MODULE 1

set of beliefs, attitudes and practices that an individual learns through

his or her family, school, church, and other social institutions
DIFFUSION – spread of culture from one society to another
Lesson 1:
d) Culture affects Biology
Anthropology and the Study of Culture Humans are born into cultures that have values on beauty and body. As
ANTHROPOLOGY study of humanity that looks into the biological such, they alter their bodies to fit physiological norms that are
variation in time and space, and the interplay of dictated by their culture.
society and culture e) Culture is Adaptive
CULTURE complex whole which encompasses beliefs, a tool for survival that humans use in response to the pressures of their
practices, values, artifacts, laws, symbols and environment
everything that a person learns and shares in
society f) Culture is Maladaptive
People when manifesting a set of cultural practices, fail to adapt to
DECULTURATION loss of cultural beliefs and practices tied with the the environmental changes leads to mal-adaptation
changing times
g) Culture Changes
CULTURAL process of accommodating desirable traits from
Culture is never static.
DIFFUSION other culture through acculturation, assimilation,
amalgamation, enculturation, colonization and
revolutionary movement IDENTIFYING GOALS IN STUDYING ANTHROPOLOGY
1) Explore and study the various cultures of man.
ANTHROPOLOGY 2) Realize that anthropology as a discipline has a strong
study of humanity commitment to issues of social justice.
derived from the two Greek words “anthropos” (man) 3) Understand the process of anthropological interpretation and
representation.
and “logos” (study)
ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES IN ANTHROPOLOGY
SUBDISCIPLINES OF ANTHROPOLOGY a) Cross-cultural or Comparative Emphasis
b) Evolutionary or Historical Emphasis
Physical or study of human biological variation in time and
c) Ecological Emphasis
space including genetics, growth, development and
Biological d) Holistic Emphasis
primatology
Anthropology PRACTICE TASK 1
Cultural study of human society and culture which Tangible Heirloom Intangible Myth of Bakunawa
describes, analyzes, interprets and explains social Tangible Antiques Tangible Earthen jars
Anthropology Tangible Mayon Volcano Intangible Kundiman
and cultural similarities and differences
Intangible Folk songs Intangible Rituals
a) Archaeological b) Linguistic Intangible Superstitious beliefs Tangible Ancestral house
Anthropology Anthropology Intangible Values and Tangible Hanging garden of
study of human behavior and descriptive, comparative and traditions Babylon
cultural patterns and historical study of language Tangible Jose Rizal’s Intangible Pearl of the Orient
processes through culture’s and of linguistic similarities monument
material remains and differences in time, Intangible Uyayi
space and society PRACTICE TASK 2
use of anthropological knowledge in solving Enculturation 1. Jillian learned to become religious and obedient
Applied
contemporary problems through the application of from her parents and friends. She learned it by
Anthropology observing the people that surrounds her.
theories and approaches of the discipline
Acculturation 2. Pedro is learning on how to use chopsticks
before he flew to China for his internship.
IMPORTANCE OF STUDYING ANTHROPOLOGY Deculturation 3. Children nowadays prefer playing with their iPads,
1) It broadens your knowledge and changes your perspective. Xbox and mobile games rather than playing
2) It is useful in understanding how society has evolved through time and traditional games like “patintero”, “piko” and
the cultural changes that have taken place thereto. “tumbang preso.”
3) It is relevant in tracing the transitions that societies went through Deculturation 4. After Juana’s scholarship program in Michigan
leading up to its current state. University, she prefers wearing crop-tops and
4) It helps us to deal with complexity. other western-inspired clothing.
5) It is interesting. Acculturation 5. Before travelling to Korea, Kardo enrolled in a Basic
Korean language tutorial.
Acculturation 6. The University of the Philippines will be offering an
In 1871, British Anthropologist Sir Edward Tylor gave elective course that will analyze popular Korean
the first definition of culture. drama series.
According to him, culture as the core concept of cultural anthropology is the Acculturation 7. Leon’s native tongue is West Miraya but he speaks
complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, art, law, morals, custom English in the University.
and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of a Enculturation 8. Tatay Isko asked his 10-year old grandson to
society (Kroeber and Kluckhohn 1952:81). The phrase “complex whole” has teach him how to send a text message using an
been the most durable feature of his definition. android phone.
Deculturation 9. Nowadays, only few teenagers are practicing “pag-
mamano” which is known as the traditional
CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE honoring-gesture of Filipinos.
a) Culture is Everything Deculturation 10. Pedro uses messenger and direct messages in
- what a person has, does and think as part of society expressing his feelings to Feliza.
- all of a person’s belief systems, set of behaviors, and material PRACTICE TASK 3
possessions Linguistic 1. Ana Marie studies the language of the indigenous
TWO TYPES: Anthropology people in the farthest mountains of Cordillera.
a) Material Culture Archaeology 2. Juan Tamad Jr. seeks to examine the tombs of the
 includes all tangible and visible parts of culture Mummy Pharaohs in Egypt.
Biological/ 3. According to studies, the early Homo sapiens has
 clothes, food, and buildings
Physical larger skull than that of the present human.
b) Non-Material Culture Anthropology
 includes all intangible parts of culture Cultural 4. Len-len idolizes the Korean’s pop culture and
Anthropology drama.
 values, norms, laws, sanctions and knowledge among others
Applied 5. Clifford Geertz’ study on culture revealed that the
b) Culture is Shared Anthropology webs of significance suggests that all humans
a particular behavior cannot be considered as part of culture if there is create and modify their cultures, and in turn
only one person practicing it cultures define the context where the humans are.

c) Culture is Learned
 Lesson 2: PRACTICE TASK 1
Karl Marx 1. In his writings, he observed that society is
Sociology and the Study of Society composed of individuals in different social
classes who compete against one another.
SOCIOLOGY behavioral science that deals with the study of society Functionalism 2. This approach views society as a complex
whole and an interconnected system
SOCIETY group of people living together in a definite territory and wherein every part works together as a
sharing a common culture functional whole.
SOCIAL set of actions performed by individuals of the same Social Norms 3. These are the set acceptable behaviors of a
BEHAVIOR species when they interact with each other group or society.
Theory 4. An approach that attempts to explain why
SOCIETAL behaviors that are considered acceptable in a group or groups of people choose to perform
NORMS society certain actions and how societies function or
change in a certain way.
THEORY statement or an approach that attempts to explain why Symbolic 5. This theory suggests that people attach
certain things are the way they are Interactionism meanings to symbols and they act
according to their interpretation of these
SOCIOLOGY symbols.
behavioral science that deals with the study of society PRACTICE TASK 2
derived from the two Greek terms “socius” (group or 1. The members in a society have a sense of (purpose, happiness,
partners) and “logos” (study) territory).
2. Functionalists believe that society is held together by social
consensus in which members of society (disagree, agree, dislike)
A group of people living together is considered to be a society if it upon and work together to achieve what is best for society as a
has the following characteristics: whole.
a) It comprises a complex whole. 3. All members of the society must be bonded by the same (behavior,
Society is a complex whole because it is a social system. mind-set, culture).
Change in one group of individual will affect the stability in the other 4. (Anthropology, Sociology, Psychology) is a behavioral science that
parts of the whole system, deals with the study of society.
5. People must be socially integrated to be considered (relatively large,
b) It is relatively large. relatively close, relatively united) than being individually scattered.
People must be socially integrated to be considered relatively large 6. For a society to survive, it must have the ability to (control, produce,
than being individually scattered. reduce) endure and sustain its new members for generations.
c) It provides means for socialization for its members. 7. Societal norms can be shared and taught to those who come from
Societal norms can be shared and taught to those people who come other societies before being (rejected, accepted, merged) as
from other societies before being accepted as functioning members of a functioning members of a certain society.
8. Society shapes human (attitude, language, behavior).
certain society.
9. Social conflict theory emphasizes how such (functions, symbols,
d) It endures, produces and restrains its members for conflicts) between individuals help in motivating people and societies
generations. to evolve over time.
For a society to survive, it must have the ability to produce, endure and 10. A change in one group of individuals will affect the (condition, focus,
sustain its new members for generations. stability) of the other parts of the whole system.

e) The members of a society share a common culture.

All members of society are bonded by the same culture. Lesson 3:
f) It occupies a definite territory. Political Science in the Art of Governance
The members in a society must live in a certain specific habitat or place POLITICAL branch of social science that deals with systems
and have a feeling of belongingness and sense of purpose. SCIENCE of government, and the analysis of political activities
and behaviour
IDENTIFYING THE GOALS IN STUDYING SOCIOLOGY POWER embodiment of the symbols whose meanings
1) Demonstrates an understanding of the concepts on cultural influence, control, and shape the behavior of the
variation, social differences and social changes. members of society
2) Demonstrates an understanding of the significance of studying POLITICAL set of beliefs and doctrines that serve as the guide in
society. IDEOLOGIES the political, economic and social action of a state
3) Develops a comparative perspective to explain the diversity of
human societies. POLITICAL governmental and societal controversies debated
4) Describe how social structures and institutions operate. ISSUES over time inclusive of divisive topics
5) Communicate sociological concepts and its applications effectively.
GOVERNMENT institution run by the state and whose responsibility
SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON CULTURE AND SOCIETY is tied with delivering the needs of the citizens

a) Symbolic Interactionist Theory In Aristotle’s Politics, he emphasized that man by nature is a political
- people attach meanings to symbols and they act according to
animal. This implies that man is sociable in nature and they usually come
their interpretation of these symbols
together to form political association.
- interactions only become meaningful symbolic the moment
meanings are attached to it
b) Structural-Functional Theory POLITICAL SCIENCE
- also known as functionalism most dynamic among all the disciplines of social sciences
- views society as a complex whole with an interconnected system due mainly to the topics involved in its framework of the
wherein every part works together as a functional whole study from a basic social unit of the society - the family,
- held together by social consensus in which members of the
society agrees and work together to achieve what is best for
to the complex body of politics, the State
society as a whole
POLITICS
c) Social Conflict Theory study of practice of the distribution of power and
- views society as a competition of limited resources
resources within a given community
Karl Marx (German philosopher and sociologist) emanates from the Greek word “Politika” (the affairs of
saw society being made up of individuals in different social classes who
the cities)
must compete for social, material and political resources such as food
and housing, employment, and education
such conflicts between individuals help them in motivating people and THREE FORMS
societies to evolve over time a) Formal Politics
structured and defined operation of a constitutional framework,
institutions and methods
 ex: public policy discussion c) Systems Approach / Structural-Functional Approach /
b) Semi-Formal Politics General Systems Theory Approach
includes neighborhood associations and student governments where Importance of the different structures or branches of government and
political party exists the execution of their functions in order to ensure the stability of the
political system.
c) Informal Politics
everyday politics d) Political Economy Approach
affects the everyday lives of man like how the household or office is Economics involves conflict over scarce resources.
managed and how a person impacts one another Politics involves decisions about who will pay and who will benefit
from the production and distribution of products and services.

COMPONENTS OF POLITICS
PRACTICE TASK 2
a) Political Institutions Political Institution Department of Education
comprise the state, government agencies, political systems and the Political Party Liberal Party
functions of the political beings or individuals within the institution Political Issue Reproductive Health Bill
Political Ideologies Monarchy
b) Political Ideologies Political Ideologies Dictatorship
set of beliefs and doctrines that serve as the guide in the political, Political Institution Department of Agriculture
economic, and social action of a state Political Institution Department of Health
EX: democracy, monarchy, dictatorship Political Issue War Against Drugs
c) Political Parties Political Issue Press Freedom
groups of certain individuals who aspire to occupy public office Political Party Philippine Democratic Socialist Party

d) Political Issues PRACTICE TASK 3

governmental and societal controversies debated over time inclusive Participation 1. All men and women voted last election.
of divisive topics Consensus 2. Despite of the differing opinions of the class, they
EX: abortion, taxation, foreign policy, free trade Orientation all agreed to wear their school uniform until the
end of the semester.
Accountability 3. The class officers of Grade 11 GAS are all
CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD GOVERNANCE accountable for the improper waste segregation
a) Participation inside their classroom.
all men and women, and all individuals regardless of race, ethnicity, Effectiveness 4. The school’s policy of “No ID & Uniform, No Entry”
religion and gender preferences should have a voice in decision- and Efficiency lessen the number of students who are wearing
making colored T-shirts in school.
Strategic 5. In five years, the school Principal envisions to
b) Rule of Law Vision provide one unit of laptop to all Senior High
legal frameworks should be fair and enforced impartially School students.
c) Transparency POST TEST
information are directly accessible to those concerned with them Historical/ 1. Political scientists/experts make some use of
Traditional history to study the chronology and the
d) Responsiveness Approach historical development of government
institutions should serve all stakeholders from all walks of life but they structures and institutions.
must consider the welfare of the majority Participation 2. All men and women should have a voice in
e) Consensus Orientation decision-making.
Good governance mediate differing interests to reach a broad Family 3. Political institution is the basic social unit of the
consensus to come up with an agreement within the group society.
Political Science 4. This is the branch of social science that deals
f) Equity with systems of government, and the analysis
has the will to promote social justice for all of political activities and behavior.
Political Issues 5. These are governmental and societal
g) Effectiveness and Efficiency controversies debated over time inclusive of
must have positive results in allocating the resources and meeting the
divisive topics.
needs of the citizens
Political 6. These refer to the set of beliefs and doctrines
h) Accountability Ideologies that serve as the guide in the political,
constitutional mandate that a public office is a public trust economic and social action of a state.
Informal Politics 7. This is also known as the everyday politics that
i) Strategic Vision affects the everyday lives of man.
leaders and the citizens should have a broad and long term Scientific/ 8. This approach is concerned mostly with
perspective on good governance and human development Behavioralist empirical theory which deals with the
Approach observable world rather than it, being a
IDENTIFYING GOALS IN STUDYING POLITICAL normative theory.
Formal Politics 9. This pertains to the structured and defined
SCIENCE operation of a constitutional framework,
1) Demonstrate an understanding of the concepts and institutions and methods.
principles of political science. Responsiveness 10. This characteristic of good governance implies
2) Deepens your knowledge and understanding in the field of that institutions should serve all stakeholders
government and politics. from all walks of life but they must consider
3) Political Science trains students to develop critical skills. the welfare of the majority.
4) Helps students to obtain practical knowledge and insights on
political issues.
5) Helps the students understand why people behave the way they
do politically.

APPROACHES OR PERSPECTIVES IN THE STUDY OF

POLITICAL SCIENCE
a) Traditional or Historical Approach
Use of history to study the chronology and the historical development
of government structures and institutions.
b) Scientific or Behavioralist Approach
- concerned mostly with the empirical theory which deals with
the observable world rather than the normative theory which
involves value judgments
- looks into the processes taking place in political structures in
order to understand how this affects the functioning of the
institution as a whole
 MODULE 2 TYPES OF SOCIETIES
MEANING AND NATURE OF SOCIETY Below are the different types of societies as mentioned by Ariola (2012)
in his book Sociology and Anthropology with Family Planning:
According to sociologist, a society is a group of people with
common territory, interaction, and culture. ACCORDING TO ECONOMIC AND MATERIAL SYSTEM
1) Pre-Class - characterized by communal
Arcinas (2016) in his book, Undertanding Culture, Society,
ownership of property and division of
and Politics Societies labor
group of people who share a common territory and - PEOPLE - economically self-sufficient
2) Asiatic
culture - LEADERS - despotic and powerful
Societies
group of people living together in a definite territory
3) Ancient - characterized by private land
having a sense of belongingness, mutually ownership
interdependent of each other, and follow a certain Societies - RICH owned big tract of private
way of life properties
- POOR worked as laborers
derived from the Latin term “societas”, from socius,
which means companion or associate. 4) Feudal - ARISTOCRATS (feudal lords) owned
the wealth due to their ownership of
Thus, it refers to all people, collectively regarded as Societies big tracts of lands
constituting a community of related, interdependent - PEASANTS worked on the lands of the
individuals living in a definite place, following a certain feudal lords
mode of life (Ariola, 2012). - these type of societies collapsed due
to the rise of cities and metropolis

DEFINITION HAS TWO TYPES 5) Capitalists - BOURGEOISE (property owners) who

owned the capital and the means of
Societies
Functional Definition production
(From the functional point of view) Society is defined as a complex of groups - PLORETARIAT (laborers or workders)
in reciprocal relationships, interacting upon one another, enabling human who are compelled to work for the
organisms to carry on their life-activities and helping each person to fulfil his capitalists or sell their small
wishes and accomplish his interests in association with his fellows. properties to the capitalists
Structural Definition 6) Democratic - characterized by free enterprise
(From the structural point of view) Society is the total social heritage of where people are free to engage in
Societies
folkways, mores and institutions; of habits, sentiments and ideals. The any lawful business for profit or gain
important aspect of society is the system of relationships, the pattern of the
norms of interaction by which the members of the society maintain ACCORDING TO EVOLUTIONARY VIEW
themselves.
1) Simple - predominantly small, nomadic, and
leadership is unstable
Societies
REASONS PEOPLE LIVE TOGETHER AS A SOCIETY - people had no specialization skills
(ARIOLA, 2012)
2) Compound - two or more simple societies merged
a) For survival Societies to form a new and bigger society
No man is an island. No man can live alone. - predominantly settled agricultural
societies
b) Feeling or gregariousness - characterized by a division of 4 or 5
Desire of people to be with other people, especially of their own culture. social classes
c) Specialization 3) Doubly - completely integrated, more definite
Professionals organize themselves into societies or associations to in political and religious structure and
promote and protect their own professions. Compound
more complex division of labor
Societies
4) Militant a) Existence of military organization and
CHARACTERISTICS OF A SOCIETY military rank
Societies
a) It is a social system. b) Individual lives and private
possessions are at the disposal of the
b) It is relatively large.
State
c) It socializes its members and from those from without. c) Individual activities, movements,
d) It endures, produces and sustains its members for satisfaction of biological needs, &
generations. production of goods are totally
regulated by the State
e) It holds its members through a common culture.
f) It has clearly-defined geographical territory. - individuals exist to serve the State

5) Industrial a) People elect their representatives to

MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF SOCIETY Societies protect their individual initiatives
b) Freedom of belief, religion,
a) It provides a system of socialization. production of industrial good exist
Knowledge and skills, dominant patterns of behavior, moral and social c) Disputes and grievances are settled
values, and aspects of personality are transmitted to each members, through peaceful arbitration
especially to the young. d) Business organizations appear where
b) It provides the basic needs of its members. cooperative efforts between
management and labor are based on
Food, clothing, shelter, medicine, education, transportations and
contractual agreement
communication facilities, among others must be provided by society
to satisfy the basic needs of its members. - individual freedom, rights and
c) It regulates and controls people’s behavior. initiatives are being protected
The police, armed forces, law enforcement agencies and even the 6) Post- a) Spread of computer machines and
church and other government and non-government organizations existence of information and
Industrial
exist as means of social control. communication
Societies b) Inventions and discoveries in
d) It provides the means of social participation. medicines, agriculture, business
Through social participation, the individuals in a society learn to whether in physical & natural sciences
interact with each other, present and discuss their concerns and solve emerged
their own problems or renew their commitment and values. c) Pollution, diseases, calamities are
e) It provides mutual support to the members. prevalent as a result of the use of
Mutual support is provided to the members of society in the form of advanced technology
relief in any form and solution to problems met by them.
 ACCORDING TO PEOPLE’S SUBSTINENCE Harris
- total socially acquired life-way or life-style of a group of people
1) Food - hunting animals, collecting shellfish
and vegetable gathering Gary Ferraro
Gathering
- tools were made of stones, wood - concept of culture as everything that people have, thinks, and does as
Societies and bones members of a society
- people planted seeds as a means of - everything that people have refers to material possessions; everything
2) Horticultural
production for subsistence that people think refers to those things they carry around in their heads
Societies and everything that people do refers to behavior patterns
3) Pastoral - most people are nomadic who
follow their herds in quest of all cultures comprise:
Societies a) material objects
animals for food and clothing to
satisfy their needs b) ideas, values, and attitudes
- they raised animals c) patterned ways of behaving
- relatively small, wandering
communities organized along male- CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE
centered kinship groups

4) Agricultural - people used PLOW than HOE in FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF SOCIOLOGIST
production - culture necessarily changes, and is
Societies 1) Dynamic,
changed by, a variety of interactions,
5) Industrial - characterized by the use of flexible and
machines as means of food with individuals, media, and technology
Societies adaptive - culture is adaptive and dynamic, once
production
- people began to be highly skilled we recognize problems, culture can
and highly diversified in their adapt again, in a more positive way
occupation - we need our cultural skills to stay alive

- characterized by the spread of 2) Shared and - as we share culture with others, we

6) Post- are able to act in a appropriate ways
computer technology may be
Industrial as well as predict how others will act
- use of technology gave rise to
Societies or challenged - may be by the presence of other
several technological problems
Information cultures & social forces society
(modernization, industrialization, &
Societies globalization)

3) Learned - culture is not biological

DISSOLUTION OF A SOCIETY - people do not inherit it but learned as
1) when the people kill each other through civil revolution through
interact in society
2) when an outside force exterminates the members of the society socialization or - people learn, absorb & acquire culture
3) when the members become apathetic among themselves or have no enculturation from families, friends, institutions, and
more sense of belongingness the media
4) when a small society is absorbed by a stronger and larger society by
4) Patterned - culture as a normative system has the
means of conquest or territorial absorption
capacity to define & control human
5) when an existing society is submerged in water killing all the people social
behaviors
and other living things in it interactions
6) when the people living in such a society voluntarily attach themselves - human interactions are guided by some
forms of standards and expectations
to another existing society
which in the end regularize it

5) Transmitted - as we share culture with others, we

MEANING AND NATURE OF CULTURE are able to pass it on to the new
Below are other definitions of culture as mentioned in the book of David and through
members of society
Macaraeg (2010) entitled “Socioloy: Exploring Society and Culture” socialization or - In the process of socializations/
enculturation enculturation, we were able to teach
Clifford Geertz them about many things in life and
- historically transmitted pattern of meanings embodied in symbols equip them with the culturally
- system of inherited conceptions expressed in symbolic form acceptable ways
Roy D’Andrade 6) Requires - in the process of learning and
- consists of learned systems of meaning transmitting culture, symbols and
- communicated by means of natural language and other symbol
language and
language are needed to communicate
systems other forms of with others in society (Arcinas, 2016)
- having representational, directive, and affective functions communication
- capable of creating cultural entities and particular senses of reality
Leslie White FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF ANTHROPOLOGISTS
- an extrasomatic (nongenetic, nonbodily), temporal continuum of
1) Learned - each person must learn how to “be” a
things and events dependent upon symbols
member of the culture
Whitten and Hunter - acquired by being born into a particular
- consists in the shared patterns of behavior society in the process of enculturation
- associated meanings that people learn and participate in within the - based on the manipulation of symbols
2) Symbolic
groups to which they belong - renders meaning to what people do
Ward Goodenough 3) Systematic - parts of culture work together in an
- society’s culture consists of whatever it is one has to know or believe integrated whole
in order to operate in a manner acceptable to its members
and - systems of meanings & many other
integrated facets (sides) of culture do not function
Malinowski in isolation but an integrated whole that
- instrumental reality, and apparatus for the satisfaction of the makes society work
biological and derived need”
- integral whole consisting of implements in consumers’ goods 4) Shared - offers all people ideas about behavior
- societies operate differently from each
Kluckhohn and Kelly other leading for cultural variations
- (descriptive concept) means the accumulated treasury of human - societies do not always exist
creation and the like, both human & physical and systems of etiquette, independently form each other
ethics, religion and morals that have been built up through the ages
5) Encompassing - covers every features of humanity
Herskovits - EDWARD TYLOR defines culture as a
- refers to that part of the total setting [of human existence] which complex whole which encompasses
includes the material objects of human manufacture or in simple beliefs, practices, etc., and everything
terms it is the “man-made part of the environment” that a person learns & shares as a
member of society (David and Macaraeg,
2010)
 IMPORTANCE/ FUNCTIONS OF CULTURE c) Laws

o essential for shaping social relationships

• controlled ethics and are morally agreed
o maintaining and challenging social order • written down and enforced by an official law
o determining how we make sense of the world and our place in it enforcement agency (Arcinas, 2016)
o shaping our everyday actions and experiences in society • institutionalized norms and mores that were enacted by
o Culture is important to sociologists because it plays a significant and the state to ensure stricter punishment in order for the
important role in the production of social order (stability of society people to adhere to the standards set by society (David
based on the collective agreement to rules and norms that allow us to and Macaraeg, 2010)
cooperate, function as a society, and live together) (ideally) in peace
and harmony (Cole, 2019). MODES OF ACQUIRING CULTURE
Book of David and Macaraeg (2010) 1) Imitation
children and adults alike have the tendency to imitate the values,
1) it serves as the “trademark” of the people in the society
attitudes, language and all other things in their social environment
2) it gives meaning and direction to one’s existence
3) it promotes meaning to individual’s existence 2) Indoctrination or Suggestion
4) it predicts social behavior - may take the form of formal training or informal teaching
5) it unifies diverse behavior - formally, the person learns from school
6) it provides social solidarity - informally, he may acquire those behaviors from listening or
7) it establishes social personality watching, reading, attending training activities or through
8) it provides systematic behavioral pattern interaction
9) it provides social structure category
10) it maintains the biologic functioning of the group 3) Conditioning
11) it offers ready-made solutions to man’s material and immaterial - can be reinforced through reward and punishment
problems - values, beliefs, and attitudes of other people are acquired
12) it develops man’s attitude and values and gives him a conscience through conditioning

ELEMENTS OF CULTURE ADAPTATION OF CULTURE

a) Symbols 1) Parallelism
same culture may take place in two or more different places
- anything that is used to stand for something else
- anything that gives meaning to the culture 2) Diffusion
b) Language - transfer or spread of culture traits from one another brought
about by change agents such as people or media
- storehouse of culture (Arcinas, 2016)
- it system of words and symbols used to communicate with other - behavioral patterns that pass back and forth from one culture to
another
people
c) Technology 3) Convergence
two or more cultures are fused or merged into one culture making it
- application of knowledge and equipment to ease the task of
different from the original culture
living and maintaining the environment
- includes artifacts, methods and devices created and used by 4) Fission
people (Arcinas, 2016) people break away from their original culture and start developing a
d) Values different culture of their own
- culturally defined standards for what is good or desirable 5) Acculturation
- determine how individuals will probably respond in any given process wherein individuals incorporate the behavioral patterns of
circumstances other cultures into their own
FILIPINOS ARE KNOWN FOR THE FOLLOWING VALUES: 6) Assimilation
a) compassionate culture of a larger society is adopted by a smaller society
b) spirit of kinship & camaraderie
c) hardwork & industry 7) Accommodation
d) ability to survive larger society and smaller society are able to respect and tolerate
e) faith & religiosity each other’s culture even if there is already a prolonged contact of
f) flexibility, adaptability & creativity each other’s culture
g) joy & humor
h) family orientation CAUSES OF CULTURAL CHANGE
i) hospitality
j) pakikipagkapwa-tao 1) Discovery
process of finding a new place or an object, artefact or anything that
e) Beliefs previously existed
- faith of an individual (David and Macaraeg, 2010)
- conceptions or ideas of people have about what is true in the 2) Invention
environment around them - implies a creative mental process of devising, creating and
- based on common sense, folk wisdom, religion, science or a producing something new, novel or original
combination of all of these (Arcinas, 2016) - EX OF SOCIAL INVENTION: invention of number system,
government, language, democracy, religion, and alphabet
f) Norms - EX OF MATERIAL INVENTION: invention of the wheel, machines
- specific rules/standards to guide for appropriate behavior
(Arcinas, 2016) 3) Diffusion
- societal expectations that mandate specific behaviors in specific spread of cultural traits or social practices from a society or group to
situations (David and Macaraeg, 2010) another belonging to the same society

TYPES: SOCIAL PROCESSES:

a) Proscriptive Norm defines & tells us things not to do a) Acculturation – cultural borrowing and cultural imitation
b) Prescriptive Norm defines & tells us things to do b) Assimilation – blending or fusion of two distinct cultures through
long periods of interaction
FORMS: c) Amalgamation – biological or hereditary fusion of members of
a) Folkways different societies
• known as customs (customary/repetitive ways of doing d) Enculturation – deliberate infusion of a new culture to another
things)
4) Colonization
• forms of norms for everyday behavior that people follow political, social, and political policy of establishing a colony which
for the sake of tradition or convenience would be subject to the rule or governance of the colonizing state
b) Mores
• strict norms that control moral and ethical behavior 5) Rebellion and Revolutionary
- movements aim to change the whole social order and replace
• based on definitions of right and wrong (Arcinas, 2016)
the leadership
• they are norms also but with moral understones (David - the challenge the existing folkways and mores, and propose a
and Macaraeg, 2010) new scheme of norms, values and organization
 ETHNOCENTRISM, XENOCENTRISM & CULTURAL - Families are spread throughout the country, because it is easier
to return for visits.
RELATIVISM AS ORIENTATIONS IN VIEWING OTHER - Companies are able to expand worldwide thanks to air travel.
CULTURES Yet, numerous crashes and deaths related to airplanes was not
Important perceptions on cultural variability: predicted.

a) Ethnocentrism 3) Social change often generates controversy.

- perception that arises from the fact that cultures differ and each homosexual rights caused controversy involving the military, religion
culture defines reality differently and society as a whole.
- happens when judging another culture solely by the values and
4) Some changes matter more than others do.
standards of one’s own culture (Baleña, et.al,2016)
some political developments matter than other small-scale changes
- tendency to see and evaluate other cultures in terms of one’s
own race, nation or culture
- feeling or belief that one’s culture is better than the rest TYPES AND SOURCES OF SOCIAL CHANGE
b) Xenocentrism 1) Population growth
- opposite of ethnocentrism increase in the number of people in a population or dispersed group
- belief that one’s culture is inferior compared to others results to social change
- exposure to cultural practices of others may make one individual
or group of individuals to give preference to the ideas, lifestyle
2) Urbanization
- rise and growth of cities leads to the transformation of land for
and products of of other culture
residential, commercial, industrial, and transportation purposes
c) Cultural Relativism - has important consequences for many aspects of social, political
- attempt to judge behavior according to its cultural context and economic life
(Baleña, et.al,2016)
- a principle that an individual person’s beliefs and activities
3) Social movements
triggered when people face a significant discrepancy between what
should be understood by others in terms of that individual’s own
they expected and what actually happens during change
culture
- emphasizes the perspective that no culture is superior to any 4) Cultural adaptations
other culture (Arcinas, 2016) because: process and time it takes a person to integrate into a new culture and
feel comfortable within it
a) different societies have different moral code
b) the moral code of a society determines what is right or FOUR DIFFERENT STAGES:
wrong within the society a) Honeymoon
c) there are no moral truths that hold for all people at all b) Culture shock
times c) Recovery
d) the moral code of our own society has no special status, it d) Adjustment Stage
is but one among many
e) it is arrogant for us to judge other cultures, so we have to
be tolerant to them CULTURAL LAG
phenomenon that occurs when changes in material
TERMS RELATED TO CULTURE culture occur before or at a faster rate than the changes
CULTURAL differentiation of culture all over the world which in non-material culture
DIVERSITY means there is no right or wrong culture but there
is appropriate culture for the need of a specific WILLIAM F. OGBURN
group of people o described the situation in which technological advancements or
SUB-CULTURE smaller group within a larger culture changes in society occur faster that the changes in the rules and
norms of the culture that go along with those advancements or
COUNTERCULTURE cultural patterns that strongly oppose those widely changes
accepted within a society o he believes this leads to moral and ethical dilemmas for
CULTURE LAG some parts of the society do not change as fast as individuals as the new social norms are developed
with other parts and are left behind
CULTURE SHOCK inability to read meaning in one’s surroundings, MAN A social animal and that he loves to live in a society with
feeling of lost and isolation, unsure to act as a other human beings. If a man is nurtured under conditions
consequence of being outside the symbolic web of without the existence of society, then there is no stability
culture that binds others brought to his status as an individual.

IDEAL CULTURE social patterns mandated by cultural values and

norms BASIC RESPONSIBILITIES OF AN INDIVIDUAL
REAL CULTURE actual patterns that only approximate cultural To manifest, respect, cooperation, and participation in society by
expectations engaging themselves in relevant activities directed to responding to
social issues and bringing about positive social change.
HIGH CULTURE cultural patterns that distinguish a society’s elite
POPULAR cultural patterns that are widespread among a INCLUSIVE DEVELOPMENT
CULTURE society’s population
includes marginalized people in social, political and
CULTURE CHANGE manner by which culture evolves economic process for increased human well-being, social
and environmental sustainability
SOCIAL CHANGE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
SOCIAL CHANGE idea that human societies must live and meet their
way of human interactions and relationships transform needs without compromising the ability of future
cultural and social institutions over time and having a generations to meet their own needs
profound impact on the society
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS (SDGs)
CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIAL CHANGE o In 2012, the UN member states came together in Rio de
1) It happens everywhere, but the rate of change varies Janeiro for the purpose of creating a new global agenda
from place to place. for sustainable development.
developed countries experience faster change compared to third o Set of 8 objectives that guided countries and the UN from
world countries 2000 through 2015 in the battle against poverty.
2) Social change is sometimes intentional but often  also known as Global Goals, adopted by all United
unplanned. Nations Member States in 2015
- when the airplane was invented, people knew that this would
increase the speed of travel. However, it was probably not  universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet
realized how this invention would affect society in the future. and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity by
 2030 MODULE 3
 builds on the principle of “leaving no one behind”, this
agenda emphasizes a holistic approach to achieving Importance of Cultural Relativism
sustainable development for all CULTURAL culture in every society should be understood and
RELATIVISM regarded on its own terms

17 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS (SGDs) ETHNOCENTRISM one’s own culture and society is the center of
everything
Goal 1: No poverty XENOCENTRISM position that everything about the other culture is
Goal 2: Zero hunger wrong, unreasonable, detestable and wicked
PREJUDICE unfair feeling of dislike for a person or group
Goal 3: Good health and well-being
because of race, sex, religion, etc
Goal 4: Quality education RACISM discriminatory behavior towards members of
Goal 5: Gender equality another race
Goal 6: Clean water and sanitation
DIFFERENTIATING CULTURAL RELATIVISM & ETHNOCENTRISM
Goal 7: Affordable and clean energy
CULTURAL RELATIVISM
Goal 8: Decent work and Economic Growth this concept underscores the idea that the culture in every society
Goal 9: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure should be understood and regarded of its own terms

Goal 10: Reduced Inequality WILLIAM GRAHAM SUMMER

 first to formulate this concept in his book entitled “Folkways”
Goal 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities  he reiterated that there are no universal standards of right and
Goal 12: Responsible Consumption and Production wrong or good and bad in evaluating cultural phenomena
 what is right in one place may be wrong in another place or vice
Goal 13: Climate Action
versa
Goal 14: Life Below Water ANTHROPOLOGISTS
Goal 15: Life on Land  they apply the concept of cultural relativity in investigating and
Goal 16: Peace and Justice Strong Institutions comparing societies without declaring one being better or more
preferable to the other
Goal 17: Partnership that will Achieve the Goals
ETHNOCENTRISM
judges another culture solely by the values and standards of one’s
Goal 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere. own culture
o 736 M people still are in extreme poverty. Ethnocentric individuals judge other groups based on their ethnic group
o 10% of the world’s population live in extreme poverty, or culture, especially with regard to language, behavior, customs
down from 36% in 1990. declaring that their culture/customs is superior to others
o Some 1.3B people live in multidimensional poverty. major reason why division amongst members of different societies
o Half of people living in poverty are under 18. which exists because ethnocentric individuals regard their own society’s
o 1 person in 10 is extremely poor. set of cultural values as the only agreeable, acceptable and highly
o 80% of people living on less than $1.90 ate in South respectable set of convictions
Asia & sub-Saharan Africa.
CHAUVISM
Goal 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition
 position that everything about the other culture is wrong,
and promote sustainable agriculture.
unreasonable, detestable and even wicked.
Goal 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all  practices and institutions of people from other societies are
ages. regarded as inferior, less intelligent and even vicious
Goal 4: Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and
XENOCENTRISM
promote lifelong learning opportunities for all. person values one’s own culture than other’s culture
Goal 5: Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls. his or her culture and its goods and services are superior to that of all
Goal 6: Ensure availability and sustainable management of water other cultures and people
and sanitation for all. Cultural Relativism Ethnocentrism
Goal 7: Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and that there are no universal the practices and institutions of
modern energy for all. standards of right and wrong or people from other societies are
good and bad in evaluating cultural regarded as inferior, less intelligent
Goal 8: Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic
phenomena and even vicious
growth, full and productive employment and decent work
for all.
MITIGATING ETHNOCENTRISM
Goal 9: Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and
sustainable industrialization and foster innovation. a) Don’t Ignore and Disrespect Other’s Culture
don’t hinder yourself from learning different cultures just because of
Goal 10: Reduce inequality within and among countries.
your unbent beliefs and limited understanding of the concept of
Goal 11: Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient diversity and individual differences
and sustainable.
b) Appreciate and Accept Uniqueness
Goal 12: Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns. there should be no good or bad culture - broad understanding and
Goal 13: Take urgent action to combat climate change and its consideration to other culture must be put in mind
impacts.
c) Apply the Concept of Cultural Relativism
Goal 14: Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine promotes the idea that a society has to be viewed from the inside so
resources for sustainable development. that inner logic can be better explained
Goal 15: Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial
PRACTICE TASK 1
ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat
ETHNO 1. The Bicolano epic of Ibalong is more realistic than the
desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and
epic of Biag ni Lam-Ang.
halt biodiversity loss.
CR 2. There is no good or bad culture. It only depends on how
Goal 16: Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable the society interprets it.
development, provide access to justice for all and build ETHNO 3. It is an unbecoming act to marry three wives at the same
effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels. time.
Goal 17: Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the ETHNO 4. The baro’t saya are the most authentic traditional
global partnership for sustainable development. costumes of the Filipinos.
ETHNO 5. Marikina-made footwear are durable compared to the
imported ones

PRACTICE TASK 3
1. Cultural relativism was first formulated by (Tylor, Homans, Summer).
2. Culture is always (changing, increasing, decreasing).
3. In Summer’s book entitled (Folkloristics, Folklore, Folkways) he
 reiterated that there is no universal standards of right and wrong or of sound, slogans and special expressions
good and bad in evaluating cultural phenomena. c) Stories and Myths
4. Ethnocentrism is a position that everything about the other culture is sets the standard for how certain types of situations should be
(wrong, vague) unreasonable, detestable and even wicked. handled, what should not be done, what happens in this
5. Ethnocentric individuals view their own culture as (inferior, superior) organization if one acts in a particular way
than other cultures.
d) Technology

MODULE 4 reflects and shapes the values and assumptions through

operations, materials and knowledge

Lesson 1: Emic & Etic View of Culture & e) Visible Traditions

shows ‘our way of doing things’
Levels of Cultural Organization displayed at ceremonies and rituals, social practices, leadership
practices and work traditions
EMIC research that fully studies one culture with no (or
only a secondary) cross-cultural focus 2) Values
ETIC research that studies cross-cultural differences values are at higher levels of consciousness and they reflect the
members shared opinion on ‘how things should be’
ORGANIZATIONAL group of internal values and behaviors in an
CULTURE organization; includes experiences, ways of 3) Basic Assumptions
thinking, beliefs and future expectations. - a kind of belief that is taken for granted as a fact and so it is
never challenged
EMIC & ETIC VIEWS OF CULTURE - pattern of basic assumptions evolved among the members of a
social group and makes the core of the culture in any
 An ethnographer requires the ability to move easily from one
organization
perspective to the other.
 These two perspectives are emic and etic. SCHEIN (1985) GAVE SIX TYPES OF ASSUMPTIONS THAT FORM THE
 The words are derived from linguistics, but have different meanings as PARADIGM FOR EVERY ORGANIZATION:
used in cultural anthropology.
1) Assumptions about what is the ‘truth’ in physical and social
 Anthropologist MARVIN HARRIS, coined the terms emic and etic.
matters, how reality and truth are determined, and whether
truth is to be revealed or discovered.
ETIC VIEW EMIC APPROACH
o perspective of an o focuses on the members of the 2) Assumptions about the importance of time in a group, how time
outsider looking in culture being studied is to be defined and measured.
o must be able to generate o words, perceptions, and beliefs 3) Assumptions about how space is to be owned and allocated, the
scientific theories about are the main sources of symbolic meaning of space around persons, the role that space
the "causes of information used to understand plays in shaping relationships between individuals and
sociocultural differences the culture boundaries between intimacy and privacy.
and similarities” o uses language and concepts that
4) Basic assumptions about the intrinsic or ultimate aspects of
o uses language and are appropriate from the native
human nature, whether the human nature is fundamentally
concepts drawn from point of view
social science (an etic o referred to as insider approach good or bad and whether it can be perfected.
viewpoint is often o investigates how local people 5) Assumptions about the organization’s relationship with its
unfamiliar to the native) think environment, about the understanding of work and play, and
how much of activity and passivity should be appropriate.
ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE 6) Assumptions about the right way for people to relate with each
system of shared assumptions, values, and beliefs that show an other, the appropriate ways to distribute power and
individual what is appropriate and inappropriate behavior responsibilities, the relative merits of cooperation vs.
group of internal values and behaviors in an organization
competition, individualism or group collaboration, the basics of
leadership – whether it should be traditional authority, law or
LEVELS OF AN ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE charisma. Appropriate ways of resolving conflicts and making
decisions.
1) Typical Organizational Behavior
- most observable level of culture PRE-TEST
- consist of behavior patterns and outward manifestations of Emic 1. A sociologist working on a research study about the life of
culture the informal settlers in the urban area.
- such as perks provided to executives, dress codes, the level of Emic 2. Based on their culture, people of India do not eat the meat
technology utilized and the physical layout of work spaces of a cow because they considered cattle or cow as sacred
- Some notable characteristic behaviors may have considerable animal.
longevity – such as rites, ceremonies, organizational myths, and Etic 3. The WHO and other nations of the world working together
“shop talk.” to find solutions to pandemic brought by COVID 19 virus.
2) Values Emic 4. Teenagers perception about dating and marriage.
- underlies and to a large extent determine behavior, but they Emic 5. A journalist in an immersion activity about the life and
are not directly observable (as behaviors are) ideology of rebel groups.
- stated and operating values (values the organization espouses, POST TEST
and those that are actually “in use”)
True 1. The emic perspective/approach is often referred to as the
- organizational values (frequently expressed through norms–
insider approach.
characteristic attitudes and accepted behaviors)
True 2. Organizational culture refers to a system of shared
3) Fundamental Assumptions assumptions, values, and beliefs. that show an individual
- deepest level what is appropriate and inappropriate behavior.
- an organization’s underlying assumptions grow out of values, True 3. An etic view of a culture is the perspective of an outsider
until they become taken for granted and drop out of awareness looking in.
False 4. Values are at higher levels of consciousness but do not
According to EDGAR SCHEIN’S MODEL OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE reflect the members shared opinion on ‘how things should
where the basic assumptions shape values and the values shape practices be’.
and behavior, is the visible part of culture. True 5. Artifacts in many aspects mark the surface of the culture in
SCHEIN BELIEVED THAT THERE ARE 3 LEVELS IN AN ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE every organization.
True 6. Norms, characteristic, attitudes and accepted behaviors are
1) Artifacts called “the unwritten rules of the road.”
- these mark the surface of the culture in every organization True 7. Ceremonies, rituals, social practices, leadership practices
- the visible part of the culture can be noticed by a visitor or an and work traditions that show ‘our way of doing things’ are
‘outsider’ in the form of the following aspects: examples of displayed visible traditions.
True 8. To really understand culture, we have to get to the deepest
a) Physical Artifacts
level of fundamental assumptions.
found through the architecture and interior arrangements,
False 9. According to Marvin Harris basic assumptions shape values
physical space and its allocation and office design, decoration,
and the values shape practices and behavior, is the visible
manner of dressing and even mementos and trophies awarded
part of culture.
on chosen occasions
True 10. Anthropologist Marvin Harris coined the terms emic and
b) Language etic.
gives away culture through modes of speaking, levels and types
 Lesson 2: TRUE 6. Globalization has impact to culture all over the world
by influencing societal values of others.
Cultural Practices Globally & Nationally TRUE 7. Philippine culture is a mixture of other European and
Asian cultures.
NATIONAL inclusive of all the beliefs and values shared by the TRUE 8. People learned to share and practice other nations’
CULTURE population of a particular nation which includes the set of culture through globalization.
norms, behaviors, beliefs, customs, and values shared by TRUE 9. Aside from the intrinsic value brought about by
the population of a sovereign nation globalization, global cultural practices also provide
GLOBAL set of shared experiences, norms, symbols, and ideas that important social and economic benefits.
CULTURE unite people at the global level TRUE 10. Shared global culture enhances peoples’ quality of life.

CULTURE Lesson 3:
derives from the Latin word "colere" (tend to the earth and grow) or
(cultivation and nurture) Social/Cultural Distinction, National
characteristics and knowledge of a particular group of people,
encompassing language, religion, cuisine, social habits, music and arts. Symbols & Nation’s Social/Cultural Heritage
set of patterns of human activity within a community or social group
and the symbolic structures that give significance to such activity SOCIAL/ CULTURAL DISTINCTIONS
“culture is the peoples’ way of life” o set of principles that govern the way we live and interact with others
o these principles differ depending on where you are from, your
ELEMENTS OF CULTURE background, etc.
o differentiation of one social class from another, (also) a point of
 Customs  Marriage/ family differentiation between social classes, such as characteristic attitude,
 Holidays  Government/ laws behavior, etc.
 Clothing  Language
 Greetings  Religion CULTURAL DIVERSITY
 Typical rituals & activities - also known as multiculturalism
- the existence of a variety of cultural groups within a society
The culture of the Philippines as an example of national culture comprises a - a group of diverse individuals from different cultures or societies
blend of traditional Filipino and Spanish Catholic traditions, with influences - takes into account language, religion, race, sexual orientation, gender,
from America and other parts of Asia. However, other countries have also age and ethnicity
national cultural practices of their own. - EX: classroom full of children of different backgrounds
o Resilient: Filipinos manage to rise above challenges during calamities CULTURAL DIFFERENCE
and catastrophes, picking themselves up and smiling instead of - involves the integrated and maintained system of socially acquired
wallowing. values, beliefs, and rules of conduct which impact the range of
o Family-Oriented: Filipinos take pride in their families, considering the accepted behaviors distinguishable from one societal group to another
family as the basic and most important aspect of Filipino culture, with
close friends sometimes considered as family. NATIONAL SYMBOL
o Religious: Filipinos are very religious, with brazen images of crosses and - a symbol of any entity considering and manifesting itself to the world
other religious paraphernalia found in their homes, attending church as a national community
every Sunday or multiple times a week. - symbols intend to unite people by creating visual, verbal, or iconic
o Respectful: Filipinos are taught to be respectful from birth, using "po" representations of the national people, values, goals, or history
and "opo" when addressing elders and practicing "pagmamano" as a - have effects upon the community they represent; that is, they raise
sign of respect. collective consciousness of “who we are” and “where we are from”
o Bayanihan: Filipinos help one another, known as bayanihan, without - are expressions of nationhood
expecting anything in return, making tasks and responsibilities easier. The NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR CULTURE AND THE ARTS (NCCA), official national
o Cultural Traditions: Filipinos value traditions and culture, setting aside symbols of the Philippines represent the country’s traditions and ideals and convey the
specific days for celebrations like festivals, birthday parties, and principles of Philippine sovereignty and national solidarity. In the Philippines, the official
reunions. national symbols as recognized by the NCCA are the following:
o Love for Celebrations: Filipinos love to hold celebrations, festivals, and
 Flag  Carabao  Pearl gem
fiestas, with the Philippines having the longest Christmas celebrations,  Anthem  Barong Tagalog & baro’t saya  Bangus
starting as early as August and lasting until January.  Sampaguita flower  Narra tree  Arnis
o Love to Eat: Filipinos love to eat, squeezing in meals between regular
ones and savoring every bite. SOCIAL/ CULTURAL HERITAGE
o Love to Sing: Filipinos love to sing, making karaoke prevalent as they - culturally learned customs, codes, and rules of behavior that are
enjoy belting out new and old songs. constant across generations
o Art and Architecture: Filipinos love art and architecture, bringing them - an expression of the ways of living developed by a community and
to a whole new level by designing creatively, thinking intuitively, and passed on from generation to generation
having a passion for anything different and unique. - often expressed as either intangible or tangible Heritage
- EX: giving gifts on particular occasions, greeting others when one enters
GLOBALIZATION a room, & shaking hands
an empowering entity Tangible Heritage (material)
it interconnects the world, supports economic development, provides  has its physical presence
information availability and assists in developing a global community  building, monuments, works of art, written texts, places
the process by which people and goods move easily across borders
an economic concept of the integration of markets, trade and Intangible Heritage
investments  folklore, traditions, language
 traditions or living expressions from our ancestors & passed on
PRE-TEST to our descendants (oral traditions, performing arts, social
F 1. Culture is limited to values and belief practices that affect practices, rituals, festive events, knowledge & practices
people’s aspects of lifestyle. concerning nature and the universe or the knowledge and skills
T 2. Sometimes, even the closest of friends are considered family by to produce traditional crafts
Filipinos.
T 3. Philippine culture is a mixture of other European and Asian POST TEST (Fact or Bluff)
cultures. F 1. The differentiation of one social class from another such as
T 4. Globalization has impact to culture all over the world by characteristic attitude, behavior, etc. is referred to as
influencing societal values of others. social/cultural distinction.
F 5. Shared global culture enhances the quality of life or rich nations F 2. Cultural diversity also known as multiculturalism.
and increases overall well-being for both individuals and B 3. Feast day, Christmas and the likes are examples of tangible
communities. heritage.
F 4. A group or a class having a social distinction would mean having
POST TEST its own social recognition.
Latin 1. “Colere” is a French word for culture B 5. Differentiation between social classes, such as characteristic
TRUE 2. Filipinos are fond of merriment. attitude and behavior is referred to as nationalism.
Bayanihan 3. “Pagmamano” is a form/sign of community spirit. F 6. National symbols are expressions of nationhood which intends
TRUE 4. Culture in its simplest meaning is life. to unite people.
TRUE 5. The family is the basic and most important aspect of B 7. National symbols represent the country’s traditions and ideals
Filipino culture. but do not convey the principles of sovereignty and national
 solidarity. PRE-TEST
F 8. Patriotism which is characterized by national pride and positive Fact 1. Socialization begins the moment a person is born.
emotion of love for one's country. Fact 2. One needs to socialize in order not to be lonely.
B 9. Patronizing our own product is not a patriotic act. Fact 3. Playing is a form of socialization.
F 10. There is a need to preserve and promote century-old Bluff 4. Man is not a social animal.
social/cultural heritage. Fact 5. “No Man is an Island.” This means that we need one
another to live

MODULE 5 POST TEST

Developmental 1. Coaching or mentoring your classmate
Socialization Socialization in a Mathematics class.
Re-socialization 2. Joining a new group like engaging in a
SOCIALIZATION process of learning to behave in a way that is basketball team.
acceptable to society Developmental 3. Attending meetings in your workplace.
IDENTITY distinguishing character or personality of an Socialization
individual Anticipatory 4. Living in an independent life in a
Socialization metropolitan city.
SOCIALIZATION Primary Socialization 5. Proper use of tablespoons and fork
process of internalizing the norms and ideologies of society while eating.
encompasses both learning and teaching and is thus "the means by Primary Socialization 6. Family members attending to your
which social and cultural continuity are attained" needs.
learning process that begins shortly after birth Secondary Socialization 7. Having a party with your college peers.
very important process in the forming of personality Developmental 8. Attending to your new role as a married
people who play roles in socialization: Socialization person.
- family members Primary Socialization 9. Playing “laro ng lahi” with the children
- teachers in the neighborhood.
- religious leaders Secondary Socialization 10. Watching altogether a Korean film.
- peers

5 TYPES/ STAGES OF SOCIALIZATION MODULE 6

1) Primary Socialization Lesson 1: Human Society
- takes place from birth through adolescence
- occurs early in a child's life and is primarily due to the influence SOCIETY set of inter-related, inter-dependent and
of family and close friends overlapping social relationships between and
- a child learns basic societal norms and customs among a group of individuals who are occupying a
- EX: toilet training particular territory
2) Secondary Socialization MATERIAL objects or belongings of a group of people such as
- continues throughout one's life CULTURE automobiles, stores, and the physical structures
- occurs throughout our lives as we encounter groups and where people worship
situations that were not part of our primary socialization NON-MATERIAL consists of the ideas, attitudes and beliefs of a
experience CULTURE society that are by its nature, intangible
- takes place in the workplace or while traveling somewhere new
HUMAN SOCIETY group of people who share a common lifestyle and
- as we learn about unfamiliar places and adapt to them, we
organization
experience secondary socialization
- process by which individuals learn their culture and learn to live AFFINITY kinship relationship created or that which exists
according to the norms of their society between two people as a result of someone's
- we learn how to perceive our world, gain a sense of our own marriage
identity, & discover how to interact appropriately with other CONSANGUINITY quality of having descended from the same
- makes an individual more confident ancestor
- EX: college experience
DESCENT system of acknowledged social parentage which
3) Professional or Developmental Socialization varies from society to society, whereby a person
- involves a learning process wherein the focus is on developing may claim kinship ties with another
our social skills LINEAGE group of people who share a common descent
- occurs during adulthood
- dependent on the primary and anticipatory socialization
KINSHIP
4) Anticipatory Socialization one of the main organizing principles of society
- process facilitated by social interactions, in which non-group- one of the basic social institutions found in every society
members learn to take on the values and standards of groups this institution establishes relationships between individuals and groups
that they aspire to join
- beneficial in that it lets you try out the role before you commit to HUMAN SOCIETY
it, makes it easier for you to transition into the new role, and (1) group of people involved in persistent social interaction or a large
facilitates your movement into the new role social grouping having the same geographical or social territory,
- occurs in between the childhood and adulthood typically subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural
- not only learn their immediate group culture but also learn the expectations
culture of a group which they are expecting to join in future (2) composed of a large number of people who form relatively
organized, self- sufficient, enduring body
5) Re-Socialization
- sometimes when an individual changes his group and become a SOCIETY
part of new group he has to abandon his old way of life (1) composed of interacting individuals and interacting groups sharing
- process of learning a new way of life a common culture
in sociological terms, society refers to a group of people who live in a
IDENTITY definable community and share the same culture
socialization helps in building one’s identity (2) composed of interacting individuals and interacting groups sharing a
role of socialization is to acquaint individuals with the norms of a given common culture
social group or society
process of transferring norms, values, beliefs, and behaviors to future KINSHIP IN HUMAN SOCIETY
group members  Kinship refers to the culturally defined relationships between
The definition of identity is who you are, the way you think about individuals who are commonly thought of as having family ties.
yourself, the way you are viewed by the world and the characteristics  All societies use kinship as a basis for forming social groups and for
that define you. classifying people.
may be acquired indirectly from parents, peers, and other role models
EXAMPLE OF IDENTITY: CATEGORIES OF BONDS IN KINSHIP CONNECTIONS
 person's name
a) Affinity Bond (by marriage)
 traditional characteristics of you being a Filipino
- Husband-Wife - Mother-in-law
3 factors that are important in shaping one's personal identity include,
- Father-in-Law - Sister-in-law
but are not limited to: their culture, memories, & societal labels.
b) CONSANGUINITY Bond (by blood) c) Social Monogamy
- Mother - Grandparents - Grandchildren refers to two partners living together, having sex with each other and
- Father - Aunts - Cousins cooperating in acquiring basic resources
- Children - Uncles
d) Sexual Monogamy
c) FICTIVE Kinship (social courtesy) refers to two partners remaining sexually exclusive with each other
- Godparenthood - Adoption of children and having no outside sex

DEGREE OF KINSHIP e) Genetic Monogamy

refers to sexually monogamous relationships with genetic evidence of
Any relationship between two individuals is based on the degree of closeness paternity
or distance of that relationship. This closeness or distance of any relationship
depends upon how individuals are related to each other. f) Polygamy
it involves marriage with more than one spouse
g) Polygyny
when a MAN is married to more than one wife at a time
h) Polyandry
when a WOMAN is married to more than one husband at a time
i) Group Marriage
a marriage that involves multiple husbands and wives

IMPORTANCE OF KINSHIP
PRIMARY KINSHIP direct relations 1) Kinship and its relation to family, property and land
TWO KINDS: The sons, grandsons and other kin who are related by blood and
a) Primary Consanguineal Kinship marriage, have their economic interests in land.
 directly related to each other by birth
2) Kinship and Marriage
 EX: parents & children, siblings
The rules on marriage are applicable to all the kin of the family.
b) Primary Affinal Kinship
 direct relationship formed as a result of marriage 3) Rituals
 EX: husband & wife The role and importance of the kin members lies in the degree of close
relationships among them
SECONDARY KINSHIP primary kins of primary kin
PRE TEST
TWO KINDS:
1. This kinship is based on marriage.
a) Secondary Consanguineal Kinship
a) Consanguineal
 refers to the primary consanguineal kin's primary
b) Affinity
consanguineal kin
c) Social
 EX: relationship between grandparents & grandchildren
d) Fictive Kinship
b) Secondary Affinal Kinship
2. It is composed of interacting individuals.
 refers to one's primary affinal kin's primary kin
a) Human society
 EX: relationships between an individual & all his/her b) Sub-Culture
sisters-in law, brothers-in-law & parents-in-law c) Kinship
TERTIARY KINSHIP primary kin of primary kins primary kin or d) Family relations
secondary kin 3. Any publicly recognized social entity such that being a lineal descendant
of a particular real or mythical ancestor is a criterion of membership.
TWO KINDS: a) Descent
a) Tertiary Consanguineal Kinship b) Descent Group
 it refers to an individual's primary consanguineal kin c) Lineage
(parents), their primary kin (parent's parents) and their d) Fictive Kinship
primary kin (parent's parent's parents) 4. It is a system of family lineage in which the relatives on the mother’s
 EX: relationship between great grandchildren & great side and father’s side are equally important for emotional ties or for
grandparents, relationship between great grand uncles & transfer of property or wealth.
aunts and great grand nieces & nephews a) Matrilineality
b) Tertiary Affinal Kinship b) Patrilineality
 it refers to primary affinal kin's primary kin's primary kin or c) Bilateral Descent
secondary affinal kin's primary kin or primary affinal kin's d) Unilineality
secondary kin. 5. It is tracing of descent through the female line.
a) Matrilineality
KINSHIP BY BLOOD b) Patrilineality
a) Unilineality c) Bilateral Descent
a system of determining descent groups in which one belongs to one's d) Unilineality
father's or mother's line, whereby one's descent is traced either PRACTICE TASK 1
exclusively through male ancestors (patrilineal) or exclusively through Agree 1. Human society is characterized by social relations.
female ancestors (matrilineal). Agree 2. A collaborative society makes its members benefits in
b) Matrilineality many ways.
it is tracing of descent through the female line Disagree 3. A society is not necessarily illustrated as an economic,
social, industrial or cultural infrastructure.
c) Patrilineality Agree 4. Society is a varied collection of individuals.
- it is also known as the male line or agnatic kinship Agree 5. Human society is unique.
- a common kinship system in which an individual's family Disagree 6. Kinship does not consider people related by both
membership derives from and is traced through his or her descents.
father's lineage Agree 7. Family relations can be represented concretely or
abstractly.
d) Bilineal Descent
Disagree 8. Degrees of relationship are not identical to heirship.
a system of family lineage in which the relatives on the mother's side
Agree 9. A relationship may be relative like a father in relation in
and father's side are equally important for emotional ties or for
a child.
transfer of property or wealth
Agree 10. Kinship is an integral part of the social structure.
KINSHIP BY MARRIAGE POST TEST
a) Monogamy 1. People related by blood are called __________.
a form of relationship in which an individual has only one partner a) Relatives
during his or her lifetime or at any one time (serial monogamy) b) Affines
c) Consaguines
b) Marital Monogamy d) Kindred
refers to marriages of only two people 2. People related by marriage are called __________.
a) Relatives
 b) Affines evaluating themselves and their own behavior as a reference group
c) Consaguines groups that people refer to when evaluating their (own) qualities,
d) Kindred circumstances, attitudes, values and behaviors
3. Principle of descent in which people think of themselves related to both can be either from membership group or non-membership group
their mother's kin and their father's kin at the same time is called PRE-TEST
____________. 1. A given society may be described as the sum total of relationships
a) Parallel Descent among its (benevolent, constituent, sufficient) members.
b) Unilineal Descent 2. Social ends of kinship include the socialization of children and the
c) Bilateral Descent formation of the basic economic and (democratic, religious, socialistic)
d) Double Descent groups.
4. Principle of descent in which people define themselves in relation to 3. Human relations through (friendship, companionships, marriage) are
only one side, either their mother's side or their father's side is called. called affinity.
a) Parallel Descent 4. Degrees of relationships are not identical to (heirship, genetic, sibling)
b) Unilineal Descent or legal succession.
c) Bilateral Descent 5. When applied to human relationships, kinship is closer to (affinity,
d) Double Descent consanguinity, solidarity).
6. The outgroup is used as a point of comparison for the (reference group,
5. ________ systems are ones in which kinship group membership and
social group, ingroup) in human society.
inheritance passes through the female line.
7. Reference groups provide the (performance, benchmarks, appearance)
a) Patrilineal
and contrast needed for comparison and evaluation.
b) Matrilineal
8. Individuals (compare, adjust, situate) themselves with reference
c) Patriarchy
groups.
d) Matriarchy
9. It is used as standard for evaluating oneself and one’s behavior is
known as (ingroup, primary group, reference group).
Lesson 2: Primary & Secondary Groups 10. The significance of ingroup and outgroup categorization was identified
using a method called (minimal, maximal, sublimal) group paradigm.
SECONDARY refers to the categorization of relationships identified
GROUP with social groups based on the various group POST TEST
dynamics that define social organization; specifically Human society 1. A large social grouping sharing the same
covers the groups formed when one is at school, in the geographical or social territory.
work environment and those encountered by adults as Human society 2. It is a group consisting of like-minded people
they move through the social world governed by their norms and values.
Affinity 3. Kinship relationships through marriage.
IN-GROUP covers the groups that we belong to, hence those that
Family relations 4. It can be represented concretely by a mother,
we identify with
brother, grandfather, etc.
OUT-GROUP group to which we do not belong to Bond of kinship 5. It creates obligations between the related
REFERENCE group of individuals whom you compare yourself persons stronger than those between strangers.
GROUP against and may strive to be like Primary group 6. Members who share close, personal and
enduring relationships.
PRIMARY group held together by intimate, face-to–face Secondary 7. In this group, members interact on a less
GROUP relationships, formed by family and environmental group personal level than a primary group.
associations and regarded as basic to social life and Outgroup 8. It is used as a point of comparison for the
culture ingroup.
Ingroup 9. It is a social group to which a person
PRIMARY GROUPS psychologically identifies himself as being a
a small social group (small-scale society) whose members share close, member.
personal enduring relationships Outgroup 10. It is a social group with which an individual does
are marked by members’ concern for another, having shared activities not identify himself.
and culture
EX: family, childhood friends & highly influential social groups
concept of primary group was introduced by CHARLES HORTON Lesson 3:
COOLEY, a sociologist from the Chicago School of Sociology, in his book Role in Social Groups & Social Institutions
Social Organization: A Study of the Larger Mind.
IMPORTANT ROLES PRIMARY GROUPS PLAY IN DEVELOPING SOCIAL GROUP two or more people who interact with one
PERSONAL IDENTITY: another, share similar characteristics and
1) A primary group a is group in which one exchanges implicit item, collectively have a sense of unity
such as love, caring, concern, animosity, support. SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS organizational system which functions to
2) Relationships formed in primary groups are often long lasting. satisfy basic social needs by providing an
They are also often psychologically comforting to the individuals ordered framework linking the individual to the
involved and provide a source of support. larger society
COHESIVENESS degree and strength of interpersonal
SECONDARY GROUPS attraction among members of the group
people in a secondary group interact on a less personal level than long
lasting ones MORALE known as esprit de corps, is the capacity of
are established to perform functions, people’s roles are group’s members to maintain belief in an
interchangeable institution or goal, particularly in the face of
one you have chosen to be a part of opposition or hardship
based on interest activities SENSE OF feeling that you belong is most important in
groups where one exchanges explicit commodities, such as labor for BELONGINGNESS seeing value in life and in coping with intensely
wages, services for payments, etc painful emotions
EX: employment, vendor-to-client relationships, etc.
COMMITMENT promise or agreement to do something
OUTGROUP (CLADISTICS) SOCIAL NETWORK social structure made up of set of social actors
group to which we do not belong to such as individuals or organizations; sets of
group of organisms that serve as a reference group when determining dyadic ties and other social interactions
the evolutionary relationship among three or more groups of organisms between actors
used as a point of comparison for the in-group
term originates from social identity theory SOCIAL ROLES
set of connected behaviors, rights, obligations, beliefs, and norms as
INGROUPS conceptualized by people in a social situation
this basically covers the groups that we belong to, hence those that we
identify with WAYS TO MEASURE COHESIVENESS OF MEMBERS IN A GROUP
social group to which a person psychologically identifies as being a
member
a) Number of Friends
- degree of cooperation and participation of the group on various
REFERENCE GROUPS activities depend on the number of relatives and friends in the
a group to which an individual or another group is compared group
Sociologist call any group that individuals use as a standard for - the more relatives and friends in a group, the greater the
 cohesiveness 5) Religion
b) Morale of the Members - belief in the supernatural
- when the members have high morale in the group they have - constitutes a set of beliefs regarding the ultimate power in the
confidence with one another and the greater would be the universe, the ideal and proper pattern of behavior, and
cohesiveness of the members in the group ceremonial ways of expressing these beliefs
- provides a foundation for the mores of society
c) Sense of Belongingness
- loyalty to the group emerges when there is a sense of CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
belongingness among the individuals in a group  Patterns of behavior grouped around the central needs of human
- the members even go to the extent of protecting and defending beings in a society
the existence of the group  Institution of family plays an important and central role.
d) Commitment of the Members  Social institutions are the social patterns directing human behavior in
- when the members are committed to the group’s goals, norms the performance of basic activities
and activities, the members are able to work cooperatively as a  Provide better chances for human survival
team  Its general functions and the roles carried out by their members
- the greater the commitment to the group, the greater is the  The basic cultural values of a society are embodied in its institutions
cohesiveness among the members  The claims of the institutions upon the members are known as
loyalties.
INSTITUTIONS  The institutions of a society are connected in a cross and
provide a framework of continuity and predictability that allows to interdependent pattern
plan their activities more accurately
 Institutions are connected through the status and role of the members
help us interact with each other by imposing a sense of stability and
 In personality development institutions play a vital role
order into the initially chaotic jumble life
 Social institutions are essential for the transmission of cultural
we directly communicate with each other with the institution of
heritage
language.
 Cultural heritage is thus transmitted through social interaction in an
SOCIAL NETWORK institution
an element of social interaction in which a web of relationships exists  The moral values of the society are embodied in its institution
among people, either directly and indirectly  Each institution is a center of complex cluster of social norms
first social network is the family and other relatives
FAMILY
SIGNIFICANT FUNCTIONS OF SOCIAL NETWORK group of one or more parents and their children living together as a
1) They help individuals develop opinions, choices and points of view. unit
2) They serve as primary source of information on any activity and BURGRESS AND LOCKE
concern of the individual. a group of persons united by the ties of marriage, blood or adoption;
3) They influence the personality of the people. constituting a single household, interacting and inter-communicating
4) They provide opportunities and control to one’s behavior. with each other in their respective social roles of husband and wife,
5) They provide individuals with an important source of companionship. mother and father, son and daughter, brother and sister, and creating a
6) They provide an important opportunity for economic transaction such common culture.
as sharing of tangible and intangible resources, gift giving etc. ELIOTT AND MERRILL
7) They also provide rules for distributing society’s resources. Whenever defined the family as "the biological social unit composed of husband,
resource control is allocated equally, distribution rule becomes the wife and children"
basis of social stratification. The very common distribution principle is
the RULE OF RECIPROCITY, which means that the giving of gifts TYPES OF FAMILIES
obligates the recipient to return something of similar value. Family is the most universal group.
Family is classified based on structure (patriarchal or matriarchal) and
SOCIAL INSTITUTION residence.
created by man from social relationships in society to meet such basic 1) Patriarchal Family
needs as stability, law and order and clearly defined roles of authority - family where MALE is the head of family inclusive of powers
and decision making - he is the owner and administrator of the family property and
every organization is dependent upon certain recognized and right
established set of rules, traditions and usages - to him all persons living in the family are subordinated
WOODWARD AND MAXWELL An institution is a set of folkways 2) Matriarchal Family
and mores into a unit which serves a number of social functions. - authority vests in the WOMAN head of the family
HORTON An institution is an organized system of social relationships - the male is subordinated to her
which embodies certain common values and procedures and meets - she is the owner of property and rules over family
- said to prevail among the primitive people, who led a wandering
certain basic needs of society.
or hunting life
LANDIS Social institutions are formal cultural structures devised to
meet basic social needs. FAMILY CLASSIFICATION BASED ON RESIDENCE
a) Matrilocal Family
5 MAJOR INSTITUTIONS IN SOCIOLOGY - HUSBAND goes to live in the house of his wife
1) Political institutions b) Patrilocal Family
- administers the regulatory functions of law and order and - WIFE goes and lives in the house of her husband
maintains security in society
- forms of government and its method of working depend on the FAMILY CLASSIFICATION BASED ON MARRIAGE
accepted patterns of behavior in a society
a) Monogamous Family
2) Education - man marries ONE WOMAN ONLY AT ONE TIME
- process of socialization, which begins informally at home and
then formally in educational institutions
b) Polygamous Family
- one man marries MANY WOMEN AT ONE TIME
- helps develop knowledge, skill, attitude and understanding of the
people and strive to make them competent members of society c) Polyandrous Family
- widens the mental horizon of the people and make them - one man marries MANY WOMEN AND LIVES WITH ALL OF THEM
receptive to new ideas or each of them alternatively
3) Economic Institutions FAMILY CLASSIFICATION BASED ON ANCESTRY
- provides basic physical sustenance of the society by meeting
the needs for food, shelter, clothing and other necessary supply a) Matrilineal Family
and services - here WOMAN is believed to be the ancestor of the family
- include agriculture, industry, marketing, credit and banking b) Patrilineal Family
system, cooperatives etc. - here the ancestry continues through the FATHER
4) Family
- most basic social institution in a society RELIGION
- a system of organized relationship involving workable and belief in super natural
dependable ways of meeting the basic social needs set of beliefs regarding the ultimate power in the universe, the ideal
and proper pattern of behaviour and ceremonial ways of expressing
 these beliefs
provides a foundation for the mores of the society

PRE-TEST
1. Loyalty to the group emerges when there is a _______ among the
individuals in a group.
a) commitment
b) sense of belongingness
c) morale
d) ohesiveness
2. __________ provide a framework of continuity and predictability that
allows a group to plan their activities more accurately.
a) social network
b) institutions
c) education
d) social institutions
3. It is one of the major institutions that administers the regulatory
functions of law and order and maintains security in society.
a) health
b) family
c) economic institution
d) government
4. According to them, family is defined as a group of persons united by the
ties of marriage, blood or adoption, constituting a single household,
interacting with each other in their respective social roles of husband
and wife, mother and father, son and daughter, brother and sister and
creating a common culture.
a) Burgress and Locke
b) Wood ward and Maxwell
c) Eliott and Merrill
d) Horton and Lewis
5. This an element of social interaction in which a web of relationships
exists among people either directly and indirectly.
a) social network
b) institutions
c) education
d) social institutions

PRACTICE TASK 3
1. (NUMBER OF FRIENDS) The degree of cooperation and participation of
the group on various activities depend on the number of relatives and
friends in the group.
2. (SENSE OF BELONGINGNESS) The members even go to the extent of
protecting and defending the existence of the group.
3. (MORALE OF THE MEMBERS) They have confidence with one another
and if they have this confidence, the greater would be the cohesiveness
of the members in the group.
4. (COMMITMENT) When the members are committed to the group’s
goals, norms and activities, the members are able to work cooperatively
as a team.
5. (SOCIAL ROLE) is a set of connected behaviors, rights, obligations,
beliefs and norms as conceptualized by people in a social situation.

POST TEST
Religion 1. It constitutes a set of beliefs regarding the ultimate
power in the universe, the ideal and proper pattern
of behavior and ceremonial ways of expressing
these beliefs.
Patriarchal 2. It is the family where male is the head of family
and who holds the power.
Matriarchal 3. The authority vests in the woman head of the
family.
Eliott and 4. Family is defined as "the biological social unit
Merill composed of husband, wife and children".
Monogamous 5. It refers to a man who marries one woman only at
Family one time.
Family 6. Is the most basic social institution in a society and
is a system of organized relationship involving
workable and dependable ways of meeting basic
social needs.
Morale of the 7. When the members have high morale in the group
Members they have confidence with one another and the
greater would be the cohesiveness of the members
in the group.
Institutions 8. This an element of social interaction in which a
web of relationships exists among people, either
directly and indirectly.
Education 9. It is the process of socialization, which begins
informally at home and then formally in
educational institutions.
Matrilocal 10. In this type of family, the husband goes to live in
Family the house of his wife.