PROJECTION

Dr. SUNIL KUMAR SINGH A

DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY
G.D. COLLEGE, BEGUSARSI
EQUAL AREA PROJECTION
A map projection is said to be equal area or
homolographic if area of a country shown on it is
equal to the area of the same country on the
globe constructed on the scale on which the map
projection has been drawn.
It is drawn when comparison of area is required.
However, the shape of the shown area is
distorted.
If the scale is large along the parallels, the scale
along the meridian is reduced and an vice –
versa.
EQUAL AREA PROJECTION
Inequality is seen between the scale along the
parallels and along the meridians, shape of the
area are deformed on the equal area projection.
Since comparison of area is necessary when the
distribution of commodities is shown, these
projections are used mainly for showing the
distribution of population, animals, area under
forest, area under agriculture crop etc.
EG. OF EQUAL AREA PROJECTION
Cylindrical Equal Area Projection
Bonne’s Projection
Zenithal Equal Area Projection
Sinusoidal Projection
Mollweide’s Projection
ORTHOMORPHIC PROJECTION
Orthomorphic Projection is also known as
conformal projection. It means true shape.
In this projection, the parallels and meridians
intersect each other at right angle and the scale
along the parallel and meridian is the same at a
point.
If the scale along the parallel is increased, the
scale along the meridian is also increased so that
the scale along the parallel and meridian is the
same at a point.
ORTHOMORPHIC PROJECTION
Owing to these properties, the confirmal
projection preserves the shape of small areas that
is the shape of very small countries appear on
the projection as it appears on the globe.
The scale is however different in the different
part of the projection.
The shape of large area are not preserved on this
projection.
Eg. Mercator’s Projection and Stereographic
Projection.
ORTHOMORPHIC PROJECTION
In the case of Mercator’s Projection, the
exaggeration in the shape of area increases away
from the equator, and in case of the
Stereographic Projection (Polar Case), the
exaggeration in the shape of area increases away
from the centre of the Projection.
These projection are useful for preparing general
purpose maps, showing relief, drainage system,
ocean currents, wind direction.
Mercator’s projection is highly used for
navigation purpose.
CLASSIFICATION OF PROJECTION
There are two ways of classification of Map
Projection.
First is, the principle involved in the their mode
of development and
Second is, the group or family to which they
belong.
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON THE MODE OF
THEIR DEVELOPMENT

Perspective Map Projection

Non Perspective Map Projection
Conventional Map Projection
PERSPECTIVE MAP PROJECTION

The word perspective means the art of

representing solid objects on a flat surface in
such a way as to give the same impression of
relative distance, size etc., as the object them
selves do when viewed from a certain point.
In a perspective map projection the parallels and
meridians of the globe are represented on a
surface geometrically from a point.
PERSPECTIVE MAP PROJECTION

There are three types of surface on which the

parallels and meridians of the globe are
transferred , they are
A cylinder in which the globe is placed
A cone which is placed on the globe in such a way
that its apex is vertical above the north or south
Pole
A plane which is placed tangentially to the globe
at the north or south Pole.
The cylinder or cone being developable surface
are unrolled into flat surface.
PERSPECTIVE MAP PROJECTION

The projection developed on a cylinder is called

as cylindrical Perspective Map Projection
The projection developed on a cone is called as
conical Perspective Map Projection
The projection developed on a plane is called as
Zenithal Perspective Map Projection
POSITION OF VIEWING
There are three position of viewing
The centre of the Globe
A point on the Globe antipodal to the surface on
which the projection is drawn, and
Infinity
The position of viewing and the nature of the
surface are selected with a view to develop a
particular property in the projection.
NON – PERSPECTIVE MAP PROJECTION
In pure form very few perspective map
projections are useful.
To make them useful they have been greatly
modified
Being modified to great extent they remain no
longer geometrical and are, therefore, called as
non-perspective projection.
They are so modified as to acquire any one or
more of the following useful properties such as
Equal area, Orthomorphic or General Purpose
NON – PERSPECTIVE MAP PROJECTION
The Non – Perspective Map Projection meet a
number of requirements and so they are more
useful than the perspective map projection.
Some example of Non-Perspective Projections
are:
Mercator’s or Cylindrical Orthomorphic
Projection.
Bonne’s Projection
Zenithal Equal area Projection etc.
CONVENTIONAL PROJECTION
These projection do not fall in the system of
zenithal, conical and cylindrical projection.
In these projection the parallels and meridians
are drawn arbitrarily so as to make the graticule
of a projection more useful for specific purpose.
They are drawn generally for showing the whole
world.
Eg. Sanson – Flamsteed or Sinusoidal Projection
and Mollweide’s Projection.
PROPERTIES AND USES OF MAP PROJECTIONS
SIMPLE CYLINDRICAL MAP PROJECTION
Parallels and meridians are straight lines
Meridians intersect the parallels at right angles.
The distance between the parallels and those of the
meridians remains the same throughout the projection
All the parallels are of the same length and every one of
them are equal to the length of the equator .
The length of the equator in this projection is equal to the
length of the equator on the globe, where as the pole which
is a point on the globe is equal to the length of the equator
on this projection, thus all point away from the equator is
exaggerated.
All the meridians are of the same length and every one of
them is equal to half the length of the equator on this
projection. Therefore e, scale is correct along the
meridians.
The projection is not equal area nor orthomorphic
USES
A narrow belt along the equator can be shown
fairly correctly on this projection. Since it is
neither equal area nor orthomorphic, maps on
this projection are used for general purpose only.
Scale around the meridian is correct, there fore a
narrow strip of land running north south
direction and crossing the equator is shown fairly
on this projection.
CONICAL PROJECTION
When the image of the network of parallels and
meridians is projected on a developable cone, we
obtain a conical projection.
PERSPECTIVE CONICAL PROJECTION
A perspective conical Projection is one which is
derived by projecting the image of the network of
parallels and meridians of a globe on a
developable cone which touches the globe along
the latitude called the standard parallel.
SIMPLE CONICAL PROJECTION WITH ONE
STANDARD PARALLEL

A simple conical projection is an improved

version of the perspective conical projection.
This projection also has only one standard
parallel which is true to scale.
All the parallels are drawn as concentric circles.
It differs from the perspective conical projection
in the spacing of the parallels.
CONTINUED…
In the perspective conical projection the distance
between the parallels increases progressively as
one moves north or south of the standard
parallel, but, in a simple conical projection the
parallels are drawn at equal intervals.
As a result the distortion in shape and area from
the standard parallel is considerably minimized.
SIMPLE CONICAL PROJECTION WITH ONE
STANDARD PARALLEL
SIMPLE CONICAL PROJECTION WITH ONE
STANDARD PARALLEL

This projection is a modified version of the

perspective conical projection.
Its parallels forms arc of concentric circle and are
equally spaced.
The standard parallel is the only parallel which
is truly divided and hence it is the only parallel
along which the scale and the distance are
correct.
The meridians converge toward the poles and are
equally spaced along the parallels.
The vertex of the cone do not represent the pole.
SIMPLE CONICAL PROJECTION WITH ONE
STANDARD PARALLEL

Distance between the parallels is the same along

all the meridians.
Distance along the meridians is fairly accurate.
Shape and area represented are generally well
maintained along the standard parallel.
Great circle can represented by near straight line
any where on the projection and are straight
lines along the meridians.
It is not used for world map because there are
extreme distortion in the hemisphere opposite to
the one in which the standard parallel is selected.
SIMPLE CONICAL PROJECTION WITH ONE
STANDARD PARALLEL

Evan within the same hemisphere, distortion

towards the poles and equator are large enough
to discourage its use for representing a
hemisphere.
It is most suited for mapping middle latitudes
area of limited latitudinal and large longitudinal
extent.
SIMPLE CONICAL PROJECTION WITH TWO
STANDARD PARALLEL

The simple conical projection with one standard

parallel can be further improved by selecting two
standard parallels.
Procedure for drawing this projection: draw a
circle or a quadrant of a circle with a given earth
radius. And then, draw the angels of latitude for
the two standard parallel and the selected
interval along the parallel and the meridian.
As a cone resting on a sphere cannot touch it
along two parallels tangentially, it is made to cut
across the sphere keeping the strips of the sphere
between the two standard parallels outside the
cone.
SIMPLE CONICAL PROJECTION WITH TWO STANDARD PARALLEL
SIMPLE CONICAL PROJECTION WITH ONE STANDARD PARALLEL ,
GRAPHICAL METHOD.
SIMPLE CONICAL PROJECTION WITH TWO
STANDARD PARALLEL
As in the case of simple conical projection, in this projection
too the parallels are drawn as arcs of concentric circles and
are equally spaced.
The meridians appear as straight lines and converge at the
vertex.
The scale is true along the parallels.
Distance are reduced between the standard parallel and
are increased outside them.
The pole is represented by an arc of the circle.
It does not coincide with the centre of the circle
representing the parallels.
The interval between meridians on any given parallels are
equal, but they are progressively reduced as one goes pole
wards.
This projection is suited for areas extending over 50
degrees latitude such as Canada, Russia and to some
extent China.
BONNE’S PROJECTION
This projection is modified type of simple conical
projection.
It has only one standard parallel but each parallel is
truly divided.
It is an equal area projection.
All the parallels are equi-spaced and drawn as
concentric circles from a common centre.
The central meridian cuts all the parallels at right
angle and the standard parallel cuts all the meridians
at right angle.
The length of the parallel is true with respect to the
globe, and distance between any two given parallel
along the central meridian is true and constant.
Only standard parallel and central meridian intersect
at right angle…so shape is distorted away from the
standard parallel and central meridian.
BONNE’S PROJECTION
BONNE’S PROJECTION - PROPERTIES
Parallels are arc of concentric circles, equi-spaced
and truly divided; distance along them are true,
but they are not true between them except along
the central meridian.
Except for the central meridian all meridians are
curved lines; the central meridian intersects the
parallel at right angle; away from the central
meridian, the intersection become oblique, and
therefore the shapes of area get distorted.
It is not an orthomorphic projection.
It is often used to represent continents like
Europe, North America and Australia. Not suited
for Asia
ZENITHAL PROJECTION
To construct a zenithal projection, light is thrown
on a plane which is placed tangentially on a
transparent globe.
The projection formed by this process is also
called as Azimuthal.
If the light is placed at the centre of the globe the
projection is called Gnomonic, if it is placed at a
point diametrically opposite to the point where
the plane touches the globe it is called
stereographic projection, and if light is placed at
infinity to caste parallel rays, we get an
orthographic projection.
SUB DIVISION OF ZENITHAL PROJECTION
Gnomonic : Polar, Equatorial, Oblique
Stereographic: Polar, Equatorial, Oblique
Orthographic: Polar, Equatorial, Oblique
Thus we get nine type of zenithal projection.
GNOMONIC POLAR

In this projection the parallels are concentric

circles, the distance between them increases
away from the pole.
In this projection all meridians are shown in
straight lines, and also the great circles are
shown as straight lines, so the shortest distance
between any two point on earth can be easily
found. The distance from the parallels and
meridians increases from the centre.
This projection is very useful for small areas in
polar region.
GNOMONIC : EQUATORIAL

In this projection the equatorial is represented by

straight line, all other parallels are curved.
Meridians are great circles and are projected as
straight lines.
Both area and shape is distorted away form the
centre.
This projection can be used to show small areas
in the equatorial region.
STEREOGRAPHIC: POLAR
In this projection the distances increases away from
the centre but the rate of increase in slow than what
it is in the case of Gnomonic Polar Projection.
The meridians are straight lines radiating from a
common centre, the direction from the centre to any
point is correct, scale increase away from the centre.
The shape of area shown in this projection is not
distorted.
It is an orthomorphic projection.
This projection is highly used for astronomical
projection as the circle on the sphere remains a circle
on this projection. This projection can also used for
showing the hemisphere maps.
ORTHOGRAPHIC : POLAR

In this projection the parallels are concentric circles,

the distance between them decreases away from the
centre.
The parallels are concentric circles, not equi-spaced.
The distance between them decreases away from the
poles.
As in the case of all Zenithal projection, the direction
from the centre to any other point on this projection
also is correct.
Scales along the parallel is correct and hence distance
along them are correctly represented.
This is not the case, in case of the meridians, because
of the excessive shortcomings of scale along the
meridians, both the area and shape are excessively
distorted away from the centre.
ZENITHAL EQUIDISTANCE PROJECTION(
POLAR CASE)
It is a non-perspective projection. The parallels are drawn
at their true distance from one another. Because of this
character it called a equidistance projection.
In this projection one of the pole forms the centre of the
projection.
Parallels are concentric circles equally spaced from one
another.
Meridians are straight lines. Scale along the meridians are
correct, hence distance and direction from the center to any
point on this projection is correct.
Scale along the parallels are not correct and hence the
distance along them are distorted. The excessive
divergence of the meridian out wards distorts the area. It is
neither an orthomorphic nor an equal area projection.
This projection is useful to show one hemisphere is the
objective is to show correct distance and direction from the
centre of the projection. Large areas cannot be shown, it is
extensively used for polar areas between 90* to 50*
ZENITHAL EQUAL AREA PROJECTION
(POLAR)
It is also called as Lambert’s Azimuthal Equivalent
Projection and Lamberts equal area projection. It is
also a non perspective projection.
This projection is made equivalent by compensating
the increase in scale along parallels with a
proportional decrease in scale along meridians. The
area of a one of the projection is equal to the area of
the corresponding zones on the globe.
On this projection the parallels are drawn as
concentric circles, but they are not equi-spaced. The
spacing between them decreases outward from the
centre.
The scale along the parallel is increasingly
exaggerated away from the centre.
ZENITHAL EQUAL AREA PROJECTION
(POLAR)
The radial compression of the meridian is
proportionate to the enlargement of scale along
the parallels. This make it an equal area
projection.
The direction form the center are also correct.
CONVENTIONAL PROJECTION
Globular Projection
Mollweide Projection
Sinusoidal
Hammer
GLOBULAR PROJECTION
It is one of the easiest and most popular one.
On this projection the hemisphere is represented by a
circle.
The equator and central meridian is a straight line
and equally divided to have number of meridians and
parallels.
Parallels are arc of circle joining the points on the
central meridian. Similarly join the north and south
pole by the division on the equator.
This projection is highly arbitrary in matter of
cartographic details.
The parallels and meridians except the equator and
the central meridian, do not intersect at right angle,
because of the inequality in scale both along the
parallels and between the meridians shape get
distorted away from the centre of the projection.
GLOBULAR PROJECTION
GLOBULAR PROJECTION
As the between the parallels tends to increase
away from the central meridian, areas also get
distorted away from the central towards the
margins.
It is neither an equal area nor an orthomorphic
projection.
Never the less this is often used to show
hemisphere in atlas for the simple reason of its
simplicity.
MOLLWEIDE PROJECTION

Unlike the globular projection, the Mollweide’s

Projection can show the globe in one network.
It is an equal area projection and maintains the
shape fairly well in the equatorial, tropical and
mid-latitude areas.
The network of the Mollweide’s projection is
drawn in an ellipse the area of which equals the
area of the globe.
The ellipse of the projection is so drawn that it
doubles the area of the circle encompassing 90* E
and West of the central meridian.
MOLLWEIDE PROJECTION
MOLLWEIDE PROJECTION
The parallels are straight line parallels to the
equator. They are non equi spaced. Except for the
central meridian all meridians are elipse.
This projection is an equal area projection, the
scale along the parallel differ from parallel to
parallel.
The shape gets too exaggerated in the margins ,
it is therefore not a conformal or orthomorphic
projection.
Being an equal area projection it is used for
showing the distribution of various things
especially in the equatorial, tropical and mid
latitude area.
SINUSOIDAL PROJECTION
This projection is a special case of Bonne’s
projection with equator as a standard parallel.
It is an equal area projection, the equator is
represent as a straight line, all parallels are
parallel to the standard parallel and are straight
lines.
The central meridian and parallels are correctly
divvied as in the case of Bonne’s Projection.
This projection is used for distributional data , it
is not suitable for continents extending in the
equatorial and mid latitudes.
SINUSOIDAL PROJECTION
THANK YOU
Practical of the projections will be completed in
the class.