written specifically on explication, pedagogy, layout and presentation.
for university students in Australia and New Zealand The book had now graduated to glorious full colour.
– a text that captured the scope and detail of Most of the planning was done sitting at cafés and
contemporary social psychology as an increasingly restaurants around the edge of Auckland’s beautiful
global enterprise, but at the same time dealt with the harbour, while the America’s Cup was under way, with
subject in a way that was relevant to everyday life, the authors looking for inspiration from the lovely
university teaching and social psychology research in yachts racing about us.
Australia and New Zealand. Following meetings between Graham and Mike in
The first edition was published in 1995 and Noosa in 2004 and then Townsville in 2005, material
launched at a fine reception, sponsored by Prentice for the fifth edition was thoroughly updated and some
Hall Australia, in Hobart at the inaugural meeting chapters and sections of chapters were significantly
of the Society of Australasian Social Psychologists. It rewritten. The focus was on content and explication
was very successful. It received an award for excellence rather than pedagogy and layout. However, we retained
in the tertiary educational publishing sector and was the structure and approach of previous editions, and
quickly adopted and widely used at universities in framed it with the same scientific and educational
Australia and New Zealand. We felt vindicated. philosophy.
Subsequent editions followed fast upon earlier The sixth edition, published in 2011, was again a
editions – no sooner did one edition appear in relatively significant revision in which we thoroughly
bookshops than, it seemed, we were hard at work updated material to reflect changes in the field and
preparing the next. The second edition was published renamed and repositioned some chapters. The book
in 1998 and introduced at the annual meeting of was planned and set in motion over a week in November
the Society of Australasian Social Psychologists in 2007 when Graham and Mike holed-up in Mike’s new
Christchurch. This edition was a relatively modest home in the Santa Monica Mountains just outside Los
revision aimed primarily at improving layout and Angeles. The book was written in late 2009 and early
presentation, though the text and coverage were 2010 while Mike was in Los Angeles and Graham was
thoroughly updated, and we raised the profile of some in Auckland.
applied topics in social psychology. The seventh edition, published in 2014, was
The third edition, published in 2002 and launched intended to be a light revision but we got carried away
in Adelaide at the annual meeting of the Society of – we ended up including over 250 new references, and
Australasian Social Psychologists, was short-listed forming an Advisory Editorial Board of 16 leading
for an award for excellence in tertiary education scholars from across Australia and New Zealand. But
publishing. It represented a major revision to in other respects we retained the existing structure,
accommodate significant changes in the field since the and the book was framed by the same scientific and
first edition. The structure and approach remained educational philosophy as before. The seventh edition
the same but some chapters were dropped, some was planned in detail over a week in December 2011
were rewritten, others were amalgamated, and some when Mike visited Graham in Auckland where your
entirely new chapters were written. In addition the intrepid authors weathered a ‘minor’ South Pacific
text was updated, and the layout and presentation storm – it rained torrentially, blew a gale continuously,
significantly improved. and ‘trapped’ us in classy cafés and restaurants

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 PREFACE  xiii

overlooking Auckland’s rain-soaked harbour and attachment styles and intimate relationships on
wind-blasted yachts. The book was written in the web;
Auckland, Los Angeles and San Francisco over the • expanded and new material on the linguistic
second half of 2012 and was completed by Easter 2013. category model, deception, and CMC and social
media-based communication;
• new material on face-saving and the tightness–
The eighth edition looseness of cultures, and a broadened discussion
In preparing this eighth edition we focused on of multicultural societies and how to manage
significantly updating material to reflect important them.
advances in the field (there are over 250 new To prepare this eighth edition we obtained feedback
references) but have not made dramatic changes. on the seventh edition from our Editorial Board, and
However, cheap travel and internet access have over as many of our colleagues and postgraduate and
the past decade or so made social psychology an undergraduate students as we could find who had
increasingly global and less local endeavour – this used the text as teacher, tutor or student. We are
has affected recent editions of the book, and perhaps enormously grateful for this invaluable feedback – we
more so this eighth edition. see our text as a genuine partnership between us as
We have retained the structure and approach of authors and all those who use the book in different
previous editions, and the book is framed by the same capacities.
scientific and educational philosophy as before. We The book was planned across a series of meetings
have improved the narrative throughout; significantly between Mike and Pearson in Australia and the UK.
rewritten large portions of text for greater accessibility; The first was in London in December 2013, off Trafalgar
updated real-world examples; and provided new Square, just around the corner from St Martin-in-
figures, boxes and photos. We also expanded our the-Fields, where Nelson Mandela’s commemoration
Advisory Editorial Board to include 20 scholars from service was being held at the time. There was another
across Australia and New Zealand. Specific, more London meeting later in 2014, and then a key meeting in
significant changes include: March 2015 with Mark Cohen and Pauline Stewart in a
• updated and expanded coverage of affect and favourite café in Toowong in Brisbane. There were three
emotion, including a new section on emotion further meetings in 2016 – one in Birmingham in March,
regulation; one with Stephen Heasley in May at another favourite
• updated and expanded coverage of rumour, and spot in Toowong and the third, a very memorable
new inclusion of gossip; meeting in a pub in Mike’s home village of Westbury-
expanded discussion of societal attributions; on-Trym in Bristol on 23 June 2016 – the day of the UK
• more on self-awareness and identity fusion; Brexit vote. The writing itself was done during 2016
• heavy revision and restructuring of the attitude– and into early 2017 while Graham was in Auckland
behaviour section, with additional material on and Mike bounced between his homes in Los Angeles
health and on the IAT; and San Francisco and spent time in Rome as a visiting
• a whole new section on morality has been research professor at Sapienza Università di Roma.
introduced; Writing a big book like this is a courageous
• coverage of group deviants and marginal members undertaking, with a great deal of drama and even
has been rewritten and updated; more hard slog. We are also indebted to our wonderful
• discussion of trust and leadership has been publishing team at Pearson Australia in Sydney,
updated and extended; Melbourne and Perth (Mark Cohen, Stephen Heasley,
• discussion of ambivalent sexism and of Anna Carter, Katie Millar and Kim Morgan) and at
discrimination against sexual minorities has been Pearson in London (Neha Sharma, Natalia Jaszczuk,
updated and expanded; Janey Webb and Emma Marchant). We were sustained
• significant update and extension of radicalisation, and energised by their enthusiasm, good humour,
social dilemmas, intergroup emotions, intergroup encouragement and wisdom, and were kept on our toes
anxiety and intergroup contact; by their timeline prompts, excellent editing and fearsome
• the aggression and prosocial chapters have been perceptiveness and efficiency. Their dedication to the
heavily updated and revised for accessibility, job and good humour helped us through.
with new material on volunteering and As always, we thank those close to us, our family,
martyrdom; friends and colleagues, for their patience and support.
• discussion of relationships has been updated The most special thanks of course go to our wonderful
and expanded with new material, especially on partners, Jan Vaughan and Alison Mudditt.

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xiv PREFACE

How to use this book a fully annotated list of further reading. At the end of
each chapter we also have a section called Literature,
This eighth edition is a completely up-to-date and
film and TV. Social psychology is part of everyday life
comprehensive coverage of social psychology as a now
so, not surprisingly, social psychological themes are
global scientific enterprise that relatively seamlessly
often creatively and vividly explored in popular media.
integrates research from Australasia, Europe and North
The Literature, film and TV section directs you to some
America, and increasingly from East Asia. However
classic and contemporary works we feel have a particular
the book is written primarily from the perspective of,
relevance to social psychological themes.
and located in the cultural and educational context of,
As with the earlier editions, the book has a logical
people living Australia and New Zealand.
structure, with earlier chapters flowing into later ones.
The book has a range of pedagogical features to
However, it is not essential to read the book from
facilitate independent study. At the end of Chapter
beginning to end. The chapters are carefully cross-
1 we outline important primary and review sources
referenced so that chapters or groups of chapters can
for finding out more about specific topics in social
be read independently in almost any order.
psychology. Within chapters some material appears
However, some chapters are better read in
in boxes – typically six or more boxes per chapter.
sequence. For example, it is better to read Chapter 5
We have designed these boxes to reflect the fact that
before tackling Chapter 6 (both deal with aspects of
social psychology is a basic and applied science in
attitudes), Chapter 8 before Chapter 9 (both deal with
which the development and empirical testing of theory
group processes), and Chapter 10 before Chapter 11
informs our understanding of the world around us
(both deal with intergroup behaviour). It may also be
and our own everyday life, which in turn feeds back
interesting to reflect back on Chapter 4 (the self) when
into theory development. To do this we have labelled
you read Chapter 16 (culture). Chapter 1 describes the
boxed material as: (a) Research classic (focuses on and
structure of the book, why we decided to write it and
describes a classic, highly cited piece of conceptual or
how it should be read – it is worthwhile reading the
empirical research); (b) Research highlight (focuses on
last section of Chapter 1 before starting later chapters.
and highlights a specific relevant piece of conceptual
Chapter 1 also defines social psychology, its aims, its
or empirical research); (c) Our world (focuses your
methods and its history. Some of this material might
attention on the outside world of social issues and
benefit from being reread after you have studied the
sociopolitical and historical events, showing or hinting
other chapters and have become familiar with some of
at how social psychology can help understand it; and
the theories, topics and issues of social psychology.
(d) Your life (focuses your attention on phenomena
The primary target of our book is the student,
in your own everyday life, showing or hinting at how
though we intend it to be of use also to teachers and
social psychology can help understand them).
researchers of social psychology. We will be grateful to
Each chapter opens with a table of contents and some
any among you who might take the time to share your
questions inviting you to consider your own views on topics
reactions with us.
within the chapter before you learn what the science has Graham Vaughan, AUCKLAND
to say, and closes with a detailed summary of the chapter Michael Hogg, LOS ANGELES
contents, a list of key terms, some guided questions and JULY 2017

Advisory Editorial Board Emiko Kashima (La Trobe University)

Yoshi Kashima (Melbourne University)
Mariette Berndsen (Flinders University of South Craig McGarty (University of Western Sydney)
Australia) Nickola Overall (University of Auckland)
Trevor Case (Macquarie University) Rebecca Pinkus (University of Sydney)
Kelly Fielding (University of Queensland) Mark Rubin (University of Newcastle)
Julie Fitness (Macquarie University) Chris Sibley (University of Auckland)
Karen Gonsalkorale (University of Sydney) Emma Thomas (Murdoch University)
Jamin Halberstadt (University of Otago) Katie White (Queensland University of Technology)
Matthew Hornsey (University of Queensland) Lisa Williams (University of New South Wales)
Carla Jeffries (University of Southern Lucy Zinkiewicz (Deakin University)
Queensland) Jin Zhou (Deakin University)

Copyright © Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2018—9781488616068—Vaughan & Hogg/Social Psychology 8e
About the authors
Graham Vaughan has been a Fulbright Fellow and Visiting Professor at
the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, a Visiting Lecturer and a Ford
Foundation Fellow at the University of Bristol, a Visiting Professor at Princeton
University, a Visiting Directeur d’Etudes at the Maison des Science de l’Homme,
Paris, a Visiting Senior Fellow at the National University of Singapore, a Visiting
Fellow at the University of Queensland and a Visiting Fellow at Churchill College,
Cambridge. As Professor of Psychology at the University of Auckland, he served 12
years as Head of Department; he also established both a behavioural science program
for medical students and the original social psychology program for psychology
students there. He is an Honorary Fellow and past President of the New Zealand
Psychological Society, and a past President of the Society of Australasian Social
Psychologists. Graham Vaughan’s primary areas of interest in social psychology
are attitudes and attitude development, group processes and intergroup relations,
ethnic relations and identity, culture and the history of social psychology. He has
published widely on these topics. His 1972 book, Racial Issues in New Zealand,
was the first to deal with ethnic relations in that country. More recent books include
Essentials of Social Psychology (2010) with Michael Hogg.

Michael Hogg is Professor of Social Psychology and Chair of the Social Psychology
Program at Claremont Graduate University, in Los Angeles, an Honorary Professor
of Social Psychology at the University of Kent and past President of the Society
of Experimental Social Psychology. Educated in the UK, he received his PhD from
Bristol University where he also taught for a number of years. After moving to
Australia in the early 1980s he was an Australian Research Council Postdoctoral
Fellow at Macquarie University, and then taught at Melbourne University and the
University of Queensland. He also spent a year at Princeton University, and very
recently spent a summer as a Visiting Research Professor at Sapienza Università
di Roma. Michael Hogg is a Fellow of numerous scholarly societies including the
Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia, the Association for Psychological
Science, the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, and the Society for the
Psychological Study of Social Issues. He was the 2010 recipient of the Carol and
Ed Diener Award in Social Psychology from the Society for Personality and Social
Psychology. His research focuses on group behaviour, intergroup relations and self
and social identity processes, with a specific interest in uncertainty and societal
extremism, and processes of influence and leadership. In addition to publishing
more than 350 scientific books, chapters and articles, he is foundation editor with
Dominic Abrams of the journal Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, an
associate editor of The Leadership Quarterly and a past associate editor of the
Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. Two of his books are citation classics,
Rediscovering the Social Group (1987) with John Turner and others, and Social
Identifications (1988) with Dominic Abrams.

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Visit [Link]
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Guided tour
Each chapter begins with the Chapter Contents.

Chapter contents
This is followed by a section headed What do you think?.
Seeking the causes of behaviour 84 Attributional biases 94 A series of thought-provoking statements and questions are
Correspondence bias and the fundamental
How people attribute causality
People as naive psychologists
From acts to dispositions
85
85
85
attribution error
The actor–observer effect
95
97 designed to get you thinking in advance about some of the
The false consensus effect
phenomena covered by the chapter. As you read through each
98
People as everyday scientists 87
Self-serving biases 99
Extensions of attribution theory 89
Explaining our emotions 89
Intergroup attribution 101
Attributions for our own behaviour
Task performance attributions
91
91
Attribution and stereotyping
Social knowledge and societal attributions
Social representations
104
105
105
chapter, you can compare your initial thoughts with what social
Applications of attribution theory
Individual differences and attributional styles
Interpersonal relationships
92
92
93
Rumour and gossip
Conspiracy theories
107
108 psychological science can tell us. Your reading might inform,
Societal attributions
and possibly change, your initial reactions.
108
Culture’s contribution 110

CAN ATTITUDeS PReDICT BeHAVIOUR? 161

Box 5.1 research classic

Do attitudes really predict behaviour?

The sociologist Richard LaPiere (1934) was interested in the replied, 92 per cent said that they would not accept
difference between prejudiced attitudes towards Chinese in Chinese customers! Only 1 per cent said they would
general and discriminatory behaviours towards a Chinese accept them, and the remainder checked ‘Uncertain,
couple in particular. In the early 1930s, anti-Asian prejudice depends on circumstances’. These written replies from the
was quite strong among Americans. LaPiere embarked on a erstwhile hosts directly contradicted the way they had
What do you think? 10 000-mile sightseeing tour of the United States,
accompanied by two young Chinese friends. They visited
actually behaved.
This study was not, of course, scientifically designed –
1 Helen is angry with her husband Lewis who avoids approaching his boss for a pay rise. 66 hotels, caravan parks and tourist homes and were served perhaps the people who responded to the letters were not
Lewis argues that the timing is not right. Helen says he simply fails to face up to people. in 184 restaurants. As they went from place to place, LaPiere those who dealt face-to-face with the Chinese couple;
How are these attributions different in kind? was concerned that his friends might not be accepted but, they might have responded differently in writing if they
2 You read a newspaper report about a rape case in which the defence lawyer pointed out that as it turned out, they were refused service only once. had been told that the couple was educated and well
the young woman who was the victim was dressed provocatively. What attributional error is Six months after their trip, LaPiere sent a questionnaire dressed; attitudes may have changed in the six months
involved here?
to all the places they had visited, asking, ‘Will you accept between the two measures. Nevertheless, the problem
3 The job market was tight and Rajna began to worry that she might be made redundant. Then members of the Chinese race as guests in your that LaPiere had unearthed provided an early challenge to
she heard a rumour that the worst had come – several staff were about to be fired. She was
establishment?’ Of the 81 restaurants and 47 hotels that the validity of the concept of attitude.
itching to pass this on to the next colleague she saw. Why would Rajna want to spread the
rumour further?

Following LaPiere’s study, which vividly called into question the predictive utility of
questionnaires, researchers have used more sophisticated methods to study the attitude–
298 Chapter 8 PeoPle In GRouPS behaviour relationship but still found relatively low correspondence between questionnaire

Research classic boxes summarise

measures of attitudes and measures of actual behaviour. After reviewing this research,
Wicker (1969) concluded that the correlation between attitudes and behaviour is seldom as
high as 0.30 (which, when squared, indicates that only 9 per cent of the variability in a
Role Prospective
member
New
member
Full
member
Marginal
member
Ex-member classic studies, highlight their continuing
behaviour is accounted for by an attitude). In fact, Wicker found that the average correlation
between attitudes and behaviour was only 0.15. This finding was seized upon during the

relevance and discuss new developments.

Social Investigation Socialisation Maintenance Resocialisation Remembrance
1970s as damning evidence – the attitude concept is worthless since it has little predictive
process power. A sense of despair settled on the field (Abelson, 1972). Nevertheless, attitudes are still
Group and Recruitment Accommodation Role Accommodation Tradition
being researched (Banaji & Heiphetz, 2010; Fazio & Olson, 2007), and the topic commands

M03_HOGG6068_08_SE_C03.indd 83
individual
strategies
Reconnaissance Assimilation negotiation Assimilation Reminiscence

07/08/17 6:08 PM
These are influential studies that represent
two chapters of this text.
What gradually emerged was that attitudes and overt behaviour are not related in a one-
to-one fashion, and not all behaviours can be predicted accurately from verbally expressed
turning points in the development of social
attitudes. There are conditions that promote or disrupt the correspondence between having
an attitude and behaving (Doll & Ajzen, 1992; Smith & Stasson, 2000). For example,

psychology.
Commitment

attitude–behaviour consistency can vary according to:

● how accessible an attitude is (see ‘Attitude Accessibility’ later in this chapter);
● whether an attitude is expressed publicly, say in a group, or privately, such as when
responding to a questionnaire;
● how strongly someone identifies with a group for which the attitude is normative.

370LetChaPTEr
us now look at research
10 PREjuDIcE that
AND has explored why attitude–behaviour correspondence is
DIScRImINATION
Entry Acceptance Divergence Exit often weak, and what factors may strengthen the correspondence.
Time

Box 10.1
Beliefs, Our world
intentions and behaviour
Prejudice and discrimination on campus
Figure 8.13 A model of the process of group socialisation Martin Fishbein (1967a, 1967b, 1971) agrees with Thurstone (1931) that the basic
Group socialisation. The passage of an individual member through a group is accompanied by variation in ingredient of an attitude is affect. However, if you measure an attitude purely on a
commitment and is marked by role discontinuities. The emergence
unidimensional of a fictional
bipolar ‘stigmatised
evaluative scale (suchgroup’
pressures would inhibit public expression of such
as good/bad), you cannot reliably predict
Source: Moreland, R. L., & Levine, J. M. (1982). Socialization in small groups: Temporal changes in individual–group relations. A study by joe Forgas (1983) has shown that students have extreme views or the realisation of conation in action, so
In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 15, pp. 137–192). New York: Academic Press.
clear beliefs about different campus groups. One such people would probably be unaware that others shared
target group was ‘engineering students’, who were their views. However, if people became aware that their
described in terms of their drinking habits (beer, and lots of prejudices were widely shared, they would discuss with
Box 8.3 research highlight one another and form organisations to represent their
it), their cultural preferences (sports and little else) and
phases of group socialisation views. under these circumstances, more extreme
their style of dress (practical and conservative). This is a
M05_HOGG6068_08_SE_C05.indd 161 07/08/17 6:12 PM
prejudgement, in so far as it is assumed that all engineering conations might arise, such as suggestions to isolate
Moreland and levine (1982, 1984; Moreland, levine, & 3 Maintenance. Role negotiation takes place between students are like this. If these beliefs (the cognitive engineering students in one part of the campus and deny
Cini, 1993) distinguished five phases of group socialisation full members. Role dissatisfaction can lead to a role component) are not associated with any strong feelings them access to certain resources on campus (e.g. the bar
(see figure 8.13): transition called divergence, which can be unexpected (affect) or any particular intention to act (conation), then no or the student union building). Individuals or small
and unplanned. It can also be expected – a typical real problem exists and we would probably not call this a groups might now feel empowered to discriminate
1 Investigation. the group recruits prospective members, group feature (e.g. university students who diverge by prejudice – simply a harmless generalisation (see Chapter 5 against individual engineering students, although wider
who in turn reconnoitre the group. this can be more graduating and leaving university). for a discussion of the tripartite model of attitude). social pressures would probably prevent widespread
formal, involving interviews and questionnaires (e.g. 4 Resocialisation. When divergence is expected, However, if these beliefs were associated with strong discrimination.
joining an organisation) or less formal (e.g. associating resocialisation is unlikely; when it is unexpected, the negative feelings about engineering students and their However, if the students gained legitimate overall
yourself with a student political society). A successful member is marginalised into a deviant role and tries to characteristics, then a pattern of conations would almost power in the university, they would be free to put their
outcome leads to a role transition: entry to the group. become resocialised. If successful, full membership is inevitably arise. If you hated and despised engineering plans into action. They could indulge in systematic
2 Socialisation. the group assimilates new members, reinstated – if unsuccessful, the individual leaves. exit can students and their characteristics, and you felt that they discrimination against engineering students: deny them
educating them in its ways. In turn, new members try be marked by elaborate retirement ceremonies (e.g. the were less than human, you would probably intend to their human rights, degrade and humiliate them, herd
to get the group to accommodate their views. ritualistic stripping of insignia in a court martial). avoid them, perhaps humiliate them whenever possible, them into ghettos behind barbed wire, and systematically
Socialisation can be unstructured and informal, but 5 Remembrance. After the individual leaves the group, and even dream of a brave new world without them. exterminate them. Prejudice would have become
also quite formal (e.g. an organisation’s induction both parties reminisce. this may be a fond recall of the This is now quite clearly prejudice, but it may still not enshrined in, and legitimated by, the norms and practices
program). Successful socialisation is marked by ‘remember when . . . ’ type or the more extreme be much of a social problem. Strong social and legislative of the community.
acceptance. exercise of a totalitarian regime in rewriting history.

Source: Moreland and Levine (1982).

An implication of LaPiere’s real-world study is that prejudice can be difficult to detect. A

controlled experiment that nicely illustrates this was conducted later by Sam Gaertner and

Our world boxes focus your attention on the

Jack Dovidio (1977). White female undergraduates waiting to take part in an experiment
overheard a supposed ‘emergency’ in an adjoining room in which several chairs seemed to fall
on a female confederate, who was either white or black. The participants were led to believe

Research highlight boxes focus on and

M08_HOGG6068_08_SE_C08.indd 298 04/08/17 9:50 PM
outside world of social issues and sociopolitical
that they were alone with the confederate or that there were two other potential helpers.
Ordinarily, we would expect the usual bystander effect (see Chapter 13 for details), in which
participants would be less willing to go to the aid of the ‘victim’ when other potential helpers
highlight a specific relevant piece of conceptual and historical events, showing or hinting at how
were available.
Figure 10.1 shows that there was only a weak bystander effect when the victim was white,

or empirical research in social psychology. social psychology can help understand them.
but that the effect was greatly amplified when the victim was black (compare columns 3 and 4).
The white participants discriminated overtly against the black victim only when other potential
helpers were present.
There is an important lesson here: under certain circumstances, prejudice may go
undetected. If the ‘two potential helpers’ condition had not been included, this experiment
would have revealed that white women were more willing to aid a black victim than a white
victim. It was only with the inclusion of the ‘two potential helpers’ condition that underlying
prejudice was revealed. The absence of overt discrimination should always be treated with
caution, as prejudice can be expressed in many indirect and subtle ways (see the subsection
‘Maintenance of sex stereotypes and roles’ in this chapter).

Copyright © Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2018—9781488616068—Vaughan & Hogg/Social Psychology 8e
 in the 1960s and early 1970s, celebrations at the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1990, political
demonstrations in the streets of Tehran in 2009 and the anti-Trump marches across the
United States and the rest of the world in early 2017; and think of rock festivals since the late
1960s, the 2011 protests in Tahrir Square in Cairo, huge crowds at Queen Elizabeth II’s
diamond jubilee in London in 2012 and the massive pro-democracy rallies in Istanbul and
other Turkish cities in 2016. There is also the impossibility of navigating the crowds in
Oxford Street in London during the run-up to Christmas every year. But everything is
dwarfed by some of the Hindu pilgrimages in India – on one single day in 2013, 30 million
pilgrims were present at the Hindu festival of Maha Kumbh Mela in Allahabad. Crowd
events are nothing if not varied.
People can also quite like being in crowds – it can be energising and uplifting. Tewari and GUIDED TOUR   xvii
colleagues report longitudinal data from pilgrims at the Maha Kumbh Mela that shows how
participation in the collective event significantly improved wellbeing (Tewari, Khan, Hopkins,
Srinivasan, & Reicher, 2012).

Your life boxes focus your attention on phenomena

Box 11.4 Your life
In a crowd in your own everyday life, showing or hinting at how
Most of us have been involved in a crowd event – a
demonstration or rally, a music concert or festival, a street
possibly socially unacceptable ways that you would not
normally behave?
social psychology can help understand them.
celebration. In the context of our discussion of crowd ● Did you feel a strong bond of camaraderie and shared
behaviour in this chapter, reflect on your own experiences identity with others in the crowd?
in a crowd. ● Did you sometimes feel unsure about how you as a
member of this crowd should behave – what you
● Did you feel strong emotions (e.g. elation, anger, sadness),
should do to accurately express your crowd’s identity
and did these feelings seem to be influenced by the
and your membership credentials?
shifting emotions expressed by those around you?
● When unsure about how to behave, how did you find
● Did you feel lost in the crowd – personally unidentifiable GUIDED QUESTIONS 39
out – who did you look to for guidance?
and unaccountable, and thus liberated to behave in

Literature, film and TV

The Beach everyday life and relationships against the background of

The 1997 Alex Garland novel (also the 2000 eponymous conventions, institutions and historical events in Paris
M11_HOGG6068_08_SE_C11.indd 444 07/08/17 6:24 PM film starring Leonardo DiCaprio). Backpackers in Thailand over a 17-year period (1815–32). Those of you who enjoy
drop out to join a group that has set up its own musicals will know that it has been adapted into an
normatively regimented society on a remote island. They eponymous 2012 musical film directed by Tom Hooper
are expected to submerge their own identity in favour of and starring Hugh Jackman (as the central character, Jean
the group’s identity. This dramatic book engages with Valjean), Russell Crowe, Anne Hathaway and Amanda
many social psychological themes having to do with self Seyfried.
and identity, close relationships, norms and conformity,
influence and leadership, and conflict and cooperation. Gulliver’s Travels
The book could be characterised as Apocalypse Now Jonathan Swift’s 1726 satirical commentary on the nature
COllECTIVE bEHAVIOuR AND THE CROWD 451 (Francis Ford Coppola’s legendary 1979 war movie) of human beings. This book is relevant to virtually all
meets Lord of the Flies (William Golding ’s classic 1954 the themes in our text. The section on Big-Endians and
novel about a group of boys marooned on an island). Little-Endians is particularly relevant to Chapter 11 on
intergroup behaviour. Swift provides a hilarious and
War and Peace
Ad hoc collection of individuals with no history of incredibly full and insightful description of a society that
association; therefore, no pre-existent norms Leo Tolstoy ’s (1869) masterpiece on the impact of is split on the basis of whether people open their boiled
society and social history on people’s lives. It shows eggs at the big or the little end – relevant to the minimal
how macro- and micro-levels of analysis influence one group studies in Chapter 11 but also to the general theme
Distinctive behaviour, or behaviour of distinctive another, but cannot be resolved into one another. It is a of how humans can read so much into subtle features of
individuals, is perceived as the implicit norm wonderful literary work of social psychology – how their environment.
people’s day-to-day lives are located at the intersection
of powerful interpersonal, group and intergroup
Normative influence comes into play, creating processes. Other classic novels of Leo Tolstoy, Emile Reality TV
pressures against non-conformity
Zola, Charles Dickens and George Eliot accomplish At the opposite end of the spectrum from War and Peace
much the same social psychological analysis. is ‘reality TV’ (e.g. The Biggest Loser, My Kitchen Rules, The
Farmer Wants a Wife, The Bachelor, The Bachelorette),
Inaction of majority interpreted as tacit confirmation of Les Misérables
the norm; pressures against non-conformity increase which is also, ultimately, all about social psychology –
Victor Hugo’s (1862) magnum opus and classic literary human interaction in groups, interpersonal relations and
masterpiece of the nineteenth century. It explores more.
Figure 11.15 Emergent norm
theory
Collective
behaviour In initially normless crowds,
distinctive behaviours are the basis
for a relevant norm to emerge to
regulate behaviour.
Source: Based on Turner and Killian (1957). Guided questions
1 What do social psychologists study? Can you give some examples of interdisciplinary research?
Social identity theory 2 Sometimes experiments are used in social psychological research. Why?
An important aspect of crowd behaviour that is usually ignored is that it is actually an 3 What do you understand by levels of explanation in social psychology? What is meant by
intergroup phenomenon (Reicher & Potter, 1985). Many crowd events involve direct reductionism?
confrontation between, for instance, police and rioters or rival gangs or team supporters. Even 4 If you or your lecturer were to undertake research in social psychology, you would need to gain
where there is no direct confrontation, there is symbolic confrontation in that the crowd event ethical approval. Why is this, and what criteria would need to be met?
symbolises a confrontation between, for instance, the crowd (or the wider group it represents)
and the state. For example, Cliff Stott and his colleagues’ analysis of riots at football matches 5 If the shock level ‘administered’ in Milgram’s obedience study had been 150 volts instead of the
shows clearly how these events are intergroup confrontations between supporters and police, maximum 450 volts, would this have made the experiment more ethical?
and that how the rioting supporters behave is significantly impacted on by how the police
Roman Mikhailiuk/[Link]

M01_HOGG6068_08_SE_C01.indd 39 21/08/17 10:50 AM

Literature, film and TV offers the opportunity

to explore key social psychological concepts
emergent norm
theory
Is urban disorder a

using examples from popular media. A mixture

response to primitive
aggressive instincts – or
is it an extreme example
of normatively regulated
goal-oriented action? SuMMARY 593
of classic and contemporary examples is
included, from the disintegration of social
Christina Kennedy/Alamy Stock Photo

M11_HOGG6068_08_SE_C11.indd 451 07/08/17 6:26 PM

norms in Lord of the Flies to attitude change and
persuasion tactics in Frost/Nixon. LEArN MOrE 553

All chapters are richly illustrated with diagrams Guided questions

and photographs. Clear and concise definitions Guided questions enable readers to test their
1 How has evolutionary theory influenced social psychology’s approach to understanding the

of key terms can be found in the margins and in a knowledge and prepare for assessment with
origins of altruism?
2 What is empathy and how is it related to helping others who are in need?

comprehensive Glossary at the end of the book. Relationship breakdown

essay questions based on the chapter content.
3 Is there evidence that children can learn to be helpful?
4 What factors in the situation, or what kinds of individual differences between potential helpers,
‘Should I stay or should I go?’ According to
would increase the chances of help being given to a child who is being bullied?
Duck’s model, with an end in sight they will 5 What advice could a social psychologist give to a school board to help reduce exam cheating?
seek support from their respective social
networks.

although not with the mother, was also diminished, perhaps because interaction with
mothers was expected to continue.
Learn more
In short, most of us probably live in the hope that a long-term intimate relationship will
involve loyalty, trust and commitment – forever. There is truth in the adage Look before you leap. Batson, C. D. (1998). Altruism and prosocial behaviour. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.),
The handbook of social psychology (4th ed., Vol. 2, pp. 282–316). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Authoritative overview of the topic of prosocial behaviour. The most recent fifth edition of the
handbook, published in 2010, does not have a chapter on prosocial behaviour.
Summary Batson, C. D., Van Lange, P. A. M., Ahmad, N., & Lishner, D. A. (2007). Altruism and helping behavior.
In M. A. Hogg & J. Cooper (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of social psychology: Concise student edition
● Attraction is necessary for friendships to form and is a precursor to an intimate relationship. (pp. 241–258). London: SAGE. Comprehensive, up-to-date and easily accessible overview of
● Evolution and human genetic inheritance play a role in accounting for what attracts people to research on altruism and prosocial behaviour.
each other. Clark, M. S. (Ed.) (1991). Prosocial behavior. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. A collection of chapters by
● variables that play a significant role in determining why people are attracted to each other include leading scholars who have played a significant role in developing the social psychology of helping
physical attributes, whether they live or work close by, how familiar they are and how similar they behaviour.
are, especially in terms of attitudes and values. rose, H., & rose, S. (Eds.) (2000). Alas, poor Darwin: Arguments against evolutionary psychology.
● Explanations of attraction include: reinforcement (a person who engenders positive feelings is London: Vintage. Scholars from a variety of biological, philosophical and social science
liked more); social exchange (an interaction is valued if it increases benefits and reduces costs); backgrounds raise concerns about the adequacy of genetic and evolutionary accounts of social
and the experience of equitable outcomes for both parties in a relationship. behaviour, including altruism.
● Affiliation with others is a powerful human motivation. Long-term separation from others can Schroeder, D. A., Penner, L. A., Dovidio, J. f., & Piliavin, J. A. (1995). The psychology of helping and
have disturbing intellectual and social outcomes, and may lead to irreversible psychological altruism. New York: McGraw-Hill. A good general overview of research on prosocial behaviour.
damage in young children.
Snyder, M., & Omoto, A. M. (2007). Social action. In A. W. Kruglanski, & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Social
● Life-cycle studies of affiliation led to research into attachment and attachment styles. The ways psychology: Handbook of basic principles (2nd ed., pp. 940–961). New York: Guilford Press. A
that children connect psychologically to their caregiver can have long-term consequences for comprehensive, up-to-date and detailed discussion of collective prosocial behaviour – how
how they establish relationships in adulthood. people can come together to do good.
● Love is distinguished from mere liking. It also takes different forms, such as romantic love and Spacapan, S., & Oskamp, S. (Eds.) (1992). Helping and being helped. Newbury Park, CA: SAGE.
companionate love. Contributors deal with a wide range of real-life helping behaviour, including kidney donation,
● Maintaining a long-term relationship involves partner regulation, using strategies that bring a spousal support of stroke patients and family support for people with Alzheimer’s disease.
partner closer to one’s expectations or standards.
● The break-up of a long-term relationship can be traced through a series of stages. The relationship
dissolution model notes four phases: intrapsychic, dyadic (two-person), social and grave-dressing.
At the end of each chapter the Summary pulls
together key points to help you consolidate your Learn more sections provide annotated further
knowledge and understanding and to provide an
M14_HOGG6068_08_SE_C14.indd 593 07/08/17 6:32 PM
reading lists, guiding you towards the right
excellent starting point for revision. resources to help you take your learning further.
M13_HOGG6068_08_SE_C13.indd 553 04/08/17 10:20 PM

Copyright © Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2018—9781488616068—Vaughan & Hogg/Social Psychology 8e
Educator resources
A suite of resources is provided to assist with delivery of the content,
as well as to support teaching and learning.

Instructor Resource Manual

The Instructor Resource Manual provides detailed concepts and
activities to enrich lessons.

Test Bank
The Test Bank provides a wealth of testing material. Updated for
the new edition, each chapter offers a wide variety of question types,
arranged by section. Questions can be integrated into Blackboard,
Canvas or Moodle Learning Management Systems.

Digital image PowerPoint slides

All the diagrams and tables from the course content are available for
lecturer use.

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Introducing social
psychology
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Discovering Diverse Content Through
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honor. Behold, wretch, in me her protector! You have forfeited the
title, and by the God that made me, your baseness shall not
triumph!”
So struck was I at this change in the conduct of Da Vinci, that for
several moments I stood transfixed to the spot. Still stupified with
rage and shame, I staggered back, and flung myself on a bench.
Valeria, with that filial affection, which I had never known her to
violate, sprang toward me in an agony of remorse; and kneeling at
my feet, earnestly avowed her determination to remain forever
obedient to my will; and craved forgiveness for her instrumentality in
causing me such shame and misery. Already goaded to desperation
by the taunts of young Da Vinci, and the reproaches of my own
conscience, I was not prepared for this act of unmerited constancy.
In the bitterness of my own self-detestation, I rushed from the
room, striking my temples with my clenched hands, and uttering
imprecations on those who gave me life. I hastily mounted the
ladder, leading to my miserable garret; and darting through the trap-
door, threw myself head-long on the squalid and tattered pallet.
Ruzzina had not forgotten me! Awed by the unconquerable virtue
of my daughter, he had no desire to renew visits which he well knew
were alike useless and unwelcome. But I had exacted large sums
from him. He was my dupe! Even in that, there was a pleasure. Aye,
such a pleasure as a miser can feel when avarice triumphs over
conscience, and vice over virtue!
Early on the following morning, I indited a note to Don
Ferdinand, which, in the plenitude of my craft, I looked upon as
relieving me from all claims whatever on his part. It ran thus:

“If you have any intention of consummating your

designs on my daughter’s virtue—a thing which I regard as
a mere misnomer—you must do so immediately. The
advance-money hitherto received from you, I consider fairly
my own; and if you think proper to neglect the chance I
now give you of achieving your wishes, I am sure it is your
own fault.
 “Be so good as to let me have a definite answer, when it
suits your convenience; and believe me,
Catruccio Faliri.”

It afforded me much gratification to anticipate the wrath and

indignation Ruzzina should evince on reading this. To gloat over the
dark traits of men’s characters, has ever been my choicest
amusement; and I well knew that he would either make a desperate
attempt to retrieve his imprudence by recovering the money, or
desist altogether and keep silent to avoid the shafts of satire and
ridicule.
I suffered much uneasiness, and had much to fear on account of
the ardent and fiery temperament of Valeria. The passion she had
betrayed for Marco Da Vinci was no childish fancy; but a deep-
rooted, irrevocable love, which nothing could eradicate or assuage.
Her pure Italian blood permitted no medium between passion and
indifference. She loved him once, and was destined to love, or hate
him forever after. Of this I quickly had a most satisfactory proof.
Enraged one day at the obstinate manner in which she rejected
the advances of every suitor I thought proper to introduce into my
house, I bitterly reproached her for her disobedience; and in the
excess of my anger, struck her a violent blow. Her proud spirit was
instantly up.
“Father,” said she, “you have struck me for the first, and for the
last time. In defiance of your cruel and unnatural machinations for
the disposal of my honor, you shall never reproach me with their
success. I have hitherto mildly resisted your iniquitous designs; and I
now boldly put myself out of your power. This roof shall never more
shelter your daughter!”
In scarcely any gradation of human depravity is man totally
callous to the qualms of conscience. I have before remarked that I
anticipated with joy the hour of death; but this was merely a
fiendish delirium, wrought by the recollection of past iniquities: a
kind of bravo, which, in the hour of cool contemplation, would be
regarded with fear and horror.
 I confess I was much staggered at the justice of Valeria’s
reproaches, and the firmness and dignity of her demeanor. Whatever
might have been the nature of my former conduct toward her, I did
feel, at that moment, a sense of my baseness. Her fine, expressive
eyes were eloquent with determination; and her beautiful figure, as
she glided steadily from my presence, seemed to acquire a
queenliness from passion and indignation. She spoke no more; and I
was too relentless to excuse myself, or break the silence. I had pride
—ay, the pride of a demon. I would not humble it by confessing my
cruelty, or soliciting her forgiveness. Thus originated a disunion,
which was soon destined to lead to the most tragical effects.
I follow, for a moment, the fortunes of Valeria.
During her residence in that part of Venice, in which we had
latterly lived, she had, by the merest accident, become acquainted
with the daughter of a neighboring officer, and had cultivated the
society of this young lady, more from a natural fondness for
association with the educated of her sex, than from any particular
liking to her new acquaintance. Signora Almeda—the lady’s name—
was not unusually prepossessing in her person or manners; but she
had a vigorous and masculine mind, and possessed no small share
of sound knowledge, both literary and scientific. She had, from the
beginning, regarded my daughter with peculiar favor. Their
acquaintance had latterly become quite intimate; and on the
strength of this intimacy, and the dependance of her situation,
Valeria resolved to claim the hospitality of her friend, until fortune
should place it in her power to earn a livelihood by her own
exertions. Signora Almeda accepted, with pleasure, the proposition
of her accomplished acquaintance.
For several months a sisterly harmony was observed between the
friends. Though Valeria steadily refused to enter into society, yet it
soon became obvious to her entertainer that she had the
ascendency in the social circle. Of all stings prone to penetrate the
female heart, none is so poisonous or painful as that which wounds
vanity. Signora Almeda was piqued to discover that the suitors, who
had before paid her the utmost devotion, now eagerly transferred
their addresses to her guest. From learning to view her as a rival,
she presently looked upon her as an ungrateful and disagreeable
dependant. Every opportunity was now taken advantage of, both
publicly and privately, by Signora Almeda, to vent her envy toward
Valeria. The innocent cause of this disquietude, meantime wondered
at the change. It was true, her entertainer still continued to treat her
with formal hospitality; but all intimacy and friendship were at an
end. This state of things was destined to be speedily brought to a
close.
Signora Almeda had among other suitors, one who really admired
her, and for whom she had evinced much respect. This gentleman,
inspired by the superiority of Valeria, physically if not mentally,
forgot for a moment his promises and devotions toward Signora
Almeda. The blow was not to be borne. A proud Italian spirit was
roused. Revenge was now the sole subject of her thought.
Valeria one evening, soon after this, retired to her chamber to
enjoy a few moments of solitude. In searching a small drawer for
some article of habiliment, she accidentally discovered a note,
directed to herself and handsomely sealed. It was inscribed in a
bold, masculine hand; and ran thus:—

“Bewitching girl!—In accordance with your repeated

desire, I shall to-night gently tap at your chamber-window.
O raptures! how I shall—but why anticipate.
“Votre roturiex
“Caius Pazzio.”

Astonished and indignant, Valeria was about to tear this insulting

epistle to atoms, when the door gently opened; and Signora Almeda
glided in.
“Ah! my charming guest,” she whispered, with forced friendship,
“what now? Mercy, you seem like one who had just caught sight of
an apparition! Dear me! what’s the matter?”
“Matter!” cried Valeria, fired with shame and indignation, “read!—
but no—the insult must not be known!”
 “Heavens! a letter—Ah, I guess the contents!” She snatched it
playfully, and read with apparent surprise—what she had herself
written!
The result was such as might be expected. Valeria was
peremptorily forbidden the house. Her character was blasted—her
happiness destroyed!
In this melancholy situation, Marco Da Vinci found her, when
after a long and indefatigable search, he succeeded in tracing her to
the residence of Signora Almeda. With all the ardor and sincerity of
his character, Da Vinci had determined on bringing his fate to a
speedy close, either by wedding the object of his affection, or by
bidding her farewell forever. The critical situation in which he found
her, immediately determined him to adopt the former course, if
possible. He had, since his triumph at the Academy of Arts, attained
some eminence; and his circumstances were now in a favorable
condition.
Valeria had many objections to the course proposed; but on the
one hand poverty—perhaps beggary would be her lot; while on the
other the importunities of Da Vinci were so urgent as to remove
most of the remaining obstacles. After much hesitation she
consented to acquiesce in his wishes. The young and loving couple
were immediately united. I now return to my own narrative.
Nearly a year had elapsed since I was left alone and desolate;
when one evening I was astonished to see a female, closely muffled,
enter my house. My mind had that day been peculiarly embittered
against my daughter, and she was even now the subject of my
thoughts. Great, indeed, was my astonishment, when the apparent
stranger flung herself in a kneeling posture before me, and casting
off her disguise revealed to my sight the faded lineaments of Valeria!
“Father!” she cried, “forgive me!—forgive the partner of my
misery! We are ruined by a reverse of fortune—we are beggars!
Distress has deprived us of pride! We seek your pardon!”
“Curse you!” I shouted, spurning her with my foot, “you demand
pardon do you? Begone! Pardon, eh? Begone!” I thundered; and I
pushed her violently toward the door. She fell. Her head struck a
bureau; and the warm blood spouted from the gash. Had I reflected
on the delicacy of her situation, it is probable I might have felt
compassion enough to let her pass unmolested; but the deed was
done. I did not regret it. My vengeance for the series of
disappointments she had caused me was satiated.
(To be Continued.)

Louisville, Kentucky, February, 1841.

 THE ALCHYMIST.
———
BY MRS. LAMBERT.
———

“The machine of human life, though constituted of a

thousand parts, is in all its parts systematically connected;
nor is it easy to insert an additional member, the
spuriousness of which an accurate observation will not
readily detect.”—Godwin.

It was midnight. Darkness, deep as the sable of a funeral pall,

hung over the streets of Madrid. The wind blew in strong gusts, and
the rain fell in torrents. The lightning, which, at brief intervals, rent
the clouds, and flashed across the gloom, revealed no living, moving
thing. For an instant only, the livid sheets lit up the streets and
squares, and glared over the Plaza Mayon, so often the scene of
savage bull-fights, of cruel executions, and, in former years, of the
horrible Auto de fé. And again, as it seemed, a tenfold blackness
enveloped every object; convents, colleges and hospitals, closed at
every aperture, were shrouded in the general gloom. Man, though
the noblest work of his Creator—glorying in his wisdom and in his
might—towering in the battle-field—great in council—overweening,
arrogant, boastful; in such a night learns to feel his own
insignificance. He, who adorned with all the pageantry of wealth,
elevates himself far above the lowly individual that seeks his daily
bread by daily labor—who looks down as from an immeasurable
height upon the poor peasant of the soil—even he, so rich, so
powerful, sheltered within his stately walls, listens to the war of the
elements that rage without—and inwardly congratulating himself on
his rich and comfortable asylum, yet shrinks involuntarily as the blast
shrieks by—and silently acknowledges his own impotence.
 I have said no living thing moved in the street, and every
building was closed against the storm; but in the outskirts of the
city, in a narrow and solitary lane, built up at intervals with a few
houses of mean and wretched appearance—a faint light shone
through the gloom. It proceeded from the casement of a house of
antique structure, and dilapidated appearance. Years must have
gone by since that dwelling was the abode of comfort, for poverty
and wretchedness seemed to have long marked it for their own. The
exterior gave faithful promise of what was revealed within.
In a large and gothic room, the broken and discolored walls of
which betokened decay, an aged man was bending over a fire of
charcoal, and busily engaged in some metallic preparation. His form
was bent by age. The hair of his head, and the beard, which
descended to his breast, were bleached by time to a silvery
whiteness. His forehead was ample, but furrowed by a thousand
wrinkles. His eyes, deep set, small, and still retaining much
quickness and fire, yet at times their expression was wild,
despairing, even fearful.
A cap of peculiar and ancient form was upon his head, and his
person was enveloped in a robe of russet, confined about the waist
by a twisted girdle. His motions were tremulous and feeble, his
countenance wan and death-like, his frame to the last degree
emaciated.
A bed stood in one corner of the room; a table, and two roughly
made forms, were all the furniture of that miserable apartment; but
around the small furnace, at which the old man had been lately
employed, were gathered crucibles, minerals, chemical preparations,
and tools of mysterious form and curious workmanship, but well
understood by the artist. Once more the adept, for such was the
inmate of this lonely dwelling, scanned with searching eye the
contents of a crucible; while the pale flame which rose suddenly
from the sullen fire, cast over his sunken features a hue still more
livid and cadaverous.
His labors had resulted in disappointment; he sighed heavily, and
dropping his implements, abandoned his self-imposed task.
 “It is over,” he murmured, “my hour is almost come—and should
I repine? No—no. Life!—wretched and misspent!—world! I have
sacrificed thee, to thyself!—wonderful enigma, yet how true!”
Turning his steps to the table, he took from thence a lamp, and
walked feebly to a remote end of the room. Here, on a humble
couch, lay a sleeping child; it was a boy, slender, pale, and bearing
in his young face the indications of sorrow and of want—yet was he
exquisitely beautiful. He slept still, and heavily. The adept gazed at
him long and deeply.
“He sleeps. Victim as he is, of his father’s errors, and his crimes—
shunned by his fellows—hunted by the unfeeling—pinched with cold
—and perishing with hunger—yet—he sleeps. Father of Heaven!
such is the meed of innocence! I, shall never more know rest,—till
the long sleep of death that knows no awakening!—No awakening—
and is it so?” A blast of wind swept by, rocking the old pile to its
foundation, the thunder rolled heavily above, and the keen blue
lightning shone through every crevice.
The old man looked fearfully around: a deeper paleness
overspread his face, and cold drops stood on his brow and sallow
temples.
“The angel of death is surely abroad this night—he seeks his
victim.”
Tottering to the bed he sunk down upon it, and closing his eyes,
an almost deadly sickness seized him. He called faintly for Adolf. The
lad had already risen, for the storm had awakened him. He went to
the bedside. The old man could not speak. The child was affrighted
and gazed earnestly upon the face of his parent. The senses of the
latter had not forsaken him, and he motioned with his hand toward
the table, on which stood a small cup. Adolf brought it to his father,
and moistened his lips with the liquid. The old man revived. After a
few moments he spoke, but his voice was tremulous and low.
“Adolf,” he said, “thy father is about to leave thee—dear object of
my fond affection, thou art all that remains of my beloved Zillia—
boy,” he continued exerting the last remains of strength, “thou must
go hence. The moment thy father ceases to breathe thou must fly.”
The child looked on his parent with alarm, and sorrow depicted in
his young face.
“Yes,” he repeated, “thou must quit this place. My enemies are
on the alert. Me they would certainly destroy, and thy youth and
innocence—will hardly save thee from their wrath. Long have they
watched, and sought, and hunted me, from country to country, and
from town to town. I have mingled in the crowd of cities, and hoped
to be confounded with the multitude—to pass unmarked—
unquestioned—unknown—in vain; the ever wakeful eye of suspicion
followed me—danger dogged my footsteps. I sought the shelter of
thick woods—of impenetrable forests, where the wolf howled, and
the raven croaked—but the foot of my persecutor—Man—seldom
came. Even there I was discovered. Imprisonment—famine—torture
have been my portion—and yet I live. I live—but thy gentle spirit,
Zillia, could not bear up under the pressure of so many woes. Adolf,
thou wilt shortly be all that survives of the family of Zampieri.—I
repeat, by the morning dawn I shall be no more, and thou must fly.”
“No, no,” returned the boy, “urge me not to depart—father, I will
remain and share thy fate.” He threw himself as he spoke upon the
bosom of the old man who pressed him in his feeble arms.—“And
oh! father, I cannot go hence—I am weak—I am ill—father I die of
hunger.”
An expression of keen anguish passed over the face of Zampieri,
and he pushed his child from him.
“Boy,” he cried, “ask me not for bread—thou knowest I have it
not. Have I not been laboring for thee—for thy wealth—for thy
aggrandizement—ingrate—bread sayest thou—thou shalt have gold,
boy, gold.”
The intellect of the adept wandered, and he laughed wildly. The
large, soft, lustrous eyes of Adolf swam in tears, and his heart
trembled within his bosom. With weak steps he retreated to the foot
of the bed, and kneeling there, hid his face on his folded arms, and
wept.
After a pause Zampieri again spoke.
“Life!” he muttered, “how have I wasted thee. Time! Thou art no
longer mine. Would that I could redeem thee—but it is too late.
Zillia, my murdered love! Thou art avenged. I left thy fond and
simple affections for the depths of mysterious research. I madly
thought to realise the dreams of illimitable wealth. Vain and
destructive ambition. For thy sake have I riven asunder every tie.”
The voice of the old man ceased, and the sobs of the child too
were silenced—perchance in sleep.
The violence of the tempest had subsided, and all was still; save
that the blast still shrieked at intervals by, making the old casements
rattle as it passed—and the thunder muttered low at a distance.
The hours rolled on. A faint grey light dawned in the east. The
clouds broken in heavy masses, rolled rapidly onward obscuring and
revealing, as they flew, the few bright stars that appeared far
beyond this scene of petty turmoil, shining on, in their own
unchanging, never ending harmony.
And now the dawn strengthened, and the stars grew pale. The
last blue flickering flame, that wandered ignus-fatuus like, over the
surface of the dying charcoal, had spent itself; and the wasting lamp
looked ghastly in the beams of rising day.
A noise was heard at the lonely portal. It was that of forcible
entrance, and came harshly over the deep silence that reigned
within. Footsteps approached, not such as told the drawing near of a
friend, the light, soft step of sympathy with sorrow. No. They
heralded force and violence—bond and imprisonment—racks and
torture.
Three Alguazils of the Inquisition entered the solitary apartment.
They came to conduct Nicoli Zampieri to the holy office on a charge
of performing or seeking to perform preternatural acts by unholy
means—by conjuration and necromancy. Guilty or not guilty,
suspicion had fallen upon him, and he had become amenable to the
law. Their anticipated victim remained quiet. The Alguazils
approached the bed on which he lay. The limbs were stark and stiff
—the features immoveable. The Alchymist was dead.
Yet the eyes—widely opened, glassy, fixed and staring, gave the
startling idea, that the gloomy and reluctant soul had through them
strained its last agonising gaze on some opening view—some
unimaginable scene in the dread arena of the shadowy world beyond
the grave.
Silently they turned from the bed of death, for the power of the
king of Terrors, thus displayed before them, quelled for a moment
their iron nerves.
A kneeling figure at the bed’s foot next drew their attention. It
was Adolf. They spoke to him, but he answered not: they shook him,
but the form immobile, gave no sign of warmth or elasticity. One of
the men turned aside the rich curls that clustered above the boy’s
fair brow, and gently raised his head. It was cold and pale. The
suffering spirit of the young and innocent Adolf, had winged its way
to a happier world.
 THE CIRCASSIAN BRIDE.
———
BY ESTHER WETHERALD.
———

“She walks in beauty, like the nights

Of cloudless climes and starry skies.”
Byron.

Nerinda was the daughter of a shepherd, who dwelt in one of the

charming portions of Circassia. If beauty was a blessing, Nerinda
was blessed beyond the ordinary lot of mortals, for the fame of her
loveliness had extended through the neighboring vallies, and at the
early age of fourteen her hand had been sought by many, with an
earnestness which showed her parents what a treasure they
possessed in their eldest born. But no one had been able to obtain
her.
Money is not so plentiful in the vales of Circassia, as in the mart
of Constantinople; and few of the neighboring youths might venture
therefore to aspire to her hand. There appeared, every day, less
probability that the fair girl would be permitted to pass her life
amidst scenes endeared to her by a thousand childish and tender
recollections. Nerinda felt this and her eye became less bright, and
her step less buoyant, than when she trod the flowery turf a few
short months before, a happy careless child, attending those flocks
now abandoned to the care of the younger children. She became
pensive and melancholy. Her rich color faded, and her parents saw
with surprise and concern that the dazzling beauty on which so
much depended, would be tarnished by the very means they were
taking to preserve it. What was to be done? She must resume her
old employment, since healthful exercise was of such consequence
to her appearance; she could do so in the neighboring meadows
without danger, accompanied by her sister Leila. Oh! how happy was
Nerinda, when she received this unlooked for indulgence; with what
haste did she braid and arrange her beautiful hair, and fasten on the
veil without which she must not be seen; then joining her sister, she
visited every spot endeared to her by memory, and at length,
seating herself on a mossy bank which separated her father’s
possessions from those of a neighboring shepherd, began to arrange
the many flowers she had culled into beautiful bouquets and
chaplets, an occupation befitting one so young and lovely; but even
whilst her hands were thus employed, it was evident her thoughts
were far distant, for she fell into reveries so deep, that her sister,
unable to arouse her from her abstraction, became weary of
attempting it, and returned to her fleecy charge, leaving Nerinda to
muse alone.
Nerinda believed herself alone, but immediately after the
departure of Leila, a finely formed youth had crossed the stream,
and stood at the distance of a few paces, gazing on her with a
passionate tenderness which betokened the strength of his
attachment. Almost afraid to disturb her meditations, yet anxious to
obtain a single word, a single glance, he remained motionless;
waiting, hoping that she might raise her eyes, and give him
permission to advance. She raised them at length, uttered an
exclamation of surprise, and in a moment the youth was at her feet.
“Nerinda!” “Hassan!” were the first words that escaped their lips.
“Do I indeed see thee? and dost thou still love thy Nerinda?” said
the maiden.
“Love thee?” replied the youth in an impassioned tone, “thy
image is entwined with every fibre of my heart. They may tear thee
from me, they may destroy me if they will, but while life remains I
cannot cease to love.”
“Alas!” said Nerinda, “weeks have passed since I saw thee, and I
feared—I—.” She stopped confused, for Hassan had seized her hand,
and was pressing it to his lips with an energy which showed how
well he understood what was passing in her mind.
 “Oh! Nerinda,” said he, “I have entreated, I have implored thy
father to bestow thee on me, but in vain, for all the money I could
offer was not one tenth of the sum he requires; yet do not despair,”
he said, as the color faded from her cheek, “I still may hope if thou
remainest constant.”
“This very morning,” continued Hassan, “I sought thy father; at
first he was unwilling to listen to me. At length I prevailed on him to
hearken, even if he refused his assent to what I proposed: but he
did not refuse. Pleased with my anxiety to obtain thee, he has
promised that if in two years I can gain the required sum thou shalt
be my wife; if I cannot he will wait no longer, but part with thee to
him who will pay the highest price.”
The voice of the youth faltered—he was scarcely able to
continue, “in two days I am to take all the money my father can
spare, and join the caravan which proceeds to the south; fear not,”
said he, replying to the alarm expressed in her varying countenance,
“there is no danger, the caravan is large, and if fortunate as a trader,
I shall return before two years have passed to claim my plighted
bride. Wilt thou be true? may I trust thee?” were questions the lover
asked, though he felt sure the answers would be such as he could
desire, and when the assurance was given, he for the first time
ventured to impress a kiss on those beautiful lips. Long did they thus
converse, but at length they parted; Nerinda promising to come to
the same spot on the next evening to bid him farewell.
They parted, Hassan vainly endeavoring to inspire Nerinda with
his own hopes. She almost sank under the trial, and it was many
days before she had strength to revisit the bank of turf, their
accustomed trysting place. When she did, how changed did all
appear; the flowers were still blooming around; the stream flowed
on with its accustomed murmur; the birds carolled sweetly as of old;
where then was the change? Alas! it was in her own heart: joy and
happiness had fled with Hassan, and melancholy had taken their
place.
Two years and six months had passed since the departure of the
youth, and there seemed little probability of his return; even his
venerable father mourned him as dead, when a company of traders
entered the mountains. One of them was an old acquaintance in the
valley. He renewed his solicitations to the father of Nerinda, that she
might be placed under his charge; offering the highest price, and
promising that her future lot should be as brilliant and delightful as
her past had been obscure. The shepherd was greatly disappointed
by the non-appearance of Hassan, for he would have preferred
keeping his daughter near him if he could have done so with
advantage to himself, but being poor as well as avaricious, and
imagining he should be perfectly happy if possessed of so much
wealth as the trader offered, he consented to part with her, who had
ever been his chief delight, and the pride of his heart.
Language cannot paint the consternation of Nerinda when she
learned her father’s determination. The delay of Hassan she
accounted for by supposing he had not yet acquired the full amount
necessary for his purpose, and hoped that after a while he would
return to call her his. Now all hope was at an end. Hassan might still
come, but she would be far distant, perhaps the wife of another. Her
mother and sister too shared her grief, for they thought it would be
impossible to live without Nerinda; but all entreaties and
lamentations were vain, the shepherd had made the bargain and
would abide by it; and she was hurried to the caravan in a state little
short of insensibility.
And where was Hassan? He had determined in the first place to
proceed with the caravan to Mecca, whither it was bound, and laying
out the money he possessed in merchandise, to trade at the
different towns on their route. Before they arrived at the holy city he
had consequently so greatly increased his store, that he felt no
doubt he should be able to return before the time appointed; but
meeting soon afterward with a heavy loss, he was thrown back
when he least expected it, and at the end of two years had not more
than half the amount required. To return without it was useless, and
he set about repairing his loss with a heavy heart. Six months
passed in this endeavor, at the end of which time he found himself
rich enough to return, but it was necessary he should proceed to
Constantinople to settle some business, and join a caravan which
was going toward his native country. His anxiety increased every
day: of what avail would be his wealth, if she, for whose sake it had
been accumulated, was lost forever?
The day before the one fixed for his departure from
Constantinople, a company of traders arrived, bringing with them
Circassian slaves. He happened to be passing by the slave-market,
and impelled by sudden curiosity, entered the room. He had scarcely
done so when he was struck by the graceful figure of one of the
girls, which reminded him of Nerinda. He felt almost afraid to have
her veil removed, then remembering that it would be impossible for
her to recognise him in his present dress, and determining to
suppress his emotions whatever the result, he made the request,
which was instantly complied with. It was indeed Nerinda, but how
changed! She stood before him pale as marble, with downcast eyes,
looking as if no smile would ever again illumine those pensive
features; once only a faint color tinged her cheek as he advanced
toward her, then instantly gave place to more deathly paleness. The
price was soon agreed upon, for the trader was now as anxious to
get rid of his fair slave as he had been desirous to obtain her; having
resigned the hope of making an immense profit in consequence of
the continual dejection and grief she indulged, which had greatly
impaired her health and beauty. Hassan ordered the trader to send
her to his apartments immediately.
When he entered the room to which she had been conducted, he
gently raised her veil. She looked up, and recognised him instantly;
her joy was as unbounded as his own, but was displayed in a
different manner. She threw herself into his arms and sobbed and
wept. She was, however, at length able to listen tranquilly to the
account of his adventures, and to relate her own.
The remembrance of his aged parent, doubly endeared by
absence, and of his joyous childhood, were still alive in the breast of
Hassan; and after a few days spent at Constantinople, he proposed
to return to his native valley.
 They set out, the health and beauty of Nerinda improving, in
spite of the fatigues of their journey. The joy with which they were
greeted was unbounded. All had given Hassan up for dead, and
Nerinda was regarded as lost to them forever. Even her father had
repented of his avarice, and would willingly have returned his gold,
could he have once more had Nerinda by his side. Her mother and
sisters hung around her with tears of joy; and the whole valley
welcomed her return with glad rejoicings.
The young couple took up their residence with Hassan’s father;
many a visit did they pay to that bank of turf, the scene of their
former meetings, and never did they look on that spot without
feeling their bosom swell with the emotions of gratitude to that kind
Providence who had disposed all things for their good, and had
watched over and protected them, even when they believed
themselves deserted.
 THE MAIDEN’S ADVENTURE.
A TALE OF THE EARLY SETTLERS OF VIRGINIA.

“Well Kate,” said her bridesmaid, Lucy Cameron, “the clouds look
very threatening, and you know it is said to be an unlucky omen for
one’s wedding night to be stormy.”
“Pshaw, Lucy, would you frighten me with some old
grandmother’s tale, as if I were a child? I believe not in omens, and
shall forget all unlucky presages, when the wife of Richard Gaston,”
answered the lovely and smiling bride.
“You treat it lightly, and I trust it may not be ominous of your
conjugal life,” resumed Lucy; “but my Aunt Kitty says that’s the
reason she never married; because it was raining in torrents the day
she was to have been wedded, and she discarded her lover because
it was unlucky.”
“Ah, Lucy, I do not mean to doubt your good aunt’s word; but
there must have been some more serious cause linked with the one
you have mentioned. My life on it, I do not lose a husband for so
slight a cause. It must be something more than a common
occurrence, that shall now break off the match with Dick and myself.
But see, the company are beginning to arrive,” said Kate, as she
looked from the window of her room, “and I must prepare for the
ceremony.”
The morning of the day of which we have spoken, had opened in
unclouded splendor, and all seemed propitious to the nuptials that
were to be solemnised in the evening. The inmates of the cabin in
which the preceding conversation had been carried on, had arisen
cheerfully with the first notes of the early robin, to prepare for the
festival, to which the whole neighborhood, consisting of all within
fifteen or twenty miles, (for neighborhoods were then large, and
habitations scarce) were indiscriminately invited.
 Kate Lee was the only child of her parents, and had been born
and raised in the humble cottage which her father had assisted to
construct with his own hands. Mr. Lee had moved to his present
residence, when few ventured thus far into the Indian territory; and
by his own labors, and that of his two servants, had erected a
double cabin, and cleared about fifty acres of land, upon a rich piece
of high ground, a mile and a half from the James River. By his
urbanity and kindness, he had gained the confidence of the Indians;
and in all their depredations so far, he had gone unscathed. He was
of good birth and education, and the most hospitable man in the
settlement. The property which he held, and the style in which he
lived, together with his superior knowledge, gave him a standing
among the settlers superior to all. Ever ready to assist the needy,
and always just in his opinions and actions, he was looked to for
council, rather than treated as an equal.
As we said before, Kate was his only child, and had been the
solace of her parents for nineteen years. She had now attained to
full-blown womanhood, and, from her beauty and intelligence, her
hand had been often asked, by the hardy sons of the pioneers. Her
heart was untouched, until young Gaston laid siege to it. To his
eloquent appeals she lent a willing ear, and promised to be his bride.
As Kate was the loveliest girl in the country, so was Richard
Gaston the most to be envied among the youths. Of fine, manly
stature, superior intellect, and unflagging energy, he was the best
match in the settlement. He cultivated a little farm on the other side
of the river, and when occasion offered, engaged in the practice of
law, for which both education and nature fitted him. He had been in
the settlement about seven years, and from his open and
conciliatory manners, his bold and manly bearing, had become a
favorite with all around him. He was always the first to take up his
rifle, and sally against the hostile Indians, when necessity required
it, and from his undoubted courage, was always chosen leader of the
little bands, formed to repel the savage foe.
When the toils of the week had passed, Gaston might be seen,
with his rifle on his shoulder, moving toward the river where his
canoe was fastened, and springing lightly into it, dashing through
the foaming waters, and among the rocks, as safely and cheerfully,
as if passing over a smooth and glassy lake; and on the following
evening, he might be seen again, braving the rushing current, with
the same careless ease, but more thoughtful brow; for who ever yet
parted from the girl of his heart, with the same joyful aspect, which
he wore when going to meet her? Let us now return to the wedding
day.
“Have you heard of the Indian that was found murdered on the
bank of the creek this morning?” said a young man, after the
company had assembled, to Mr. Lee.
“No,” answered Mr. Lee, with surprise, “I had hoped from the
long peace that has reigned, we should have no more such outrages
against the poor Indians. But how is it possible, sir, if they are thus
shot down, that we can expect them to be quiet?”
“The body,” continued the first speaker, “was found by some of
his tribe; and they immediately threatened vengeance if the
murderers were not given up. But that is impossible; because we do
not know them.”
At this moment, a loud crash of thunder echoed through the
woods, so suddenly as to make all start from their seats.
“Well, my friends,” said Mr. Lee, as soon as all was again quiet,
“we shall be as likely to suffer from this rashness as the offender,
and must be prepared. I am glad you have brought your guns with
you, for unless they come in too large a body we shall be able to
hold out against them.”
This was said with that calmness which a frequent recurrence of
such circumstances will produce; and as he rehung his rifle, after
preparing it for immediate use, the bride entered the room, in all the
loveliness of graceful beauty. Few ornaments decked her person,
because none could add to her natural grace and elegance. Her hair
of jet black, was simply parted in front, drawn back, and fastened
behind, displaying a forehead of marble whiteness; a wreath,
mingling the wild rose with other forest flowers, was the only
ornament on her head. Her skin was of transparent whiteness. Her
large black eyes, peering through their long lashes, spoke a playful
mischief in every glance. A perfectly Grecian nose; cherry lips; a
beautiful row of pearly teeth; a dimple displaying itself in each cheek
whenever a smile suffused itself over her features, and a complexion
richer than the soft red of the tulip, completed a picture such as the
mind can rarely imagine. Her neck and arms were perfectly bare,
and seemed as if they, with her small fairy feet, and the rest of her
figure, had been made in nature’s most perfect mould.
The storm, which had before been heard but at a distance,
seemed now to have attained its greatest violence, and to be
concentrated over the house. Peal after peal of thunder, came
ringing through the hollows, each succeeding one apparently louder
and more crashing than the former. Flash upon flash, of the quick
and vivid lightning, streamed out, resting awhile upon the
surrounding scenery, and striking terror into the hearts of the more
superstitious guests. The rain, which at first fell in large drops, that
could be distinctly heard, amid the awful silence, save when the
thunders echoed, now came down in torrents; and the thunder
pealed out, louder and louder, quicker and quicker, leaving scarcely
intermission enough, for the voice of Richard Gaston to be heard by
his beautiful bride. He had impatiently awaited the invitation of Mr.
Lee to meet his daughter, but no longer able, amid the war of
elements, to restrain himself, he advanced to, and seated himself by
the side of his beloved Kate, and gently taking her hand in his,
inquired if she was alarmed by the storm? To his enquiry, she only
smiled, and shook her head.
“I see not then, why we may not proceed with the ceremony; the
storm,”——here a keen and fearful crash, jarred the house to its
foundation, leaving traces of fear on the countenances of all, but the
lovers and the parson; Gaston continued, however, “the storm may
last an hour, and that is longer, my Kate, than I would like to defer
the consummation of my hopes.”
“I am ready,” answered Kate, blushing, and without raising her
eyes.
 They rose from their seats, and advanced to the parson, who
immediately commenced the ceremony. It was impossible to tell,
whether pleasure or fear predominated on the countenances of the
guests, as they pressed forward, to witness the solemn ceremony of
uniting two beings for life. In the intervals of the thunder, a faint
smile would play upon their faces, but, as a rattling volley would
strike their ears, their shrinking forms and bloodless lips, betrayed
their terror. The tempest seemed for a moment to have held its
breath, as if to witness the conclusion of the nuptials; but now as
the parson concluded with, “salute your bride;” a peal of thunder,
keener and more startling than any yet, struck such terror to their
souls, that none, not even the parson, or Gaston himself, both of
whom had been shocked, perceived that the chimney had fallen to
the earth; until awakened to a sense of their situation, by the shrill
war-whoop of the Indians, which now mingled in dreadful unison
with the howling storm.
All thought of the storm vanished at once—defence against the
savages seemed to be the first idea of all, as each man, with
determined look, grasped his rifle, and gathered around the females.
The Indians, led on by their noted chief Eagle Eye, to avenge the
death of their comrade, found in the morning, would perhaps have
awaited the subsidence of the storm, had not the falling of the
chimney displayed to them, the disorder and confusion within the
cabin. Viewing it, as the most favorable time for an attack, they
raised their dreaded war-whoop, and sprung to the breach. That
whoop, however, served but to nerve the hardy pioneers, and chase
from their bosoms the fears, which the wars of nature alone created.
Richard Gaston, from custom, assumed the command; and with that
coolness and self-possession, which indicates undaunted bravery,
proceeded to give such orders as the time would allow.
“Let the females,” said he, “go above, and lie upon the floor, and
we, my brave boys, will show them what stout hearts and strong
arms can do in defence of beauty. Six of you go in the next room,
and see that the villains enter not, except over your dead bodies;
the rest will remain, and defend this opening.”
 The reader must not suppose that all was still during this brief
address. The Indians, whose numbers amounted to several hundred,
had fired once, and not being able, on account of the rain, to load
again, now attempted to enter over the ruins of the chimney, and
through the windows. The lights had been extinguished at the first
yell, and all was dark, save when the flashes of lightning revealed to
the few within, the fearful odds against them without. Several
volleys had meanwhile been poured into the Indians, and a
momentary flash revealed the effects. Many were lying dead or
dying, forming a sort of breastwork at the breach. Becoming more
infuriated, as those who had gone before, fell, under the constant
fire of the whites, the savages, now, in a compact body, attempted
an entrance; and the whites, still cool, as if danger threatened not,
waited until they reached the very breach, and then every man, with
his muzzle almost touching the Indians, discharged his piece. The
savages wavered and then fell back, amid the shouts of the
victorious yeomen.
The next flash of lightning discovered the Indians retreating to
the woods, and dragging many of their dead with them. Another
wild shout burst from the lips of the victorious whites. When all was
again still, the voice of Mr. Lee was heard in thanksgiving, for their
deliverance so far; and when he had concluded, he proposed a
consultation upon the best means to be pursued, as it was certain
the Indians had only retired to devise some other mode of attack.
Some were for deserting their present situation, and flying to the
woods for concealment; others, and the greater number, proposed
remaining where they were, because the Indians had not certainly
gone far, and if discovered, unprotected by the logs, they must fall
an easy prey, to such superior numbers, while by remaining, they
had some advantage, and a small chance to keep them off.
In the meantime, the females, the firing having ceased, had left
their hiding-place, and now mingled with the warriors. It was soon
determined to hold on to their present situation, and defend it to the
last, should they be again attacked. The better to add to its security,
several of the stoutest commenced raising a barrier at the opening,
with the logs that had been thrown down; while others, barricaded
the doors and windows. This being finished, they began an enquiry
into the injury they had received; and found six of their number
were killed.
The rain meanwhile had ceased, and the distant mutterings of
the thunder could be heard only at intervals. All was silent in the
cabin, awaiting the expected approach of the savages. Kate had
approached Gaston when she first came into the room, and timidly
asked if he was hurt. Having received a satisfactory answer, she had
remained silently by his side, until all was prepared for action. Then,
for a moment forgetting the dangers that surrounded him, Gaston
yielded to the impulse of his heart, and drawing the lovely being,
who was now his wedded wife, in all the ardor of passionate love, to
his bosom, imprinted upon her ruby lips, the kiss of which he had
been so suddenly deprived by the onset of the savages.
“My own Kate,” said he, “if you find we are to be overcome, you
must try and make your escape through the back door, and thence
to the woods. Here is one of my pistols, take it, and if you are
pursued, you know how to use it; shoot down the first foe who
dares to lay a hand on you. Make for the river, you know where my
canoe is; the current is rapid and dangerous, but, if you can reach
the other bank you are safe. Farewell now, my own sweet love, and
if I fall, may heaven shed its protection over you.”
Gaston was not a man to melt at every circumstance, but to be
thus separated from his bride, perhaps never to meet again, brought
a tear to his manly cheek. Love, had for a moment, unmanned his
firm and noble heart; but it had passed, and he was again a soldier;
thinking only how best to defend, what he valued more than his life
—his wife.
At this instant the whoop of the Indians again sounded to the
assault. Each man sprang to his post. The whites had been equally
divided, and a party stationed in each room. The rooms were now
simultaneously attacked by the foe; and with clubs and large stones,
they endeavored to force the doors. The silence of death reigned
within, while without all was tumult and confusion. The door at
length yielded—one board and then another gave way, while yell
upon yell rose at their success.
“Hold on boys, until I give the word,” said Gaston, “and then stop
your blows only with your lives.”
The door and its whole support yielded, and in poured the
savages like a whirlwind. “Fire now,” cried Gaston, “and club your
guns.”
Almost as one report, sounded the guns of every one in the
house—the yells and cries of the wounded and infuriated foe, almost
appalled the stoutest hearts; but this was no time to admit fear, if
they felt it. The Indians were making every exertion to enter over
the pile of dead bodies that blocked up the doorway; and the gun of
each man within, clenched by the barrel, was lowered only to add
another to the heap. For twenty minutes the fight had raged with
unabated fury, and with unrelaxed exertions, when the moon,
breaking forth in all her splendor, exhibited the combatants as plain
as in the light of mid-day. One Indian, stouter and bolder than the
rest, had gained an entrance, and fixing his eyes on Gaston, as he
saw him encouraging and directing the others to their work of death,
he gave a loud yell, and sprang at him like the tiger on his prey. The
quick eye and arm of Gaston were too rapid for him; and in an
instant he lay dead from a blow of the young man’s rifle.
But the strength of the brave little band began at length to fail.
Their numbers had diminished more than half. Before the enemy
had, however, entered, it had been proposed and acceded to, as the
only chance, that the females should attempt an escape from the
back door, next the river, while the men should cover their retreat,
as well as their diminished numbers would admit. Accordingly, the
attempt was made, and an exit gained; the whole force of the
Indians being collected at the front door, to overcome the stubborn
resistance of the whites.
The little phalanx stood firm to its post, until they saw the
women had sufficient start to reach the woods before they could be
overtaken; and then, pressed by such superior numbers, they slowly
fell back to the same door, and the few that survived, made a rush,
and drew the door close after them. They had now given way, and
nothing but superior speed could possibly save them. If overtaken
before reaching the woods, they were inevitably lost—if they could
gain them they might escape. The delay caused by the closing of the
door was short, and the enemy were now scarcely fifteen yards in
the rear. Fear moved the one party almost to the speed of lightning
—thirst for revenge gave additional strength to the other. The
Indian, fresher than his chase, gained upon them rapidly. As they
heard the savages close upon them, every nerve was excited, every
muscle strained to the utmost. For a short distance indeed they
maintained the same space between them, but alas! the strength of
the whites failed, and too many of them overtaken, fell beneath the
club of the savages. Gaston, who was equal in activity to any of his
pursuers, had soon gained the lead; and with the speed of an arrow,
had increased the distance between him and the Indians.
He knew that his wife would make for the river, and in all
probability, would be able to reach it, and it was his object to get
there also, if possible, in time to assist her across the rocky and
rapid current, or at least to see that she was safe beyond pursuit.
The river was not far, and as he bounded down the rough hill sides,
he could distinctly hear the rolling of its waters, over the rocky bed.
He took the nearest course to the landing, and the yells of the
Indians, scattered in every direction through the woods, strained him
to the greatest exertions. He reached the river—his canoe was there
—his wife was not—despair overcame his soul.
“She must be taken, and I too will die,” he exclaimed, in bitter
agony.
At that moment, a light and bounding step, like that of a startled
fawn, drew his attention to the top of the bank, and his wife, whom
he had given up for lost—his darling Kate, bounded into his
embrace. This was no time for love. He took but one embrace, and
hurried her into his canoe; for the Indians were but a few yards
behind. It was but the work of a moment, to cut loose the line that
held his bark; but before he could spring into it, three stout Indians
were close upon him.
“Shove off, Kate, and trust to fortune to reach the other shore,”
cried Gaston, distractedly, as he turned to engage the Indians, while
his bride escaped. The devoted girl seemed doubtful whether to fly,
or stay and die with her husband. Gaston, seeing her hesitation,
again called frantically to her to escape, before the Indians were
upon them. She now attempted to push her boat off, but she had
remained a minute too long—a brawny and athletic savage seized
the boat and sprang into it, within a few feet of the alarmed maiden.
She quickly retreated to the other end, and faced about, despair
painted in every lineament of her face. The Indian involuntarily
stopped to gaze upon the beautiful being before him. That pause
was fatal to him. Kate’s self-possession instantaneously returned,
and as the savage sprang toward her she levelled her husband’s
pistol and fired. The bullet entered the savage’s brain: he fell over
the side of the boat, and disappeared beneath the bubbling waters;
while instantly seizing the oar which had dropped from her hand on
her first alarm, Kate turned the bow of her boat in the direction of
the opposite shore, and began to stem the rapid current.
During the few seconds that had thus elapsed, the canoe had
shot below the place where her husband struggled with the
remaining Indians; and she was now out of hearing of the
combatants. Standing erect in the boat, her long hair hanging
loosely on her uncovered neck, her white dress moving gently to the
soft breeze, and her little bark avoiding the many rocks jutting their
heads above the rushing waters, it gave to a beholder the idea of
some fairy skiff, kept up, and guided by the superior power of its
mistress. Steadily she moved on, until near the middle of the river,
when she heard a splash, followed by a voice, some distance behind
her. At first she thought it another Indian in pursuit, but soon the
chilling thought was dispelled. Her own name, breathed in accents
that had often thrilled her to the soul, was heard, sounding a
thousand times more sweetly than ever on her ear. She quickly
turned the head of her boat, and although she could not propel it
against the stream, she kept it stationary, until Gaston, who had
overcome his pursuers, reached it. His great exertions in the unequal
struggle on the bank, his efforts to reach the boat, and the loss of
blood from a deep cut on his arm, had left him so little of the
powers of life, that he fainted a few moments after he had regained
his wife. Kate knew the peril of permitting the boat to float with the
current, and with all that courage and coolness, which woman
possesses in times of danger, she did not stop to weep over him, but
again seizing the oar, directed her bark to the opposite bank. Guided
by the careful hand of love, how could the fragile skiff be lost, even
amid the rushing whirlpools it had to pass. They safely reached the
bank, and Gaston having returned to consciousness, supported by
the arm of his wife, slowly wended his way to his farm.
Their anxiety, however, was, for some time, almost intolerable to
learn the fate of their friends whom they had left on the other side
of the river. Whether the Indians had triumphed completely, whether
a successful stand had been made by any of those they pursued, or
whether all had been alike murdered by the relentless savages, were
unknown to Kate and Gaston, and filled their minds with uneasy
fears. While, however, they were thus in doubt as to the fate of their
friends, a hurried footstep was heard approaching, and Mr. Lee, the
next moment, was in his daughter’s arms. With about half of his
visitors, he had escaped, and, in a few days, rallying around them
their remaining border neighbors, they succeeded, finally, in driving
the hostile savages from their vicinity.
If any one will visit the hospitable mansion of the present
proprietor of the estate, which has descended from our Kate, they
may hear her story with increased interest, from the lips of some of
her fair descendants; and upon taking a view of the place, where
she crossed amid such perils, they will not be surprised to learn that
the circumstance should have given to it the name of the “Maiden’s
Adventure.”
S.

February, 1841.
 NAPOLEON.
———
BY J. E. DOW.
———

“About the twenty-second of January, 1821, Napoleon’s

energies revived. He mounted his horse and galloped for
the last time around Longwood, but nature was overcome
by the effort.”

Chained to a wild and sea-girt rock

Where the volcano’s fires were dead;
He woke to hear the surges mock
The living thunder o’er his head.

His charger spurned the mountain turf,

For he o’er glaciered Alps had trod,—
He scorned to bear the island serf,
And only stood to Europe’s God.

And now, the prisoner’s spirit soared,

And fiercely glanced his eagle eye;
He grasped again his crimson sword,
And bade his silken eagle fly.

High on a cliff, that braved the storm,

And beat the thundering ocean back;
He felt the life-blood coursing warm
As oft in mountain bivouac.
Around him bowed a bannered world:
And lightnings played beneath his feet;
The storm’s wild ensign o’er him curled,
And ocean drums his grand march beat.

Above the Alps’ eternal snows

He led his freezing legions on:
And when the morning sun arose—
The land of deathless song was won.

The desert waste before him rolled,

And haughty Mam’lukes bit the ground;
Old Cairo reared her mosques of gold,
And Nile returned his bugle’s sound.

The doors of centuries opened wide

Before the master spirit’s blows,
And flapped his eagles’ wings in pride
Above the time-dried Pharoahs.

Then northward moved his chainless soul,

And Europe’s host in wrath he met,
The Danube heard his drum’s wild roll,
And Wagram dimmed his bayonet.

On many a field his cannons rung,

The Nations heard his wild hurrah:
And brazen gates were open flung,
To usher in the Conqueror.

The Cossack yelled his dread advance,

And legions bared their scymetars,
When with the infantry of France
He trampled on the sleeping Czars.
And Moscow’s sea of fire arose
Upon the dark and stormy sky,
While cohorts, in their stirrups froze,
Or pillowed on the snow to die.

A merry strain the lancers blew

When morning o’er his legions shone!
But evening closed o’er Waterloo,
And death, dread sentinel, watch’d alone.

His eagles to the dust were hurled,

And bright Marengo’s star grew dim,
The conqueror of half the world,
Had none to sooth or pity him.

And he has come to view again

The hills his flashing sword hath won:
To hear the music of the main,
And note the thunder’s evening gun.

His heart is cold, his eye is dim,

His burning brand shall blaze no more;
The living world is dead to him,
The sea’s wild dash, the tempest’s roar.

Marengo’s cloak is round him cast,

And Jena’s blade is by his side,
But where is now his trumpet’s blast?
And where the soldiers of his pride?

They sleep by Nilus’ bull-rushed wave,

They slumber on the Danube’s bed;
The earth is but a common grave
For gallant France’s immortal dead.
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