1.

Construction work is due to take place to repair the footpath of a single carriageway
road. The road is near to a busy school in a residential area. Trucks and buses use the
road occasionally.
Outline control measures that should be put in place to help ensure the safety of
members of the public. (20)

To ensure the safety of members of the public during the construction work to repair
the footpath of a single carriageway road near a busy school in a residential area,
several control measures should be implemented. These measures aim to minimize
the risk of accidents and ensure the smooth flow of traffic. Here are some control
measures to consider:
1) Traffic management:
a. Install proper signage and temporary traffic control measures, such as cones,
barriers, and signs, to guide vehicles and pedestrians safely around the construction
site.
b. Implement a traffic management plan that includes provisions for diverting traffic, if
necessary, to minimize disruption and ensure the safety of pedestrians and vehicles.
c. Designate safe crossing points for pedestrians, ensuring clear visibility and
separation from construction activities.
2) Communication and public awareness:
a. Notify the local community, residents, and relevant stakeholders, including the
school, about the upcoming construction work, its duration, and any potential
disruptions.
b. Display clear and visible signs indicating the ongoing construction work, potential
hazards, and alternative pedestrian routes.
c. Provide regular updates and information through local media, social media
platforms, and community notice boards to keep the public informed about the
progress of the work and any changes to traffic routes.
3) Safe pedestrian access:
a) Provide alternative pedestrian pathways away from the construction site, ensuring
they are well-marked, well-lit, and accessible to all pedestrians, including those with
disabilities.
b) Install temporary barriers or fencing to separate pedestrians from construction
activities, ensuring their safety and minimizing the risk of accidents or injury.
c) Ensure that any temporary footpaths or walkways are well-maintained, free from trip
hazards, and adequately protected from adjacent traffic.
4) Vehicle and machinery safety:
a) Implement strict speed limits within the construction zone and enforce them through
visible signage and traffic control personnel if necessary.
b) Ensure that all vehicles and machinery operating on or near the construction site
comply with relevant safety standards, are properly maintained, and have
appropriate warning systems (such as flashing lights and reversing alarms) installed.
c) Provide training to construction workers and vehicle operators to ensure safe
maneuvering and awareness of pedestrians and other road users.
5) Noise and dust control:
a) Use appropriate methods to minimize dust generation, such as dampening surfaces
and controlling construction activities that produce excessive dust.
b) Implement measures to mitigate excessive noise levels, especially during school
hours, such as using noise barriers, scheduling noisy activities outside of peak hours,
and complying with local noise regulations.
6) Site security:
a) Secure the construction site to prevent unauthorized access, ensuring the safety of
both the public and workers.
b) Clearly mark boundaries and hazards using signage, fencing, or barriers to prevent
accidental entry into restricted areas.
c) Regularly inspect the site to identify and address any potential security risks or
breaches.
7) Construction worker awareness:
a) Provide construction workers with appropriate safety training, including the
importance of working safely in proximity to the public, following traffic management
plans, and maintaining good communication with pedestrians and drivers.
b) Ensure that workers wear high-visibility clothing and appropriate personal protective
equipment (PPE) to enhance their visibility and safety.
8) Regular inspections and monitoring:
a) Conduct regular inspections of the construction site and its surroundings to identify
and rectify any safety hazards promptly.
b) Monitor traffic flow and pedestrian movements, making adjustments to the traffic
management plan if necessary, to maintain safe conditions for the public.
9) Emergency preparedness:
a) Develop and communicate an emergency response plan that includes procedures for
managing incidents, such as accidents, injuries, or unexpected events, and ensure
that workers are trained in these procedures. 4
b) Maintain clear access routes for emergency vehicles and ensure that emergency
services are informed of the construction work taking place.
By implementing these control measures, the safety of members of the public can be
ensured during the construction work to repair the footpath near the busy school in the
residential area. It is important to regularly review and update these measures as
needed to maintain a safe working environment and minimize disruption to the local
community.

2. A disused chemical process plant is to be demolished to allow for the development

of a large sports stadium.
Outline what should be considered in a pre-demolition survey for the site. (10)

In a pre-demolition survey for a disused chemical process plant that is to be

demolished to make way for a large sports stadium, several factors should be
 considered to ensure the safety of the demolition process and the surrounding
environment. Here are some key points to consider in a pre-demolition survey:
1. Hazardous materials assessment:
a) Identify and assess any hazardous materials present on the site, such as
chemicals, asbestos, lead-based paint, or other toxic substances.
b) Conduct thorough inspections of the site, including buildings, storage areas,
underground tanks, pipelines, and any other areas where hazardous materials
may be present.
c) Obtain and review historical records, including material safety data sheets
(MSDS), previous site assessments, and reports, to identify potential hazards.
2. Structural assessment:
a) Assess the structural integrity of the buildings and structures to be
demolished, including their foundations, load-bearing elements, and stability.
b) Identify any structural weaknesses, deterioration, or potential hazards that
may affect the safe demolition process.
c) Consider the presence of underground structures, tunnels, or basements that
may impact the demolition approach.
3. Utilities and services:
a) Identify and locate all utility services, such as gas lines, electrical cables, water
mains, and sewer lines, to avoid accidental damage during the demolition.
b) Coordinate with utility companies to disconnect or relocate services as
necessary before the demolition activities commence.
c) Take precautions to prevent damage to neighboring properties' utility
services.
4. Environmental considerations:
a) Assess the potential environmental impacts of the demolition, including the
release of hazardous substances, soil contamination, and dust generation.
b) Identify any protected or sensitive environmental areas nearby that may
require additional precautions or permits.
c) Develop a plan for proper waste management, including the handling and
disposal of hazardous materials, debris, and contaminated soil.
5. Safety and access:
a) Evaluate access points to the site and assess any potential safety hazards,
such as uneven terrain, unstable surfaces, or obstructed pathways. b.
b) Identify any specific safety risks, such as nearby busy roads, pedestrian areas,
or sensitive receptors, and plan appropriate safety measures to protect
workers and the public.
c) Consider the need for temporary safety barriers, signage, and security
measures to restrict access to the demolition site.
6. Stakeholder communication:
a) Identify and engage relevant stakeholders, including local authorities, nearby
residents, businesses, and environmental agencies, to inform them about the
demolition plans and address any concerns or regulatory requirements.
 b) Develop a communication plan to keep stakeholders informed about the
progress of the demolition and address any potential disruptions or
environmental issues.
7. Demolition methodology:
a) Determine the appropriate demolition techniques and methodologies based
on the site conditions, structural assessments, and environmental
considerations.
b) Consider the need for specialized equipment, demolition contractors, or
specific safety measures based on the complexity of the demolition tasks.
8. Regulatory compliance:
a) Ensure compliance with all relevant local, regional, and national regulations,
permits, and licenses related to demolition activities, hazardous materials
handling, waste management, and environmental protection.
b) Obtain necessary permits and approvals before commencing the demolition
process.

It is essential to conduct a comprehensive pre-demolition survey to identify potential

hazards, assess risks, and develop appropriate strategies to safely and efficiently
demolish the disused chemical process plant. The survey findings will inform the
development of a detailed demolition plan, including the selection of equipment,
safety measures, waste management procedures, and environmental protection
measures.

3. On construction sites, outline the roles and responsibilities of the:

(a) principal contractor; (6)
(b) designer; (4)
(c) contractors; (5)
(d) client. (5)
(a) Principal Contractor:
 The principal contractor is responsible for managing the construction phase of the
project and ensuring that the work is carried out safely and in accordance with
relevant health and safety legislation.
 They must plan, manage, monitor, and coordinate the construction activities to
ensure the health and safety of workers and others affected by the construction
work.
 The principal contractor is responsible for implementing suitable and sufficient
health and safety measures, including risk assessments, method statements, and site
inductions.
 They must establish effective communication and coordination among contractors,
workers, and other stakeholders on the construction site.
 The principal contractor should provide adequate welfare facilities, such as toilets,
washing facilities, and rest areas, for workers on the site.
 They are also responsible for ensuring that suitable site access and egress are
provided and that the site is secure.
(b) Designer:
 The designer is responsible for preparing or modifying the design of a structure,
system, or component of a construction project.
 They must eliminate, reduce, or control risks associated with the design and
construction process.
 The designer should consider health and safety aspects during the design phase and
ensure that the design is safe and without risks to health when constructed and
maintained.
 They must provide relevant information about the design, including any residual
risks, to the client and other duty holders.
 The designer should collaborate with the principal contractor and other contractors
to ensure that the design is implemented safely and in compliance with health and
safety requirements.
(c) Contractors:
 Contractors are responsible for carrying out specific construction work on the site.
 They must comply with the health and safety requirements and instructions provided
by the principal contractor.
 Contractors should plan and manage their work activities to ensure the health and
safety of their employees, subcontractors, and others who may be affected by their
work.
 They should provide competent workers, appropriate supervision, and necessary
training for their employees.
 Contractors must cooperate with other contractors on the site and follow the agreed-
upon health and safety coordination plan.
 They should promptly report any accidents, incidents, or near misses to the principal
contractor and take appropriate corrective measures to prevent future occurrences.
(d) Client:
 The client is the party for whom the construction project is being undertaken.
 They have a legal duty to ensure that construction work can be carried out safely and
without risks to health.
 The client should appoint competent and capable duty holders, such as the principal
contractor and designer, to manage the construction project.
 They should provide relevant information about the site, project, and any known
risks to the principal contractor and other duty holders.
 The client should ensure that sufficient financial and other resources are allocated
for the health and safety management of the project.
 They must maintain effective communication and collaboration with the principal
contractor and other duty holders throughout the project, sharing necessary
information and cooperating on health and safety matters.
 It is important for all parties involved in a construction project to fulfill their
respective roles and responsibilities to ensure the health and safety of everyone on
the site and to achieve a successful and compliant construction project.

4. A rainwater gutter at a height of five metres is leaking.

Explain how you would apply the work at height hierarchy of control to the repair of
the gutter. (20)
To apply the work at height hierarchy of control to the repair of the leaking rainwater
gutter at a height of five meters, we need to follow a systematic approach to ensure
safety. The hierarchy of control provides a framework to prioritize control measures
in order of effectiveness. The following steps outline how to apply this hierarchy:
1. Elimination: The first step is to consider if the work at height can be eliminated
altogether. In this case, it may not be possible to eliminate the need to repair the
gutter at height, as it is necessary for resolving the leak issue.
2. Substitution: If elimination is not possible, the next step is to consider if the work can
be substituted with a safer alternative. In the case of gutter repair, it is unlikely that a
substitution can be made since the repair work needs to be performed at height.
3. Engineering controls: Engineering controls involve the use of physical measures to
minimize the risk of falls. For the gutter repair, engineering controls may include the
installation of temporary edge protection, such as guardrails or handrails, to prevent
workers from accidentally falling off the roof or platform.
4. Administrative controls: Administrative controls focus on work planning, procedures,
and training to reduce the risk of falls. In this case, administrative controls may
involve conducting a thorough risk assessment, ensuring only trained and competent
workers carry out the repair work, and implementing a permit-to-work system to
control access to the work area.
5. Personal protective equipment (PPE): PPE should be considered as the last resort
when other control measures have been exhausted or are not reasonably practical.
In this case, workers repairing the gutter may need to wear appropriate PPE, such as
safety harnesses, helmets, and non-slip footwear.

(a) Hazards from the use of a scissor lift:

1. Falls from height: Workers can fall off the platform if not properly secured or if the
lift is not stable.
2. Overturning: Scissor lifts can tip over if operated on uneven or unstable ground.
 3. Entrapment or crushing hazards: There is a risk of workers being trapped between
the platform and overhead obstacles or being crushed if the lift collapses.
4. Electric shock: If the scissor lift comes into contact with overhead power lines or
electrical equipment, there is a risk of electric shock.
(b) Control measures to protect members of the public when operating a scissor lift in a
supermarket during opening hours:
1. Establish a restricted work area: Use barriers or signs to cordon off the area where
the scissor lift is being used to prevent unauthorized access by the public.
2. Schedule work during low-traffic periods: Plan the repair work during quieter
periods when there are fewer customers in the supermarket.
3. Provide clear warning signs: Display clear signs in the vicinity of the scissor lift to
alert the public of the ongoing work and potential hazards.
4. Appoint a dedicated spotter: Assign a trained worker to act as a spotter to monitor
the surroundings and alert both the scissor lift operator and the public in case of any
approaching hazards.
5. Communicate with the public: Use announcements or notices to inform customers
about the ongoing repair work and advise them to maintain a safe distance from the
work area.
6. Regular maintenance and inspections: Ensure the scissor lift is regularly inspected
and well-maintained to minimize the risk of malfunctions or breakdowns that could
pose a danger to the public.
7. Provide proper training: Ensure that workers operating the scissor lift in the
supermarket are adequately trained in its safe operation and understand how to
mitigate risks to the public.
It is important to note that the specific control measures may vary based on the
specific circumstances and local regulations. It is recommended to consult relevant
guidelines and engage with safety professionals to ensure the appropriate measures
are implemented for the repair of the rainwater gutter.
5. An excavation is required of an existing factory floor to repair a damaged water
main.
(a) Outline hazards and corresponding risks that may be created by the
excavation work. (5)
(b) Outline control measures that should be considered to help ensure the safety
of the work activity. (5)

(a) Hazards and corresponding risks that may be created by the excavation work:
 1. Collapse of excavation walls: There is a risk of the excavation walls collapsing,
leading to workers being buried or trapped, which can result in severe injury or
death.
2. Falls into the excavation: Workers or equipment may fall into the excavation, causing
injuries or fatalities.
3. Contact with underground utilities: The excavation work may pose a risk of
accidentally striking or damaging underground utilities, such as gas or electrical lines,
leading to leaks, fires, or electrocution.
4. Engulfment by materials: Workers can be engulfed by loose soil, water, or other
materials present in the excavation, which can result in suffocation or drowning.
5. Hazardous atmospheres: The excavation may contain hazardous gases, such as
carbon monoxide or flammable vapors, which can lead to asphyxiation or explosions
if not properly monitored and controlled.
(b) Control measures to ensure the safety of the work activity:
 Proper excavation planning: Conduct a thorough site assessment to identify potential
hazards, including underground utilities and hazardous materials. Develop an
excavation plan that includes the necessary safety measures and precautions.
 Shoring and trenching: Use appropriate shoring techniques, such as installing support
systems like hydraulic jacks or trench boxes, to prevent cave-ins and provide stability to
the excavation walls.
 Barricades and warning signs: Clearly mark the excavation area with barricades and
warning signs to prevent unauthorized access and alert workers to the presence of
excavation work. This helps to minimize the risk of falling objects or accidents involving
vehicles or equipment.
 Locating underground utilities: Before excavation begins, contact utility companies to
identify the location of underground utilities. Use techniques like ground-penetrating
radar or utility locators to accurately locate and mark the utilities. Take necessary
precautions to avoid damaging them during excavation.
 Personal protective equipment (PPE): Provide appropriate PPE to workers, including
hard hats, safety glasses, high-visibility vests, steel-toed boots, and respiratory
protection if hazardous materials are present. Regularly inspect and maintain the PPE
to ensure its effectiveness.
 Hazardous material management: If there are hazardous materials present on the
factory floor, ensure proper handling, storage, and disposal according to relevant
regulations. Implement spill response measures and have appropriate cleanup
equipment readily available.
 Training and supervision: Ensure that all workers involved in the excavation work are
adequately trained in excavation safety procedures. Supervise the work to ensure
compliance with safety measures and provide ongoing safety awareness training.
 Emergency response plan: Develop an emergency response plan that includes
procedures for evacuation, rescue, and communication in the event of an incident or
emergency. Train workers on the plan and conduct drills to ensure their preparedness.
 Regular inspections: Conduct regular inspections of the excavation site to identify any
changes or hazards that may have developed. Address any issues promptly to maintain
a safe work environment.
 Contractor selection and communication: If the excavation work is outsourced to a
contractor, ensure they have the necessary expertise, experience, and safety protocols
in place. Establish clear lines of communication to address any safety concerns or
issues that may arise during the project.

6. A scaffolder is lowering scaffold poles from the third floor of a scaffold tower to a
colleague below using a pulley wheel and rope. Next to the scaffold tower there is a
shop entrance. The scaffolder on the ground floor places the scaffold poles
horizontally onto the back of a vehicle parked on a busy road. The scaffolders have
already received information, instruction, training and suitable supervision.
Outline additional control measures that could help reduce the risk of injury to those
who may be affected by this activity. (10)

To help reduce the risk of injury to those who may be affected by the activity of
lowering scaffold poles from the third floor of a scaffold tower to a colleague below
using a pulley wheel and rope, and subsequently placing them on a vehicle parked on
a busy road, the following additional control measures can be implemented:
1. Exclusion zone: Establish an exclusion zone around the area where the scaffold poles
are being lowered and loaded onto the vehicle. This zone should be clearly marked
with barriers or signage to prevent unauthorized access by pedestrians or vehicles.
2. Traffic management: Implement appropriate traffic management measures on the
busy road to ensure the safety of both the scaffolders and other road users. This may
involve setting up temporary traffic control measures, such as traffic cones, warning
signs, or traffic controllers, to create a safe work zone and minimize the risk of
collisions or accidents.
3. Adequate signaling and communication: Establish clear and effective signaling and
communication methods between the scaffolder on the third floor and the one on
the ground. This can be done through the use of hand signals, two-way radios, or
other reliable communication devices to ensure smooth coordination and minimize
the risk of accidents due to miscommunication.
4. Load securing: Ensure that the scaffold poles are properly secured on the back of the
vehicle to prevent them from falling or shifting during transportation. This may
involve using appropriate restraints, such as straps or tie-downs, to secure the poles
in place.
5. Vehicle selection: Choose a suitable vehicle for transporting the scaffold poles that is
appropriate for the load and has a flat and stable surface for secure loading and
unloading. Ensure that the vehicle is parked in a safe location that minimizes the risk
of collision with other vehicles or pedestrians.
6. Adequate manpower: Ensure that there are enough trained and competent
personnel involved in the activity to handle the scaffold poles safely. Sufficient
 manpower can help in maintaining control over the poles during lowering, loading,
and transportation.
7. Supervision and monitoring: Provide ongoing supervision and monitoring to ensure
that the control measures are being followed correctly and that any potential hazards
or risks are promptly addressed. Regular checks should be conducted to verify that
the scaffold poles are being lowered and loaded safely.
8. Regular maintenance and inspection: Conduct regular maintenance and inspection
of the scaffold tower, pulley wheel, rope, and any other equipment used in the
process. This helps to identify and address any defects, wear and tear, or other issues
that may compromise safety.
9. Risk assessments and safe systems of work: Continuously review and update risk
assessments and safe systems of work to address any new or emerging risks
associated with the activity. This includes considering feedback from the scaffolders
and incorporating any lessons learned from near-miss incidents or accidents.
10. Collaboration with relevant stakeholders: Collaborate with relevant stakeholders,
such as local authorities, traffic management teams, and the shop management near
the site, to ensure coordination and cooperation in implementing the control
measures and minimizing the impact on the surrounding area.
By implementing these additional control measures, the risk of injury to those who
may be affected by the activity can be significantly reduced, promoting a safer
working environment.

7. Construction work is due to take place to repair the footpath of a single carriageway
road. The road is near to a busy school in a residential area. Trucks and buses use the
road occasionally.

When planning construction work to repair the footpath of a single carriageway road
near a busy school in a residential area, it is essential to prioritize safety measures to
protect the workers, schoolchildren, and other road users. The following control
measures should be considered to minimize risks and ensure the safe execution of
the construction work:
1. Traffic management plan: Develop a comprehensive traffic management plan to
minimize disruption and ensure the safe flow of traffic during the construction work.
This may involve temporary traffic control measures, such as signage, barriers, traffic
cones, and temporary speed limits, to redirect and guide vehicles safely through the
work area.
2. School and community engagement: Notify the school, local residents, and the
wider community about the upcoming construction work, its duration, and potential
impacts on traffic flow. Collaborate with the school to establish safe routes for
students, provide information to parents, and ensure that appropriate safety
measures are in place during drop-off and pick-up times.
3. Road closures and diversions: Consider the need for road closures or implementing
temporary diversions to redirect traffic away from the construction area. If road
closures are necessary, ensure that alternative routes are clearly marked and
 communicate these changes well in advance to minimize inconvenience and
confusion for road users.
4. Pedestrian safety: Provide safe and clearly marked pedestrian walkways or
footpaths, especially for students and residents accessing the school or nearby
amenities. Implement temporary pedestrian crossings where necessary and ensure
that appropriate signage is in place to guide pedestrians safely around the
construction site.
5. Warning signs and barriers: Install prominent warning signs, barriers, and fencing
around the construction area to alert motorists and pedestrians to the presence of
construction work. This helps to prevent unauthorized access and reduce the risk of
accidents or injuries.
6. Site supervision and coordination: Assign qualified personnel to supervise the
construction site and ensure that safe work practices are followed. Maintain clear
communication between workers, supervisors, and any traffic management
personnel to coordinate activities and address any emerging safety concerns
promptly.
7. Speed restrictions and traffic calming measures: Consider implementing temporary
speed restrictions in the construction zone and enforce them through visible
enforcement measures, such as speed cameras or increased police presence. Install
traffic calming measures, such as speed bumps or rumble strips, to encourage drivers
to reduce their speed in the vicinity of the construction site.
8. Vehicle and equipment safety: Ensure that all vehicles and construction equipment
used on the site are in good working condition, properly maintained, and have
appropriate safety features installed. Conduct regular inspections of vehicles and
equipment to identify any defects or hazards that could pose a risk to workers or
road users.
9. Training and supervision of workers: Provide adequate training to all workers
involved in the construction work, emphasizing safety protocols, traffic management
procedures, and the importance of vigilance when working near the road. Supervise
and monitor the workers to ensure that safe work practices are followed at all times.
10. Regular safety audits and reviews: Conduct regular safety audits to assess the
effectiveness of control measures and identify any areas for improvement. Review
and update safety procedures and protocols based on lessons learned from previous
projects or incidents to continuously enhance safety on the construction site.
By implementing these control measures, the construction work can be carried out
in a manner that prioritizes the safety of workers, schoolchildren, and other road
users, minimizing disruptions and reducing the risk of accidents or injuries.

8. Outline control measures that should be put in place to help ensure the safety of
members of the public. (20)

To ensure the safety of members of the public during construction work, the
following control measures should be put in place:
1. Public notification: Notify the local community, residents, and businesses in advance
about the construction work. Clearly communicate the nature of the work, expected
duration, potential disruptions, and any safety considerations. Utilize various
 communication channels such as letters, flyers, community meetings, and local media
to ensure the public is informed.
2. Signage and barriers: Place clear and visible signage to alert members of the public
about the construction zone and potential hazards. Use barriers or fencing to prevent
unauthorized access and direct pedestrians to safe alternative routes, if necessary.
3. Pedestrian safety measures: Provide designated pedestrian walkways or footpaths
that are separated from the construction area. Ensure these walkways are well-
marked, adequately lit, and have appropriate signage indicating safe routes and
potential hazards.
4. Traffic management: Implement traffic management measures to protect motorists
and pedestrians. This may include temporary traffic signals, flaggers, speed reduction
measures, lane closures, and diversion routes. Properly trained personnel should be
assigned to manage traffic flow and ensure the safety of all road users.
5. Safe access to properties: Maintain safe access to residential and commercial
properties within the construction zone. Coordinate with property owners to establish
alternative access points if necessary and ensure that all access routes are well-
marked and easily navigable.
6. Control of construction debris: Implement measures to control construction debris
and prevent it from affecting public areas. Regularly clean and clear the work area to
minimize the risk of slips, trips, or falls for pedestrians.
7. Noise and vibration control: Implement measures to minimize noise and vibration
generated by the construction activities, especially in residential areas. Utilize
appropriate equipment, technologies, and work practices to mitigate noise and
vibration impacts on nearby buildings and sensitive receptors.
8. Dust control: Implement dust control measures, such as spraying water or using dust
suppression systems, to minimize the dispersal of airborne particles that may pose a
health risk to the public. Regularly clean public areas affected by dust from
construction activities.
9. Hazardous materials management: If hazardous materials are present on the
construction site, ensure they are properly stored, labeled, and handled according to
applicable regulations. Implement measures to prevent the release of hazardous
substances into the environment or public areas.
10. Emergency preparedness: Develop an emergency response plan that addresses
potential incidents, accidents, or unforeseen events that could impact public safety.
Conduct drills and train workers on emergency procedures, including evacuation
plans, communication protocols, and first aid response.
11. Regular inspections and maintenance: Conduct regular inspections of the
construction site to identify potential hazards or safety concerns. Maintain proper
maintenance of equipment, machinery, and temporary structures to ensure their safe
operation.
12. Site supervision and training: Provide adequate supervision and training to all
workers involved in the construction project. Ensure they are aware of their
responsibilities regarding public safety, are trained in proper work practices, and
understand the importance of being vigilant and courteous towards the public.
13. Collaboration with local authorities: Engage with local authorities, such as municipal
authorities or law enforcement, to ensure compliance with regulations and obtain any
necessary permits or approvals. Collaborate on traffic management, public safety, and
emergency response coordination.
14. Regular communication and feedback: Establish channels for public feedback and
address any concerns or complaints promptly. Maintain ongoing communication with
the public to provide updates on the progress of the construction work, any changes
in schedules, or potential disruptions.
These control measures should be implemented based on the specific context of the
construction project and in compliance with local regulations. Regular monitoring
and evaluation of their effectiveness are crucial to ensure the safety and well-being
of members of the public throughout the construction process.

9. 1.5 Explain the hazards, risks and controls when working at heights
9.3 Explain the hazards, risks and controls for lone working
9.3 Explain the hazards associated with working at heights from fixed work or
temporary platforms and the necessary precautions and safe working practices

9.1.5 Explain the hazards, risks, and controls when working at heights:
Hazards:
When working at heights, several hazards can pose risks to workers, including:
1. Falls from height: The primary hazard is the risk of falling from elevated surfaces,
such as ladders, scaffolds, rooftops, or platforms, which can result in severe injuries
or fatalities.
2. Falling objects: Objects or tools dropped from heights can pose a hazard to workers
below, causing injuries.
3. Structural instability: Unstable or poorly maintained structures can collapse or give
way, leading to falls or entrapment.
4. Slips, trips, and falls: Uneven or slippery surfaces, inadequate edge protection, or
obstacles in the work area can increase the risk of slips, trips, and falls.
5. Weather conditions: Adverse weather conditions, such as strong winds, rain, or ice,
can affect stability and increase the risk of accidents.
Controls: To mitigate the hazards and risks when working at heights, the following
controls should be implemented:
1. Risk assessments: Conduct a thorough risk assessment to identify hazards and assess
the level of risk associated with working at heights. Develop safe working procedures
based on the assessment findings.
2. Fall prevention measures: Prioritize fall prevention by providing adequate edge
protection, such as guardrails, toe boards, or safety nets, to prevent falls from
elevated surfaces. Use properly secured and stable ladders or scaffolding systems.
3. Personal protective equipment (PPE): Provide appropriate PPE to workers, including
safety harnesses, helmets, non-slip footwear, and other necessary equipment to
minimize the risk of injuries in the event of a fall.
4. Training and competence: Ensure that workers who are working at heights are
properly trained, competent, and aware of safe working practices and procedures.
Provide training on the use of equipment, fall arrest systems, emergency
procedures, and hazard recognition.
5. Regular inspections and maintenance: Regularly inspect and maintain all
equipment, structures, and platforms used for working at heights to ensure their
integrity and safety. Remove any defective or damaged equipment from use until
repairs or replacements are made.
6. Weather monitoring: Monitor weather conditions regularly and suspend work if
adverse conditions, such as high winds or lightning, pose a risk to workers' safety.
7. Supervision and monitoring: Provide adequate supervision and monitoring of
workers to ensure that safe working practices are followed. Regularly assess
compliance with safety procedures and intervene if unsafe behaviors are observed.
8. Emergency procedures: Establish and communicate clear emergency procedures for
situations such as falls, structural collapse, or adverse weather conditions. Ensure
workers know how to respond and are aware of the location of emergency
equipment, such as first aid kits or emergency evacuation routes.
9. Review and improvement: Continuously review and improve safety measures based
on lessons learned from incidents or near misses. Encourage workers to provide
feedback and suggestions for improving safety practices.
9.3 Explain the hazards, risks, and controls for lone working:
Hazards: Lone working poses specific hazards, including:
1. Accidents or injuries: Without immediate assistance or supervision, a lone worker
may be at a higher risk of accidents or injuries. There may be no one to provide first
aid or call for help in case of an emergency.
2. Health emergencies: Lone workers may experience health emergencies, such as
heart attacks or fainting, without anyone present to provide aid or alert emergency
services.
3. Violence or aggression: In some occupations or environments, lone workers may
face the risk of violence or aggression from clients, customers, or members of the
public.
4. Equipment failure: Equipment failures or malfunctions may pose a greater risk to
lone workers as they may not have immediate assistance or backup.
5. Lack of communication: Limited or no communication with others can hinder the
ability to seek assistance or report emergencies promptly.
Risks: The risks associated with lone working include delays in receiving medical
assistance, increased vulnerability to accidents or injuries, prolonged exposure to
hazardous situations, and reduced ability to handle emergencies effectively.
Controls: To mitigate the hazards and risks of lone working, the following control
measures should be implemented:
1. Risk assessments: Conduct a thorough risk assessment to identify hazards specific to
lone working and assess the level of risk associated with each hazard. Develop
appropriate control measures based on the assessment findings.
 2. Safe systems of work: Establish safe systems of work for lone workers, including
procedures for assessing risks, communication protocols, and emergency response
plans. Ensure that lone workers are trained on these procedures and understand
their responsibilities.
3. Training and competence: Provide comprehensive training to lone workers to ensure
they are competent and capable of safely performing their tasks. This should include
training on hazard recognition, emergency procedures, and self-protection
techniques.
4. Communication systems: Provide lone workers with effective communication
systems, such as mobile phones, two-way radios, or wearable panic alarms, to
maintain contact with a designated point of contact or emergency services.
5. Check-in procedures: Implement regular check-in procedures to monitor the well-
being of lone workers. This can be done through scheduled phone calls, automated
check-in systems, or other means of regular communication.
6. Emergency response planning: Develop clear emergency response plans for lone
workers that outline procedures for handling emergencies, including medical
incidents, accidents, or instances of violence or aggression. Provide appropriate
training on these emergency response plans.
7. Personal safety devices: Provide lone workers with personal safety devices, such as
personal alarms or body-worn cameras, to enhance their safety and deter potential
aggressors.
8. Support and supervision: Establish regular contact and supervision for lone workers
through site visits, virtual check-ins, or periodic site assessments. Provide a support
system that allows lone workers to report concerns or seek guidance.
9. Collaboration and information sharing: Foster a culture of collaboration and
information sharing among lone workers by providing platforms for sharing
experiences, lessons learned, and best practices. Encourage lone workers to report
any incidents, near misses, or potential hazards they encounter.
10. Review and improvement: Continuously review the effectiveness of control
measures for lone working and make improvements based on feedback, incident
investigations, and changes in work conditions or regulations.
9.3 Explain the hazards associated with working at heights from fixed work or temporary
platforms and the necessary precautions and safe working practices:
Hazards: Working at heights from fixed work or temporary platforms presents
various hazards, including:
1. Falls from heights: The primary hazard is the risk of falls from elevated surfaces,
such as scaffolds, platforms, or rooftops, which can result in severe injuries or
fatalities.
2. Structural instability: Fixed or temporary platforms may become unstable due to
poor construction, faulty components, or improper setup, leading to the collapse of
the platform and potential falls.
3. Falling objects: Objects or tools dropped from heights can pose a hazard to workers
or bystanders below, causing injuries.
4. Slips, trips, and falls: Uneven or slippery surfaces on fixed or temporary platforms
can increase the risk of slips, trips, and falls.
5. Exposure to weather conditions: Workers on elevated platforms are exposed to
adverse weather conditions, such as high winds, rain, or ice, which can affect stability
and increase the risk of accidents.
Precautions and safe working practices: To mitigate the hazards associated with
working at heights from fixed work or temporary platforms, the following
precautions and safe working practices should be followed:
1. Risk assessments: Conduct a thorough risk assessment before working at heights to
identify hazards and assess the level of risk. Develop safe working procedures and
controls based on the assessment findings.
2. Fall prevention measures: Implement fall prevention measures, such as providing
guardrails, toe boards, or safety nets, to prevent falls from elevated platforms. Use
properly secured and stable scaffolds or platforms that are designed for the specific
task.
3. Personal protective equipment (PPE): Ensure that workers wear appropriate PPE,
including safety harnesses, helmets, non-slip footwear, and other necessary
equipment, to minimize the risk of injuries in case of a fall.
4. Competent workers: Ensure that workers involved in working at heights are properly
trained, competent, and familiar with safe working practices. Provide training on the
use of equipment, hazard recognition, and emergency procedures.
5. Inspections and maintenance: Regularly inspect and maintain all fixed or temporary
platforms, scaffolds, or equipment used for working at heights to ensure their
stability and integrity. Remove any defective or damaged components from use until
repairs or replacements are made.
6. Weather monitoring: Monitor weather conditions regularly and suspend work if
adverse conditions, such as high winds, lightning, or heavy rain, pose a risk to
workers' safety. Secure or dismantle temporary platforms if weather conditions
worsen.
7. Communication and coordination: Establish clear communication channels and
coordination among workers involved in working at heights. Use hand signals, radios,
or other means of effective communication to ensure understanding and
coordination.
8. Secure tools and materials: Secure tools and materials to prevent them from falling
off platforms or being a hazard to workers below. Use tool lanyards, tool belts, or
other secure methods to keep objects from falling.
9. Emergency procedures: Establish and communicate clear emergency procedures for
working at heights, including rescue plans and methods. Ensure workers know how
to respond to emergencies and are aware of the location of emergency equipment,
such as first aid kits or emergency evacuation routes.
10. Training and supervision: Provide ongoing training and supervision to ensure that
safe working practices are followed. Regularly assess compliance with safety
procedures and intervene if unsafe behaviors are observed.
11. Review and improvement: Continuously review and improve safety measures based
on lessons learned from incidents, near misses, or changes in work conditions or
regulations. Encourage workers to provide feedback and suggestions for improving
safety practices.

10. A scaffolder is lowering scaffold poles from the third floor of a scaffold tower to a
colleague below using a pulley wheel and rope. Next to the scaffold tower there is a
shop entrance. The scaffolder on the ground floor places the scaffold poles
horizontally onto the back of a vehicle parked on a busy road. The scaffolders have
already received information, instruction, training and suitable supervision.
Outline the additional practical measures that could minimise the risk of injury to the
scaffolders and others who may be affected by this activity. (10)

To minimize the risk of injury to the scaffolders and others who may be affected by
the activity of lowering scaffold poles using a pulley wheel and rope, the following
additional practical measures should be implemented:
1. Exclusion zone: Establish an exclusion zone around the scaffold tower and the area
where the scaffold poles are being lowered. Restrict access to this area to authorized
personnel only to minimize the risk of accidents or injuries to bystanders.
2. Signage and barriers: Use clear signage and barriers to indicate the presence of
ongoing construction activities and to warn pedestrians and drivers of potential
hazards. This will help to direct people away from the area and ensure their safety.
3. Traffic management: Implement effective traffic management measures on the busy
road where the vehicle is parked. This may include using traffic cones, warning signs,
and flaggers to control the flow of traffic and alert drivers to the presence of the
construction activity.
4. Communication and coordination: Maintain clear communication and coordination
between the scaffolder on the third floor and the one on the ground floor. Establish
a system of signals or verbal communication to ensure safe and efficient lowering of
the scaffold poles.
5. Proper lifting techniques: Train the scaffolders on proper lifting techniques to
minimize the risk of strain or injuries while lowering the scaffold poles. Encourage
them to use their legs rather than their back when lifting and to seek assistance if
necessary.
6. Protective equipment: Provide scaffolders with appropriate personal protective
equipment (PPE) such as hard hats, gloves, and high-visibility clothing to protect
them from potential hazards and make them easily visible to others in the vicinity.
7. Equipment inspection: Regularly inspect the pulley wheel, rope, and other
equipment used for lowering the scaffold poles to ensure they are in good working
condition. Replace any worn-out or damaged components promptly.
8. Safe storage of scaffold poles: Ensure that scaffold poles are securely stored on the
back of the vehicle to prevent them from falling or sliding during transportation. Use
suitable securing mechanisms such as straps or ratchet tie-downs to keep the poles
in place.
9. Adequate manpower: Assess the workload and determine if additional personnel
are required to assist with the lowering and storage of scaffold poles. Having
sufficient manpower can help distribute the workload and reduce the risk of fatigue-
related accidents.
10. Regular supervision: Maintain suitable supervision to oversee the activity and
ensure that safe working practices are being followed. Supervisors should be readily
available to provide guidance, address any concerns, and intervene if unsafe
behaviors are observed.
By implementing these additional practical measures, the risk of injury to the
scaffolders and others affected by the activity can be significantly minimized,
promoting a safer working environment.

11. Explain the hazards associated with working at heights from fixed work or temporary
platforms and the necessary precautions and safe working practices

Working at heights from fixed work or temporary platforms presents several

hazards, which can lead to serious injuries or fatalities if not properly managed.
Some of the common hazards associated with working at heights include:
1. Falls from height: The primary and most significant hazard is the risk of falling from
elevated surfaces, such as scaffolds, ladders, rooftops, or platforms. Even a fall from
a relatively low height can result in severe injuries or death.
2. Structural instability: Fixed or temporary platforms, scaffolds, or other elevated
structures may become unstable due to poor construction, faulty components, or
improper setup. This can lead to the collapse of the platform and result in falls.
3. Falling objects: Tools, equipment, or materials dropped from heights can pose a
hazard to workers or bystanders below, causing injuries.
4. Electrocution: Working at heights near live electrical equipment or overhead power
lines increases the risk of electrocution.
5. Slippery surfaces: Weather conditions, such as rain or ice, can create slippery
surfaces on elevated platforms, increasing the risk of slips, trips, and falls.
6. Inadequate access and egress: Insufficient or obstructed access to and from the
work area can increase the risk of accidents during ascent or descent.
7. Weather conditions: Adverse weather conditions, such as high winds, storms, or
extreme temperatures, can affect stability and create additional hazards for workers
at heights.
Precautions and Safe Working Practices:
To mitigate the hazards associated with working at heights from fixed work or
temporary platforms, the following precautions and safe working practices should be
implemented:
1. Risk assessments: Conduct a thorough risk assessment before starting work at
heights to identify hazards and assess the level of risk. Develop safe working
procedures and controls based on the assessment findings.
2. Fall prevention measures: Implement fall prevention measures such as providing
guardrails, toe boards, or safety nets to prevent falls from elevated platforms. Use
properly secured and stable scaffolds or platforms designed for the specific task.
3. Personal protective equipment (PPE): Ensure that workers wear appropriate PPE,
including safety harnesses, helmets, non-slip footwear, and other necessary
equipment to minimize the risk of injuries in case of a fall.
4. Competent workers: Ensure that workers involved in working at heights are properly
trained, competent, and familiar with safe working practices. Provide training on the
use of equipment, hazard recognition, and emergency procedures.
5. Equipment inspection: Regularly inspect all fixed or temporary platforms, scaffolds,
or equipment used for working at heights to ensure their stability and integrity.
Remove any defective or damaged components from use until repairs or
replacements are made.
6. Secure tools and materials: Secure tools and materials to prevent them from falling
off platforms or being a hazard to workers below. Use tool lanyards, tool belts, or
other secure methods to keep objects from falling.
7. Weather monitoring: Monitor weather conditions regularly and suspend work if
adverse conditions pose a risk to workers' safety. Secure or dismantle temporary
platforms if weather conditions worsen.
8. Communication and coordination: Establish clear communication channels and
coordination among workers involved in working at heights. Use hand signals, radios,
or other means of effective communication to ensure understanding and
coordination.
9. Access and egress: Provide safe and clear access and egress routes to and from the
work area. Ensure that workers can ascend and descend safely without obstruction.
10. Emergency procedures: Establish and communicate clear emergency procedures for
working at heights, including rescue plans and methods. Ensure workers know how
to respond to emergencies and are aware of the location of emergency equipment,
such as first aid kits or emergency evacuation routes.
11. Training and supervision: Provide ongoing training and supervision to ensure that
safe working practices are followed. Regularly assess compliance with safety
procedures and intervene if unsafe behaviors are observed.
By implementing these precautions and safe working practices, the risks associated with
working at heights can be effectively managed, minimizing the likelihood of accidents
and promoting a safer working environment.

12. The International Labour Organisation’s Standard R175 and its associated Code of
Practice sets out general principles for ‘Safety and Health in Construction’.
Minor repairs need to be carried out to the sloping roof of a large two storey
property. A scaffold is to be erected in order to gain access to the work area.
Using the guidance in R175, outline the precautions necessary for carrying out the
repairs. (20)
 When carrying out minor repairs to the sloping roof of a large two-story property
and erecting a scaffold for access, the International Labour Organisation's Standard
R175 provides valuable guidance on the necessary precautions for ensuring safety
and health in construction. The following precautions should be considered:
1. Risk assessment: Conduct a thorough risk assessment of the work area to identify
potential hazards associated with the repair work, such as unstable surfaces,
electrical hazards, or falling objects. Assess the risks and implement appropriate
control measures.
2. Competent personnel: Ensure that workers involved in the repair work are
competent, trained, and experienced in working at heights, scaffold erection, and
roof repairs. Provide them with suitable information, instruction, and supervision.
3. Scaffold erection: Follow the recommended guidelines and procedures for erecting
the scaffold, considering factors such as the height, load-bearing capacity, stability,
and secure anchorage of the scaffold. Use competent and trained personnel for the
assembly and disassembly of the scaffold.
4. Stability and integrity of the scaffold: Regularly inspect the scaffold to ensure its
stability and integrity throughout the repair work. Inspect for any signs of damage,
corrosion, or weakness. Remove any defective components and replace them
promptly.
5. Safe access and egress: Provide safe and clear access and egress routes to and from
the scaffold. Ensure that workers can ascend and descend the scaffold safely without
obstruction or hazards. Use appropriate ladders, stair towers, or access platforms.
6. Guardrails and toe boards: Install guardrails and toe boards along the open edges of
the scaffold to prevent falls from height. Ensure they are of appropriate height and
securely fixed to the scaffold.
7. Fall protection: Implement appropriate fall protection measures for workers who
are working at height or near the edge of the roof. This may include the use of
personal fall arrest systems (PFAS), safety harnesses, or safety nets.
8. Weather conditions: Consider weather conditions when planning the repair work.
Avoid working on the roof or erecting the scaffold during adverse weather conditions
such as high winds, heavy rain, or snowfall, which can pose additional risks.
9. Training and supervision: Provide training to workers on safe working practices,
hazard recognition, and the proper use of equipment. Ensure that supervisors or
competent persons provide adequate supervision to monitor compliance with safety
procedures.
10. Protective equipment: Provide appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) to
workers, including helmets, non-slip footwear, gloves, and eye protection. Ensure
workers understand the correct use and maintenance of PPE.
11. Electrical safety: Identify and control electrical hazards on the roof, such as
overhead power lines or exposed electrical equipment. Implement isolation
procedures and ensure workers are aware of electrical safety precautions.
12. Communication and coordination: Establish effective communication channels
among workers involved in the repair work. Use hand signals, radios, or other means
of communication to ensure clear understanding and coordination.
13. Emergency procedures: Establish and communicate clear emergency procedures,
including rescue plans and methods, in case of accidents or emergencies. Ensure
workers know how to respond to emergencies and are aware of the location of
emergency equipment.
14. Regular inspections and maintenance: Regularly inspect the roof, scaffold, and
equipment used for repairs to identify any defects, damage, or deterioration.
Maintain a schedule for ongoing inspections and carry out necessary repairs or
replacements promptly.
15. Review and improvement: Continuously review and improve safety measures based
on lessons learned from incidents, near misses, or changes in work conditions or
regulations. Encourage workers to provide feedback and suggestions for improving
safety practices.
By following the precautions outlined in the International Labour Organisation's
Standard R175, the risks associated with carrying out repairs on a sloping roof using
a scaffold can be effectively managed, promoting a safe and healthy working
environment.

13. Large diameter concrete water pipes are being installed in a trench 2.5 metres deep
during excavation works. Temporary shoring is provided by the use of drag boxes.
(a) Outline workplace control measures that are necessary when drag boxes are
used to provide temporary shoring. (4)
(b) Other than temporary shoring, explain workplace control measures that
could help reduce the risk of collapse of the trench. (6)

(a) Workplace control measures necessary when drag boxes are used to provide
temporary shoring include:
1. Proper selection and inspection: Ensure that the drag boxes used for temporary
shoring are appropriate for the specific trench dimensions and soil conditions.
Conduct regular inspections to check for any damage or defects that could
compromise their effectiveness.
2. Correct installation: Ensure that the drag boxes are correctly installed in the trench,
following manufacturer's guidelines or industry best practices. This may involve
proper positioning, alignment, and secure attachment to prevent shifting or
displacement during excavation works.
3. Monitoring and adjustment: Regularly monitor the drag boxes during excavation to
detect any signs of movement or instability. If necessary, make adjustments or
reinforce the shoring system to maintain its effectiveness.
4. Training and supervision: Provide adequate training to workers involved in the
installation and monitoring of drag boxes. Ensure that they are familiar with the
proper procedures and understand the importance of maintaining the stability of the
 shoring system. Supervision should be provided to ensure compliance with safe work
practices.
(b) Workplace control measures to help reduce the risk of collapse of the trench, in
addition to temporary shoring, include:
1. Sloping or benching: Excavate the trench with proper slopes or benches to provide
stability and minimize the risk of collapse. The angle of the slope or bench should be
determined based on the soil type and characteristics.
2. Trench shields or trench boxes: Consider using trench shields or trench boxes as an
alternative or additional protective measure to further enhance the stability of the
trench. These systems provide a physical barrier between workers and the trench
walls, reducing the risk of collapse.
3. Groundwater control: Implement measures to control groundwater within the
trench, such as dewatering or using wellpoints, to prevent water accumulation that
could weaken the soil and increase the risk of collapse.
4. Spoil management: Properly manage excavated soil (spoil) by placing it at a safe
distance from the trench edge to prevent additional load on the trench walls. Spoil
should not be stored near the edge or placed on top of the drag boxes.
5. Inspections and monitoring: Regularly inspect the trench and its surroundings to
identify any signs of instability, such as cracks, bulges, or slumping. Monitor the
trench conditions throughout the excavation process and address any issues
promptly.
6. Emergency response plan: Develop an emergency response plan that includes
procedures for evacuation, rescue, and emergency services notification in the event
of a trench collapse. Ensure workers are trained on these procedures and conduct
drills periodically.
By implementing these workplace control measures, the risk of trench collapse can be
significantly reduced, providing a safer working environment for those involved in the
installation of large diameter concrete water pipes.

14. Explain how safety signs are used in the workplace. (5)

Sufficient answers would include: Safety signs are used in situations where there is a
risk to health and/or safety that has not been avoided or controlled by other means;
they provide valuable information to those present in the workplace but do not, of
themselves, act as a physical control measure. In accordance with the approach set
out in the hierarchy of control, other more effective measures such as engineering
and procedural controls should be put in place before relying on safety signs.

Safety signs can be used to convey a number of types of message:

• mandatory signs instruct employees and others to take certain action, for example
wearing hearing protection in a noisy area;
• prohibition signs instruct employees and others not to do something, such as not
smoking;
 • warning signs inform those present in the workplace that a hazard exists in that
location and that they should therefore take care. Examples include warnings of the
presence of forklift trucks, live electrical circuitry, lasers and so on;
• safe condition signs indicate the position of first aid equipment or the route to an
emergency exit. The latter is particularly helpful for those who may be unfamiliar with the
building.

As safety signs are a form of one-way communication, there is no way of checking that
people have seen or understood them. This is why the use of safety signs is included toward
the bottom of the hierarchy of control.