8 Trigonometric identities

Music, when soft voices Many waves can be modelled as a sine curve. Estimate the wavelength and the
die, vibrates in the amplitude in metres of the wave in the picture above (see Figure 8.1).
memory —
y (m)
Percy Bysshe Shelley
a y = a sin bx
(1792–1822)

amplitude

O π 2π 3π x (m)
b b b

–a
wavelength

Figure 8.1

➜ Use your estimates to suggest values of a and b which would make

y = a sin bx a suitable model for the curve.

➜ Do you think a sine curve is a good model for the wave?

167

852985_08_MEI_Maths_Y2_4E_167-[Link] 167 03/07/17 9:44 AM

 Compound angle formulae

The photograph on the previous page shows just one of the countless examples
Prior knowledge of waves and oscillations that are part of the world around us. Because such
You need to be able phenomena are often modelled by trigonometric (and especially sine and cosine)
to use the general functions, trigonometry has an importance in mathematics far beyond its origins
formula for the area of
in right-angled triangles.
(1
a triangle 2 ab sin C )
and use exact values
of sin, cos and tan for 1 Compound angle formulae
common angles such as
60° or π radians. You
3 ACTIVITY 8.1
also need to be able to Hint: Try drawing graphs and
Find an acute angle  such that searching for a numerical
solve a trigonometric
equation and use small- sin ( + 60°) = cos ( − 60°). solution.
angle approximations –
see Review: The sine You should be able to find the solution to Activity 8.1 using the suggested
and cosine rules, and
method, but replacing 60° by, for example, 35° would make it more difficult to
Chapter 2 and Chapter 6.
find an accurate value for . In this chapter you will meet some formulae which
help you to solve such equations more efficiently.
It is tempting To find an expression for sin ( + 60°), you would use the compound angle
to think that formula
sin ( + 60°) f is the Greek letter phi.
sin ( + f) = sin  cos f + cos  sin f.
should equal
sin  + sin 60°, but this This is proved below in the case when  and f are acute angles. It is, however,
is not the case. For true for all values of the angles. It is an identity.
example, putting C
 = 30° gives
θ φ
sin ( + 60°) = 1, but a
b
sin  + sin 60° ≈ 1.366. h

A B
D

Figure 8.2 Area of a triangle = 21 ab sin C.

For the triangle in Figure 8.2

area of ABC = area of ADC + area of DBC
h = a cos φ from BDC. 1 1 h = b cosu from ADC.
2 ab sin(u + φ) = 2 bh sin u + 21 ah sin φ
1 1 1
⇒ 2 ab sin(u + φ) = 2 b( a cos φ )sin u + 2 a(b cosu )sin φ
1 1 1
⇒ 2 ab sin(u + φ) = 2 ab sinu cos φ + 2 ab cosu sin φ

Dividing through by 21 ab gives

sin(u + φ ) = sinu cos φ + cosu sin φ ①

This is the first of the compound angle formulae (or expansions), and it can be
used to prove several more. These are true for all values of  and f.
Replacing f by − f in ① gives The graph of y = sin f
The graph of y = cos f is has rotational symmetry
symmetrical about the sin(u − φ ) = sinu cos(−φ ) + cosu sin(−φ ) about the origin so
y-axis so cos (−f) = cos f. ⇒ sin(u − φ ) = sinu cos φ − cosu sin φ sin (−f) = −sin f.

168

852985_08_MEI_Maths_Y2_4E_167-[Link] 168 03/07/17 9:44 AM

 Hint:
ACTIVITY 8.2
1 There are four more compound angle formulae. Work through this activity in
8
sin (90° − A) = cos A order to derive them.
and
cos (90° − A) = sin A. (i) To find an expansion for cos ( − f) replace  by (90° − ) in the

Chapter 8 Trigonometric identities

expansion of sin ( + f).
(ii) To find an expansion for cos ( + f) replace f by (−f) in the expansion of
cos ( − f).
Hint: Divide the top (iii) To find an expansion for tan ( + f), write tan ( + f) as
and bottom lines by sin(u + φ )
cos  cos f to give an and use the expansions of sin ( + f) and cos ( + f).
cos(u + φ )
expansion in terms of
(iv) To find an expansion for tan ( − f) in terms of tan  and tan f, replace f
tan  and tan f.
by (−f) in the expansion of tan ( + f).
2 Are your results valid for all values of  and f? Test your results with
 = 60°, f = 30°.
Check that your results work for angles in radians.

The four results obtained in Activity 8.2, together with the two previous results,
form the set of compound angle formulae.

Compound angle formulae

sin(u + φ ) = sinu cos φ + cosu sin φ
sin(u − φ ) = sinu cos φ − cosu sin φ
cos(u + φ ) = cosu cos φ − sinu sin φ
cos(u − φ ) = cosu cos φ + sinu sin φ
tanu + tan φ
tan(u + φ ) = (u + φ ) ≠ 90°, 270°, …
1 − tanu tan φ
tanu − tan φ
tan(u − φ ) = (u − φ ) ≠ 90°, 270°, …
1 + tanu tan φ

You can now solve Activity 8.1 more easily. To find an acute angle  such that
sin ( + 60°) = cos ( − 60°),
expand each side using the compound angle formulae.
Expand the left-hand side:
sin ( + 60°) = sin  cos 60° + cos  sin 60°
1 sin u 3
= 2
+ 2
cosu ①

Expand the right-hand side:

cos ( − 60°) = cos  cos 60° + sin  sin 60°
1 cosu 3
= 2
+ 2
sinu ②

169

852985_08_MEI_Maths_Y2_4E_167-[Link] 169 03/07/17 9:44 AM

 Compound angle formulae

Be careful when Equating ① and ② gives

you divide by a 1 sin u + 3 1 cosu 3
cosu = + sinu
trigonometric 2
2 2 2
function – you must
always check that the So sin u + 3 cos u = cosu + 3 sin u Multiply each term by 2.
function is not equal ⇒
⇒
⇒ cosuuu −−−cos
333cos
cos cosuuu === 333sin
cos sinuuu −−−sin
sin sin
sinuuu
to zero, otherwise you Collect like terms.
will miss some of the ⇒
⇒
⇒ ((( 333 −−−1)cos
1)cosuuu ===((( 333 −−−1)sin
1)cos 1)sin
1)sinuuu
roots to the equation. ⇒
⇒
⇒ cosuuu === sin
cos
cos sin
sinuuu Divide each side by ( 3 − 1).
In this case you know
that cos  is not equal You need to rewrite the equation so it is terms of just one trigonometric ratio so
to zero (since cos  you can solve it.
is not equal to sin  cosu = sinu
when cos  = 0) so
you are safe to divide ⇒ 1 = sinu Divide each side by cos .
cosu
by it. Example 8.3 on ⇒ 1 = tanu
page 173 is another Use tan u ≡ sin u
⇒ u = 45° cos u
illustration of this.
Since an acute angle ( < 90°) was required, this is the only root.

Example 8.1 Simplify cos  cos 3 − sin  sin 3.

Solution
The formula which has the same pattern of cos cos − sin sin is
cos(u + φ ) = cosu cos φ − sinu sin φ
Using this, and replacing f by 3, gives
cos  cos 3 − sin  sin 3 = cos ( + 3)
= cos 4

Example 8.2
(
Find an approximate expression for cos π − u for small values of .
3 )
Solution
Expanding gives

(
3 )
cos π − u = cos π cosu + sin π sinu
3 3 Use exact values
1 cosu 3 π
for cos and
= 2
+ 2
sinu π 3
sin 3 .
So when  is small
2
cos u ≈ 1 − u
For small angles
and sin u ≈ u
2 in radians

( )  2
cos π − u ≈ 21 1 − u  + 23 u
3  2
1 3
≈ 2
+ 2
u − 41 u 2

170

852985_08_MEI_Maths_Y2_4E_167-[Link] 170 03/07/17 9:44 AM

 Exercise 8.1

① Use the compound angle formulae to expand tan (45° + ) = tan (45° − )
(iii)
8
each of the following expressions. (iv) 2 sin  = 3 cos ( − 60°)
(i) sin ( + 45°) (ii) sin (45° − ) (v) sin  = cos ( + 120°)

Chapter 8 Trigonometric identities

(iii) cos ( − 45°) (iv) cos ( + 45°) ⑦ Solve the following equations for values of  in
(v) tan ( + 45°) (vi) tan (45° − ) the range 0 <  < π.
② Match together the equivalent expressions. Give your answers as multiples of π where
appropriate.
cos  cos 3 − sin  sin 3
sin 2 cos  − cos 2 sin  (i) ( )
sin u + π = cos 
4
cos  cos  − sin  sin  (ii) cos(u − π ) = sin (u − π )
4 4
cos  cos  + sin  sin 
sin 2 cos  + cos 2 sin  (iii) 2 cos (u − π ) = cos (u + π )
3 2
sin  ⑧ (i)  Prove that
sin (A + B) + sin (A − B) ≡ 2 sin A cos B.
1
(ii) Hence solve
sin 3
cos 4 cos 2 + sin 4 sin 2
( ) (
sin u + π + sin u − π = 3
6 6 )
for 0 < u < 2π .
cos  cos  − sin  sin  ⑨ Prove the following identities.
cos 4 (i) cos (A + B) + cos (A − B) ≡ 2cos A cos B
cos 2 sin( A + B )
(ii) tan A + tan B ≡
cos A cos B
③ Use the compound angle formulae to find the
exact value of each of the following. ⑩ When  is small enough for 3 to be ignored,
find approximate expressions for the following.
sin 120° cos 60° + cos 120° sin 60°
( )
(i)

(ii) sin 120° cos 60° − cos 120° sin 60° (i) 2 cos π + u
3
(iii) cos 120° cos 60° + sin 120° sin 60° (ii) sin (a + ) sin  where a is not small

④
(iv) cos 120° cos 60° − sin 120° sin 60°

(i) By writing 75° as 45° + 30° find the exact

(iii) tan ( π −u
4 )
values of ⑪ (i) When  is small enough for 3 to be
(a) sin 75° (b) cos 75° (c) tan 75°
ignored, find approximate expressions for
the following.
(ii) By writing 15° as 45° − 30° find the exact
values of (a) sin u sin

 (6 )
π + u − sin π 
6 
(a) sin 15° (b) cos 15° (c) tan 15°
(b) 1 − cos 2
⑤ Use the compound angle formulae to write (ii) Hence find
each of the following as surds.
(i) sin 165° (ii) cos 105°
lim  (6 )
sin u  sin π + u − sin π 
6 
(iii) tan 285° θ →0 1 − cos 2u
⑥ Solve the following equations for values of  in
the range 0° <  < 180°.
(i) cos (60° + ) = sin 
(ii) sin (45° − ) = cos 

171

852985_08_MEI_Maths_Y2_4E_167-[Link] 171 03/07/17 9:45 AM

 Double angle formulae

⑫ A particle moves such that its displacement, ⑬ (i)  se a compound angle formula to write
U
d metres, from a fixed point O at time t down an expression for sin (x + h).
seconds is given by (ii) Rewrite your answer to part (i) using
d = 23 sin 12 t − 1 cos t for 0 t small-angle approximations for sin h and
2 12 < < 60.
cos h where h is small.
(i) Find the displacement at t = 0. Use your answer to part (ii) to write down
( )
(iii)
t −k
(ii) Show that d = sin and find
12 sin( x + h ) − sin x
an expression for .
the smallest positive value of k. h
(iii) Find the exact times that the particle is at O. sin( x + h ) − sin x
(iv) State lim h
.
h →0
(iv) State the maximum displacement of the
particle from O. Find the exact time that (v) Explain the significance of your answer to
the particle is furthest from O. part (iv).
(v) Is the particle ever −1 metres from O? ⑭ (i) ( π
)
Simplify tan 4 + u when  is small.
Explain your reasoning clearly. (ii) Use the binomial expansion for (1 + )−1
(vi) Sketch the curve to find a quadratic approximation for
t − 1 cos t for
d = 23 sin 12 2 12 0 < t < 60. ( 4 )
tan π + u when  is small.

2 Double angle formulae

Discussion points Substituting f =  in the relevant compound angle formulae leads immediately
➜ A s you work through to expressions for sin 2, cos 2 and tan 2, as follows.
these proofs, think
about how you can (i) Starting with sin(u + φ ) = sinu cos φ + cosu sin φ ,
check the results. when f = , this becomes
➜ Is a check the same
as a proof?
sin(u + u ) = sinu cosu + cosu sinu

giving sin 2 = 2 sin  cos .
(ii) Starting with cos(u + φ ) = cosu cos φ − sinu sin φ ,
when f = , this becomes
cos(u + u ) = cosu cosu − sinu sinu
giving cos 2 = cos2  − sin2 .
Using the Pythagorean identity cos2  + sin2  = 1, two other forms for
cos 2 can be obtained.
cos 2 = (1 − sin2 ) − sin2  ⇒ cos 2 = 1 − 2 sin2 
cos 2 = cos2  − (1 − cos2 ) ⇒ cos 2 = 2 cos2  − 1
These alternative forms are often more useful since they contain only one
trigonometric function.
(iii) Starting with tan(u + φ ) = tanu + tan φ (u + φ ) ≠ 90°, 270°, ... ,
1 − tanu tan φ
when f =  this becomes
tan(u + u ) = tanu + tanu
1 − tanu tanu
2 tan u    .
giving tan 2u = u ≠ 45°, 135°, ...
1 − tan 2 u

172

852985_08_MEI_Maths_Y2_4E_167-[Link] 172 03/07/17 9:45 AM

 Double angle formulae
sin 2 = 2 sin  cos  8
cos 2 = cos2  − sin2  You will need to decide
cos 2 = 1 − 2 sin2  which of the three
formulae for cos 2 is

Chapter 8 Trigonometric identities

cos 2 = 2 cos2  − 1 best for each situation.

tan 2u = 2 tan u2 u ≠ 45°, 135°, ....

1 − tan u

Compound angle and double angle formulae are used

n in solving trigonometric equations and proving identities
n to help you rewrite trigonometric functions into a form that you can
integrate or into a more convenient form for differentiation
n in modelling, for example finding the standard formula for the range of a
projectile in mechanics. See Chapter 21.

Example 8.3 Solve the equation sin 2 = sin  for 0° <  < 360°.

Solution
sin 2 = sin  Use sin 2 = 2 sin  cos .
⇒ 2 sin  cos  = sin  Gather terms on one side.
⇒ 2 sin  cos  − sin  = 0
Factorise.
Do not divide by ⇒ sin (2 cos  − 1) = 0
sin , otherwise ⇒ sin  = 0 or cos  = 21
you will lose the
roots to sin  = 0. sin  = 0 ⇒  = 0° (principal value) or 180° or 360° (see Figure 8.3).
y

1 y = sin θ

O 180° 360° θ

–1

Figure 8.3
1
cos  = 2 ⇒  = 60° (principal value) or 300° (see Figure 8.4).
y

1 y = cos θ
1
2

O 60° 300° 360° θ

–1

Figure 8.4
The full set of roots for 0° <  < 360° is  = 0°, 60°, 180°, 300°, 360°.

173

852985_08_MEI_Maths_Y2_4E_167-[Link] 173 03/07/17 9:45 AM

 Double angle formulae

When an equation contains cos 2, you will save time if you take care to choose
the most suitable expansion.

Example 8.4 Solve 2 + cos 2 = sin  for 0 <  < 2π.

S ince you are Solution

asked for roots Using cos 2 = 1 − 2 sin2  gives Using this form gives an
in the range equation in sin  only.
0 <  < 2π, you      2 + (1 − 2 sin2) = sin 
need to give the ⇒     2 sin2 + sin  − 3 = 0
roots in radians.
⇒ (2 sin  + 3)(sin  − 1) = 0
⇒ sin  = − 23 (not valid since −1 < sin  < 1)
or       sin  = 1.
Figure 8.5 shows that the principal value  = π is the only root for
2
0 <  < 2π.
y

1 y = sin θ

O ϖ ϖ 2ϖ θ
2

Figure 8.5

Exercise 8.2

① Simplify ④ Solve the following equations for

(i) 1 − 2 sin2 40° 0° <  < 360°.
(ii) sin 40° cos 40° (i) 2 sin 2 = cos 
(ii) tan 2 = 4 tan 
(iii)
2 tan 20°
1 − tan 2 20° (iii) cos 2 + sin  = 0

(iv) tan  tan 2 = 1

1 + cos 2u
② Simplify sin 2u (v) 2 cos 2 = 1 + cos 

③ Do not use a calculator in this question. ⑤ Solve the following equations for
−π <  < π.
Given that sin  = 53 find the exact values of
(i) sin 2 = 2 sin 
(a) cos  (b) tan  (c) sin 2
(ii) tan 2 = 2 tan 
(d) cos 2 (e) tan 2 Hint: Write the
(iii) cos 2 − cos  = 0
when  is (i) an acute angle and (ii) an obtuse expression as
(iv) 1 + cos 2 = sin2  an equation
angle.
(v) sin 4 = cos 2 in 2.

174

852985_08_MEI_Maths_Y2_4E_167-[Link] 174 03/07/17 9:45 AM

 ⑥ By first writing sin 3 as sin (2 + ), express
sin 21 u ≡ ± 1 − cos u
8
(iv)
sin 3 in terms of sin . 2
Hence solve the equation sin 3 = sin  for ( sin 21 u + cos 21 u )
2
(v) ≡ 1 + sinu
0 <  < 2π.
⑦ Solve cos 3 = 1 − 3 cos  for 0° <  < 360°. ⑨ (i)
4 ( 4 ) (
Show that tan π + u tan π − u = 1. )

Chapter 8 Trigonometric identities

⑧ Prove the following identities. (ii) Given that tan 26.6° = 0.5, solve tan  = 2
1 − tan 2 u ≡ cos 2
(i) without using your calculator. Give  to 1
1 + tan 2 u
decimal place, where 0° <  < 90°.
(ii) cos4 u − sin 4 u ≡ cos 2u
tan u (3 − tan 2 u )
(iii) ≡ tan 3u
1 − 3 tan 2 u

Prior knowledge 3 The forms r cos (q ± a), r sin (q ± a)

You need to be able to
use transformations
to sketch trigonometric
functions – see ACTIVITY 8.3
Chapter 6. Use graphing software to plot y = a sin u + b cos u for three different sets of
values of a and b. What shape is the resulting curve?
T
For each of your three curves, find values of r and a such that

(i) y = r sin ( + a) (ii) y = r cos ( + a)

give the same curve.

You probably noticed that expressions of the form a sin  + b cos  are the
same shape as the sine and cosine graphs, but they have been translated and
stretched. This suggests that expressions of this form can be written in the form
r cos(θ + α ) or r sin(θ + α ) where r and a are constants.
For example, to find a single expression for 4 sin  + 3 cos , you can match it to
the expression This is because the
r sin ( + a) = r (sin  cos a + cos  sin a). expansion of r sin ( + a)
has sin  in the first term,
It is then possible to find the values of r and a.
cos  in the second term
4 sin  + 3 cos  ≡ r (sin  cos a + cos  sin a) and a plus sign in between
them.
Equating coefficients of sin : 4 = r cos a
Equating coefficients of cos : 3 = r sin a.
You can now draw a right-angled triangle (Figure 8.6) to help you find the
values for r and a.

r = 32 + 42 r
=5 3 sin a = 3r
Note that the symbol
means 'the positive
α
4 square root of'. This is
4 cos a = r consistent with r being the
hypotenuse of the triangle
Figure 8.6 and so positive.

In this triangle, the hypotenuse, r, is 4 2 + 32 = 5.

175

852985_08_MEI_Maths_Y2_4E_167-[Link] 175 03/07/17 9:45 AM

 The forms r cos ( ± a), r sin ( ± a)

The angle a is given by

You only need to work
sin a = 3 and cos a = 45 and tan a = 3 ⇒ a = 36.9°.
out one of these; they 5 4
each give the same value So the expression becomes
for a.
4 sin  + 3 cos  = 5 sin ( + 36.9°).
The steps involved in this procedure can be generalised
Discussion point to write r
b
Describe the
transformations which a sin  + b cos  = r sin ( + a)
map y = sin x on to where α
a
y = 5 sin ( + 36.9°).
Figure 8.7
b a
r = a 2 + b 2 andsin a = cos a = tan a = b
a +b
2 2
a + b2
2 a
b a
r = a2 + b2 sin a = cos a = tan a = b
a +b
2 2
a +b
2 2 a

ACTIVITY 8.4 Notice that the expansion of

(i) Write y = 4 sin  + 3 cos  as a cosine cos(u − β )
function.
n starts with cos  …
Start by rewriting 4 sin  + 3 cos  as n and has a plus sign in the
3 cos  + 4 sin  and use the expansion middle …
of cos ( − b). n … just like the expression
(ii) Explain using transformations why 3 cos  + 4 sin .
the equation you found in part (i)
Note
and y = 5 sin ( + 36.9°) give the same graph.
The value of r will
always be positive, but
The method used in Activity 8.4 can be generalised to give the result
cos a and sin a may be
positive or negative, a cos  + b sin  = r cos ( − a)
depending on the values It is a good idea to sketch a right-angled
of a and b. In all cases, where triangle to help you work out r and a.
it is possible to find
b
an angle a for which r = a 2 + b 2 and sin a = cos a = a tan a = b
−180° < a < 180°. r r a

r = a2 + b2 sin a = b cos a = a tan a = b

r r a
You can derive alternative expressions of this type based on other compound
angle formulae if you wish a to be an acute angle, as is done in the next
example.

Example 8.5
(i) Express 3 sin u − cosu in the form r sin ( − a), where r > 0 and
Notice that the range 0 < a < π.
of a is given in radians. 2
This is telling you to work (ii) State the maximum and minimum values of 3 sin u − cosu .
the whole question in
radians. (iii) Sketch the graph of y = 3 sin u − cosu for 0 <  < 2π.
(iv) Solve the equation 3 sin θ − cos θ = 1 for 0 <  < 2π.

176

852985_08_MEI_Maths_Y2_4E_167-[Link] 176 03/07/17 9:45 AM

 Solution
(i) r sin ( − a) = r(sin  cos a − cos  sin a) Expand r sin ( − a). 8
= (r cos a) sin  − (r sin a) cos 

Chapter 8 Trigonometric identities

Compare the expansion ⇒ (r cos a) sin  − (r sin a) cos  = 3 sin u − cos u
with 3 sin u − cosu .
r cos a = 3 and r sin a = 1
Draw a right-angled triangle to help you find r and a.

Make sure you label the sides correctly ...

r = ( 3)2 + 12 r 1
1 sin  = so the ‘opposite’ is 1 ...
r
α
3 3
... and cos  = so the ‘adjacent’ is 3.
r

Figure 8.8
From the triangle in Figure 8.8
1 π
r = 3+1 = 2 and tan a = ⇒ a= 6
3

so 3 sin u − cosu = 2 sin u − π .

6 ( ) Substitute r and a into
r sin ( − a).

(ii) The sine function oscillates between 1 and −1, so 2 sin u −

oscillates between 2 and −2.
π
6 ( )
Maximum value = 2.
Minimum value = −2.

( )
The graph of y = 2 sin u − π is obtained from the graph of
(iii)
6
π
 
y = sin  by a translation of  6  and a stretch of scale factor 2

 0
 
parallel to the y-axis, as shown in Figure 8.9.
y
2

O π π π 7π 3π 2π 13π 5π q
6 2 6 2 6 2

–2

Figure 8.9

177

852985_08_MEI_Maths_Y2_4E_167-[Link] 177 03/07/17 9:45 AM

 The forms r cos ( ± a), r sin ( ± a)

(iv) The equation 3 sin u − cosu = 1 is equivalent to

2 sin u − π = 1
6 ( )
⇒ sin (u − 6 ) =
π 1
2
Find all the values of x in

Let x = (u − π ) and solve sin x =

the interval
1
6 2. 0 − π <  < 2π − π .
6 6
Solving sin x = 1 gives x = π (principal value)
2 6

or x = π − π = 5π (from the graph in Figure 8.10).

6 6
y

y = sin x

π
O π π –π x
6 6
Add
π to each x value
6
to find the values of .
Figure 8.10

(π
Since x = u − , then
6 ) π π π
=6 +6 = 3
5π π
or  = 6 + 6 = π.

π
The roots in the interval 0 <  < 2π are  = 3 and π.

Make sure you don’t miss out any roots.

n  o solve sin ( − a) = c for 0 <  < 2π by first solving sin x = c,
T
you need to find all possible values of x in the interval
0 + a < x < 2π + a.
n Find all possible values of x in the new interval before working out
the corresponding values of .

Using these forms

There are many situations that produce expressions that can be tidied up using
these forms. They are also particularly useful for solving equations involving both
the sine and cosine of the same angle.
The fact that a cos  + b sin  can be written as r cos (q − a) is an illustration
of the fact that any two waves of the same frequency, whatever their amplitudes,
can be added together to give a single combined wave, also of the same frequency.

178

852985_08_MEI_Maths_Y2_4E_167-[Link] 178 03/07/17 9:45 AM

 Exercise 8.3

① For each triangle in Figure 8.11, find the ⑤ Express each of the following in the form
8
exact value of r and the angle a, where a is in (a) r cos ( + a), where r > 0 and
degrees. π
0<a< 2

Chapter 8 Trigonometric identities

(i) (ii)
(b) r sin ( − a), where r > 0 and
r r π
2 3
0<a< 2.
α (i) cos  − sin 
α
5 2
(ii) 3 cos u − sin u

Figure 8.11 ⑥ Express each of the following in the form

r cos ( − a), where r > 0 and −180° < a < 180°.
② Expand each of the following.
(i) cos u − 3 sin u
(i) 3 cos(u − 30°)
(ii) 2 2 cosu − 2 2 sin u
(ii) 3 cos(u + 30°)
(iii) sin u + 3 cos u
(iii) 3 sin(u − 30°) (iv) 5 sin  + 12 cos 
(iv)3 sin(u + 30°) (v) sin u − 3 cos u
③ For each of the following functions find (vi) 2 sin u − 2 cos u
(a) the maximum and minimum values ⑦ (i)  xpress 5 cos  − 12 sin  in the form
E
(b) the smallest positive value of x for which r cos ( + a), where r > 0 and 0° < a < 90°.
the function is a maximum. (ii) State the maximum and minimum values
(i) f ( x ) = 2cos x − π
3 ( ) (iii)
of 5 cos  − 12 sin .
Sketch the graph of y = 5cos  − 12 sin 

(ii) f (x ) = (
2 cos x + π
3 ) (iv)
for 0° <  < 360°.
Solve the equation 5 cos  − 12 sin  = 4

2 ( 3)
1 sin u + π for 0° <  < 360°.
(iii)
⑧ (i) Express 3 sin u – 3 cos u in the form
1 r sin ( − a), where r > 0 and 0 < a < π .
( )
(iv) 2
2+ 2 sin u + π State the maximum and minimum values
3 (ii)
④ (i) Express each of the following in the form of 3 sin u – 3 cos u and the smallest
r cos ( − a), where r > 0 and 0° < a < 90°. positive values of  for which they occur.
(a) cos  + sin  (iii) Sketch the graph of y = 3 sin u – 3 cos u
(b) 3 cos  + 4 sin  for 0 <  < 2π.
(ii) Express each of the following in the form (iv) Solve the equation
r sin ( − a), where r > 0 and 0° < a < 90°. 3 sin u – 3 cos u = 3 for 0 <  < 2π.
(a) sin  − cos 

(b) 3 sin  − 4 cos 

179

852985_08_MEI_Maths_Y2_4E_167-[Link] 179 03/07/17 9:45 AM

 The forms r cos ( ± a), r sin ( ± a)

⑨ (i) Express cos u + 2 sin u in the form ⑩ (i)  xpress 2 sin 2 + 3 cos 2 in the form
E
r cos ( − a), where r > 0 and r sin (2 + a), where r > 0 and
0° < a < 90°. 0° < a < 90°.
(ii) State the maximum and minimum values (ii) State the maximum and minimum values
of cos u + 2 sin u and the smallest of 2 sin 2 + 3 cos 2 and the smallest
positive values of  for which they occur. positive values of  for which they occur.
(iii) Sketch the graph of y = cos u + 2 sin u (iii) Sketch the graph of y = 2 sin 2 + 3 cos 2
for 0° <  < 360°. for 0° <  < 360°.
(iv) State the maximum and minimum values (iv) Solve the equation 2 sin 2 + 3 cos 2 = 1
of for 0° <  < 360°.
1
3 + cos u + 2 sin u
and the smallest positive values of  for
which they occur.

Summary exercise

The previous exercises in this chapter and in Chapter 6 have each concentrated on just one technique at a time.
However, you will often have to choose the correct technique from the many that you have met.
In this exercise you will need to select appropriate formulae and techniques.
① Simplify each of the following. ④ Solve the following equations.
(i) 2 sin 3 cos 3 (i) sin ( + 40°) = 0.7
(ii) cos2 3 − sin2 3 for 0° <  < 360°
(iii) cos2 3 + sin2 3 (ii) 3 cos2  + 5 sin  − 1 = 0

2u for 0° <  < 360°

(iv) 1 − 2 sin

( )
2 π =1
(iii) 2 cos u −
(v) sin ( − a) cos a + cos ( − a) sin a 6
(vi) 3 sin  cos  for −π <  < π
sin 2u (iv) cos (45° − ) = 2 sin (30° + )
(vii)
2 sin u
(viii) cos 2 − 2 cos2 
for −180° <  < 180°
② Express (v) cos 2 + 3 sin  = 2
(i) (cos x − sin x)2 in terms of sin 2x for 0 <  < 2π
(ii) 2 cos2 x − 3 sin2 x in terms of cos 2x.
(vi) cos  + 3 sin  = 2
③ Prove that for 0° <  < 360°
1 − cos 2u ≡ tan 2 u (vii) sec2  − 3 tan  − 5 = 0
(i)
1 + cos 2u for 0° <  < 180°
(ii) cosec 2 + cot 2 ≡ cot 

(iii) 2 sin2( + 45) − sin 2 ≡ 1

4t(1 − t 2 )
(iv) tan 4u ≡ where t = tan .
1 − 6t 2 + t 4

180

852985_08_MEI_Maths_Y2_4E_167-[Link] 180 03/07/17 9:46 AM

 LEARNING OUTCOMES 8
Now you have finished this chapter, you should be able to
➤ understand and use the identities for sin (u ± φ ) , cos (u ± φ ), tan (u ± φ )

➤ know and use the identities for sin 2u , cos 2u , tan 2u

Chapter 8 Trigonometric identities

➤ write a cos u + b sin u in the equivalent forms r sin (u ± a ) and r cos (u ± a )

❍ use for finding maximum and minimum values

❍ use for solving equations

➤ use trigonometric identities

❍ in solving equations

❍ in proofs

❍ to solve problems in context.

KEY POINTS
1 Compound angle formulae
sin(u + φ ) = sinu cos φ + cosu sin φ
sin(u − φ ) = sinu cos φ − cosu sin φ
cos(u + φ ) = cosu cos φ − sinu sin φ
cos(u − φ ) = cosu cos φ + sinu sin φ
tanu + tan φ
tan(u + φ ) = (u + φ ) ≠ 90°, 270°, ...
1 − tanu tan φ
tanu − tan φ
tan(u − φ ) = (u − φ ) ≠ 90°, 270°, ...
1 + tanu tan φ
2 Double angle formulae
sin 2 = 2 sin  cos 
cos 2 = cos2  − sin2 
cos 2 = 1 − 2 sin2 
cos 2 = 2 cos2  − 1
tan 2u = 2 tan u2 u ≠ 45°, 135°, ...
1 − tan u
3 The r, a form
a sin  + b cos  = r sin ( + a)  where r = a2 + b2
a sin  − b cos  = r sin ( − a) 
cos a = a
a cos  + b sin  = r cos ( − a)  r

a cos  − b sin  = r cos ( + a) 
sin a = b
r

r
b

α
a

Figure 8.12

181

852985_08_MEI_Maths_Y2_4E_167-[Link] 181 03/07/17 9:46 AM

 9 Further differentiation

Nothing takes place Many physical systems, such as a simple pendulum or swing or a mass on an
in the world whose elastic spring, can be modelled as having displacement–time graphs which
meaning is not that have a sine wave shape.
of some maximum or
minimum.
Leonhard Euler (1707–1783)
Displacement

O Time

Figure 9.1

To be able to perform calculations involving velocity and acceleration for these

systems, you need to be able to differentiate the sine function.

➜ Think of some other situations in which it would be useful to be able to

differentiate functions other than polynomials.

182

852985_09_MEI_Maths_Y2_4E_182-[Link] 182 03/07/17 9:46 AM