Volcanos are hills or mountains that form when molten material erupts from Earth’s

interior through the crust.

- Usually form over hot spots in Earth’s mantle or at places where tectonic
plates diverge (separate) or converge (come together)
During an eruption, pressure builds up inside the Earth and forces molten magma to
the surface

- When magma reaches the surface, it is called lava

- Magma is hotter than smelted iron
- When lava cools, it forms igneous rock
- Over time, this rock builds up and creates a variety of land forms

Volcanic mountains form in different shapes and sizes

- Composite volcanos have the most violent eruptions and can create huge
mountains (Example: Mt. Reneer in Washington)
- Shield volcanos are shaped like a bowl or shield with long, gentle slopes and
bases several miles wide. They have mild eruptions but can be huge in size
(Monoloa in Hawaii is the largest in the world)
Pacific Ring of Fire is from the tip of South America, along the west coast of North
America, through Asia, and south to New Zealand.
Eruptions can form craters and calderas (Large bull-shaped depressions made when
a volcano collapses after a major eruption empties the magma chamber) An
example of this is the Yellowstone Caldera.

- Craters can fill with water and form crater lakes

- Magma below these can heat groundwater and cause geothermal features
including geysers, hot springs, and mud pits

Earthquakes show the enormous energy hidden under the Earth’s crust

- Crust is made of huge, slowly moving rocks called tectonic plates

- When they slide in opposite directions, they can get tangled up which puts a
gigantic strain of rock as the plates untangle with a jerk, and the Earth shakes
- In a few seconds, an earthquake can destroy an entire city
- The point where the strain is released is called the epicenter, where the
earthquakes are the strongest and shocks spread from all directions from the
epicenter

Rotation of the Earth

  What is rotation?
o Rotation is the spinning of the Earth on its axis.
o The Earth spins around an imaginary line called the axis. The
axis goes from the North Pole to the South Pole.
 How long does it take?
o The Earth takes about 24 hours (1 day) to complete one full
rotation.
 What does rotation cause?
o Day and Night: As the Earth rotates, different parts of the Earth
face the Sun and get sunlight (day), while other parts are in the
shadow and experience darkness (night).
 Why is the Earth's rotation important?
o It gives us the cycle of day and night.
o The Earth's rotation also causes a slight bulging at the equator
(the middle of the Earth).

Revolution of the Earth

 What is revolution?
o Revolution is the movement of the Earth around the Sun.
o The Earth follows a path called an orbit which is an elliptical
shape (like a stretched circle).
 How long does it take?
o The Earth takes about 365.25 days (1 year) to complete one full
revolution around the Sun.
 What does revolution cause?
o Seasons: As the Earth revolves around the Sun, different parts
of the Earth get more or less sunlight, which causes the seasons
(spring, summer, fall, winter).
o The tilt of the Earth’s axis (about 23.5 degrees) plays a big role
in causing the seasons.

Key Differences Between Rotation and Revolution

Rotation Revolution
Spinning of Earth on its Movement of Earth around the
axis Sun
Takes 24 hours (1 day) Takes 365.25 days (1 year)
Causes day and night Causes the seasons
1. Earth's Rotation: Importance to Our Daily Lives

 Day and Night Cycle:

o Earth's rotation gives us the cycle of day and night.
o As the Earth spins on its axis, different parts of the world face the Sun,
creating day for those areas, while the other side experiences night.
o This cycle is essential for our daily routines—work, school, sleep, and
activities are all based on this pattern.

 Timekeeping:
o A day is based on Earth's rotation. The time system (24-hour clock) is
structured around this cycle.
o It helps us set times for work, appointments, meals, and other
daily activities.

 Tides:
o The rotation of the Earth and the gravitational pull of the Moon affect
ocean tides. High and low tides impact coastal activities such as
fishing, boating, and beachgoing.

 Weather Patterns:
o Earth's rotation also influences the weather and wind patterns. It
helps create the Coriolis Effect, which causes winds to move in
different directions, impacting how air circulates around the Earth.
This, in turn, affects climate and weather patterns.

2. Earth's Revolution: Importance to Our Daily Lives

 Seasons:
o Earth's revolution around the Sun, combined with its tilted axis, is
responsible for the four seasons: spring, summer, fall, and winter.
o Seasons affect:
 Agriculture: Farmers plant and harvest crops based on the
seasons.
 Clothing: The weather during different seasons tells us what
kind of clothes to wear.
 Outdoor Activities: In winter, people might go skiing, while in
summer, people go swimming or hiking.
 Energy Use: We use more heating in winter and cooling (air
conditioning) in summer depending on the temperature
changes caused by the seasons.

 Length of the Year:

o The Earth’s revolution gives us the year (365.25 days). This is
important for tracking time, celebrating birthdays, holidays, and
other yearly events.
  Position of the Sun:
o As Earth revolves around the Sun, the angle and intensity of
sunlight change throughout the year. This affects how much sunlight
we get, which is important for our health (Vitamin D) and the growth
of plants.

3. How Earth’s Rotation and Revolution Impact Daily Life

Together

 Biological Clocks (Circadian Rhythms):

o The 24-hour rotation of the Earth helps synchronize our internal
biological clocks, also known as circadian rhythms. This influences
our sleep-wake cycles, energy levels, and overall health.

 Navigation and Travel:

o The rotation helps people navigate time zones. The revolution helps
predict sunrise and sunset times, which are important for scheduling
activities, especially for farmers and outdoor workers.

 Climate and Agriculture:

o The combination of rotation and revolution also affects the
climate in different regions of the world. For example, areas near the
equator (where the Earth’s rotation is fastest) experience more
consistent weather, while regions near the poles experience more
extreme seasonal changes.

Conclusion: The Importance to Our Daily Lives

In summary, both the rotation and revolution of the Earth are crucial to
how we live every day. The rotation gives us day and night, time, tides, and
weather patterns, while the revolution creates seasons, affects how we live
throughout the year, and plays a key role in the environment, agriculture,
and our daily activities.

By understanding the Earth’s movements, we can better organize our time,

prepare for changes in weather, and plan our activities based on the
seasons. These movements are the foundation of our natural rhythms and
are essential to our survival and well-being.

2 types of planets: Terrestrial & Jovial

Terrestrial: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars
- Made of rocky material
- Solid surfaces
- Do not have ring systems
- Very few/no moons
- Relatively small
Jovial: Jupiter, Saturn (Gas Giants), Uranus, Neptune (Ice Giants)
- Multiple moons
- Support ring systems
- No solid surface
- Immense in size

Mercury: Smallest planet & shortest orbit in the Solar System

Venus: Hottest planet with temperatures up to 867 degrees F, atmosphere of
carbon dioxide & extensive lava flows.
Earth: Water systems help create only environment to sustain life
Mars: Might have supported life about 3.7 billion years ago, once had a
watery surface and moist atmosphere
Gas Giants: Predominantly made of helium & hydrogen
Ice Giants: Contain rock, ice, and mixture of water, methane, and ammonia
Jupiter: Largest planet
Saturn: 2nd largest planet, rings are wide enough to fit between the Earth &
moon (282,000 km) but are barely a kilometer thick
Uranus: Rotates on its side
Neptune: Outer most planet (4.5 billion km from the sun), one of the coldest
(-353 degrees F)
1. Changes on the Earth’s Surface as a Result of Earthquakes and
Volcanic Eruptions (S6ES-IVa-1)
Earthquakes:
 How Earthquakes Change the Surface:
o Shaking of the ground: When an earthquake happens, the
ground shakes, causing cracks or fault lines in the Earth's
surface.
 o Landforms: Earthquakes can create landslides (when soil or
rock slides down a slope) and tsunamis (huge ocean waves that
can flood coastal areas). They can also cause the ground to sink
or rise in certain places, changing the shape of the land.
o Buildings and Infrastructure: Earthquakes can destroy
buildings, roads, and bridges, causing big changes in the
landscape.
Volcanic Eruptions:
 How Volcanic Eruptions Change the Surface:
o Lava flow: When a volcano erupts, it shoots out hot lava, which
can flow over the land, creating new volcanic rock and
landforms. This can make the area bigger.
o Ash and gas: Volcanic eruptions release ash and gas into the
air, which can cover large areas and make the ground more
fertile but also dangerous.
o Craters: After a volcano erupts, it can leave behind a crater—a
large hole in the ground where the volcano used to be.
2. What to Do Before, During, and After Earthquakes and Volcanic
Eruptions (S6ES-IVb-2)
Before an Earthquake:
 Prepare your home: Secure heavy furniture, glass, and other items
that could fall during the shaking.
 Create an emergency plan: Know where to meet your family if
you're separated and make sure everyone knows the safest place to go
during an earthquake (e.g., under a sturdy table or against an interior
wall).
 Pack an emergency kit: Include water, food, first-aid supplies,
flashlight, and batteries.
During an Earthquake:
 Drop, Cover, and Hold On: Drop to the ground, take cover under
something sturdy (like a table), and hold on until the shaking stops.
 Stay indoors: Stay inside, away from windows and walls, and do not
run outside until the shaking stops.
After an Earthquake:
  Check for injuries: Help anyone who is hurt and get medical help if
necessary.
 Check for hazards: Look out for gas leaks, fires, and structural
damage. Be careful when walking around, as there may be fallen
debris or broken glass.
 Stay informed: Listen to the radio or use your phone to check for
updates and emergency instructions.
Before a Volcanic Eruption:
 Know evacuation routes: Plan ahead for how to leave if a volcano is
about to erupt.
 Stay informed: Pay attention to warnings from local authorities or
scientists who monitor the volcano’s activity.
During a Volcanic Eruption:
 Stay indoors: If you're far from the volcano, stay inside to avoid ash
and toxic gases.
 Wear a mask: If you have to go outside, wear a mask to protect your
lungs from inhaling volcanic ash.
 Evacuate if needed: If the eruption is close and authorities order
evacuation, do so immediately.
After a Volcanic Eruption:
 Stay away from the volcano: Even after the eruption, lava can still
be hot, and the ground can be unstable.
 Wear protective clothing: If you go outside, wear goggles and a face
mask to protect from ash.
 Help with cleanup: If you are safe to do so, help clear ash from
homes and roads to restore normal life.
3. How Ideas on Philippine Weather and Climate Affect Daily Lives
The weather and climate in the Philippines, being a tropical country, affect
daily activities and decisions in several ways:
 Rainy and Dry Seasons:
o During the rainy season (June to November), people need to
prepare for heavy rainfall, floods, and even typhoons. This
 affects how people travel, where they live, and what activities
they can do.
o During the dry season (December to May), people have to deal
with hot temperatures, which affect things like water use,
agriculture (like rice or corn farming), and health (heat strokes,
dehydration).
 Typhoons: The Philippines is hit by typhoons almost every year.
People need to have emergency plans in place for evacuation,
protecting their homes, and keeping themselves safe from floods and
strong winds.
 Temperature and Humidity: High temperatures and humidity can
affect people's comfort and health. People might wear lighter clothes,
drink more water, and seek cooler areas to avoid heat-related
problems.
 Agriculture: Farmers need to know when to plant and harvest crops
based on the weather. They also need to protect their crops from
extreme weather, like heavy rains during typhoons or drought during
the dry season.
4. Rotation and Revolution of the Earth and How They Create Day
and Night and Seasons (S6ES-IVef-5)
 Earth’s Rotation:
o The Earth rotates on its axis (an imaginary line running through
the North and South Poles). It takes 24 hours to make one
complete rotation, which is why we have day and night.
 When one side of the Earth faces the Sun, it's daytime.
The opposite side is in darkness, which is nighttime.
 Earth’s Revolution:
o The Earth also revolves (or orbits) around the Sun, taking about
365 days to complete one full circle. This causes seasons:
 When the Earth is tilted towards the Sun, it’s summer in
that part of the world, and when it’s tilted away, it’s
winter.
 In between, we have spring and fall. The tilt of the Earth
and its revolution around the Sun make the amount of
sunlight different in each season, creating warmer or
cooler temperatures.
5. Comparing the Planets of the Solar System (S6ES-IVgh-6)
Here’s a quick comparison of the planets in our solar system:
 Mercury: The closest planet to the Sun. It’s very hot during the day
and freezing at night because it has no atmosphere to trap heat.
 Venus: Similar in size to Earth but extremely hot, with thick clouds
that trap heat (called the greenhouse effect).
 Earth: The only planet known to support life, with the right
temperature, water, and oxygen.
 Mars: Known as the Red Planet, it has cold temperatures and is the
planet we are most interested in exploring for life.
 Jupiter: The largest planet in our solar system, made mostly of gas. It
has a famous storm called the Great Red Spot.
 Saturn: Known for its rings, made of ice and rock particles. It’s a gas
giant like Jupiter.
 Uranus: A planet that rolls on its side because of its tilted axis. It has a
cold atmosphere and is made of ice and gas.
 Neptune: The farthest planet from the Sun, with strong winds and a
cold, dark atmosphere.
Each planet is unique in its size, composition, and features, but they all orbit
the Sun in the same way.

. If you think that the effects of volcanic eruptions and

earthquakes on the surface of our planet are beneficial, post a
thumb's up icon and name at least 3 benefits.
[Link] you think that the effects of volcanic eruptions
and earthquakes on the surface of our planet are beneficial,
post a thumb's down icon and name at least 3 harmful
effects.
👍 Beneficial Effects:
Soil Fertility: Volcanic ash can enrich the soil with essential minerals
like potassium, phosphorus, and magnesium, making the land more
fertile for agriculture.
Geothermal Energy: Volcanic regions are often a source of
geothermal energy, providing a sustainable and renewable energy
source.
Creation of Landforms: Volcanic eruptions and earthquakes can
create new landforms, like islands or mountain ranges, which can be
valuable for ecosystems and human settlement.
👎 Harmful Effects:

Loss of Life: Both volcanic eruptions and earthquakes can lead to

significant loss of life and destruction of communities.
Environmental Damage: Eruptions can cause widespread
deforestation, air pollution, and contamination of water sources.
Displacement: Earthquakes and volcanic activity can force large
populations to relocate, often leading to long-term economic and
social challenges.

How are the planets similar to and different from each other?
Similarities Between the Planets
Orbit the Sun: All the planets in the Solar System orbit the Sun due
to its gravitational pull. This common characteristic is fundamental
to their nature as planets.

Spherical Shape: Due to gravity, all the planets are roughly

spherical in shape, as gravity pulls matter toward the center,
creating a round form.

Atmospheres (or Lack Thereof): Most planets have atmospheres

(though some are very thin, like on Mercury), which are composed
of gases that may support weather patterns, climates, or protection
from space radiation.
Presence of Moons: Most planets have natural satellites (moons),
though the number and size of these moons vary widely across the
planets.

Undergo Similar Processes: All planets experience basic geological

processes like erosion, impacts from space debris, and internal
heating. Some, like Earth and Venus, show volcanic activity or
tectonic movement, while others, like Mars, show evidence of past
geological activity.

Differences Between the Planets

Size and Composition:

Inner Planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars): These are rocky

planets with solid surfaces, smaller sizes, and higher densities.
Outer Planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune): These are gas
giants (Jupiter, Saturn) and ice giants (Uranus, Neptune), with deep
atmospheres made of hydrogen, helium, and other gases or ices,
and they are much larger and less dense.
Atmospheric Conditions:

Earth: Earth's atmosphere is composed primarily of nitrogen and

oxygen, supporting life.
Venus: Venus has a thick, toxic atmosphere dominated by carbon
dioxide, with crushing atmospheric pressure and extreme heat.
Mars: Mars has a very thin atmosphere, mostly carbon dioxide, and
experiences extreme temperature fluctuations.
Jupiter and Saturn: These gas giants have thick atmospheres with
clouds made of ammonia, methane, and other gases, with extreme
winds and storms (e.g., Jupiter's Great Red Spot).
Distance from the Sun:
Inner Planets: These are closer to the Sun, which makes them
warmer (except for Mercury, which has extreme temperature
fluctuations).
Outer Planets: These are far from the Sun and are much colder, with
extremely low temperatures on their surfaces and atmospheres.
Rotation and Day Length:

Jupiter: Has the shortest day in the Solar System, completing a full
rotation in just under 10 hours.
Venus: Has an extremely slow rotation, with a day (one full rotation)
longer than its year (its orbit around the Sun).
Earth and Mars: These planets have days that are closest to 24
hours, allowing for a familiar day-night cycle.
Presence of Rings:

Saturn: Famous for its stunning rings, made of ice, dust, and rock
particles.
Other Planets: Jupiter, Uranus, and Neptune also have rings, but
they are less prominent than Saturn's.
Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars: These planets do not have ring
systems.
Surface and Geological Features:

Earth: Unique for its active plate tectonics, oceans, and diverse
landscapes, supporting a wide range of life.
Mars: Known for its giant volcanoes (like Olympus Mons) and deep
canyons (like Valles Marineris).
Venus: Has vast plains of volcanic rock and extensive craters, with
surface conditions that are hotter than Mercury despite being
farther from the Sun.
Gas Giants: No solid surfaces, instead consisting of layers of gas
and liquid, with storms like Jupiter's Great Red Spot.
Presence of Life:
Earth: The only planet known to support life in any form, with water,
an atmosphere, and a stable climate.
Other Planets: No known life has been found elsewhere, though
Mars and some moons of outer planets (like Europa and Enceladus)
are considered potential places where life might exist, or have
existed in the past.
Summary
Similarities: All planets orbit the Sun, have a spherical shape, and
experience some geological processes.
Differences: They vary greatly in size, composition (rocky vs. gas/ice
giants), atmospheric conditions, surface features, and distance from
the Sun.

Studying the planets in our Solar System is important because it

helps us understand the origins of the Solar System, provides
insights into the possibility of life elsewhere, aids in the
development of space exploration technologies, and teaches us
about planetary conditions that could be valuable for future human
missions. Moreover, it can help protect Earth from potential space
hazards, enhance our understanding of our own planet, and expand
our scientific knowledge of the universe.