HUMANBODY
TISSUES
PRESENTED BY:
Ms. Deepshikha David
Assistant professor
• TISSUE: DEFINITION
The word ‘Tissue’comes from an old French verb
meaning ‘to weave’
• Definition:
“Tissues are aggregates or groups of cells organized
to pe orm one or more specific functions.”
“Tissues are a group of cell that have similar
structure, act together to per form specific function
and have same origin.”
“A tissue is a group of cells that usually have a
TISSUES
Histology (histo- = tissue; logy = study of) is the science
that deals with the study of tissues.
A pathologist is a physician who examines cells and
tissues to help other physicians make accurate diagnoses.
TISSUE
Human body isSmade up of four basic
tissues: epithelial tissue, connective
tissue, muscular tissue and nervous tissue.
Epithelial tissue:
Covers body sur fa ces and lines hollow organs, body
cavities, and ducts. It also forms glands. (Origin Ectoderm)
Connective tissue:
Protects and suppor ts the body and its organs. Various
types of connective tissue bind organs together, store
energy reserves as fat, and help provide immunity to
disease-causing organisms. (Origin Mesoderm)
Muscular tissue:
Generates the physical force needed to make body
structures move and generates body heat.
Nervous tissue:
Detects changes in a variety of conditions inside and
outside the body and responds by generating action
potentials (nerve impulses) that activate muscular
contractions and glandular secretions. (Origin Ectoderm)
TISSUES
Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Muscular tissue Nervous tissue
Cells i. Ce
A.Simple a. i. Fibroblasts i. Sk ntral
epithelium ii. Fibrocytes eletal nervous
i. Squamous b. Adipose /fat cells muscles system
ii. Cuboidal c. Plasma cells ii. Sm ii. Periphera
iii. Columnar d. Mast cells ooth iii. l nervous
iv. Pseudostratifie e. Macrophages muscles
d f. Leucocytes iii. Cardiac system
B. Stratified g. Pigment cells muscles Autonomi
epithelium h. Mesenchymal c nervous
i. Transitional cells system
ii. Stratified Fibres
squamous non i. Collagen fibres
- ii. Elastic fibres
keratinized iii. Reticular fibres
iii. Stratif
i e d
EPITHELIAL
TISSUE
• Consists of cells arranged in continuous sheets, in
either single or multiple layers.
• The cells are closely packed and are held tightly
together by many cell junctions, there is lit tl e
intercellular space between adjacent plasma
membranes.
• Epithelial tissue forms coverings and linings
throughout the body. It is never covered by
another tissue, so it always has a free su ace.
Apical (free) Lateral su aces
su ace
Epithelium
Basal su ace Nerve
Blood vessel
Basal
lamina Basement
Reticular membran
lamina e
Connective
tissue
By Gladys Stephen M.Pharm
EPITHELIAL
TISSUE
Epithelial tissue lines the extern & interna
sur
al faces of our body. It can be ectodermal
l, mesodermal and endodermal in origin.
Function:
i. Protection-Selective barriers that limit or aid the
transfer of substances into and out of the body;
Protective sur faces that resist the abrasive influences of the
environment.
ii. Secretion- Secretory sur faces that release products
produced by the cells onto their free su aces;
iii. Absorption
FUNCTIONS OF EPITHELIAL
TISSUE
Covering and Lining Epithelium
Classified according to two characteristics:
arrangement of cells into layers
shapes of the cells
Arrangement of cells into layers
Simple epithelium
Pseudostratified epithelium
Stratified epithelium
Based on the shapes of the cells
Squamous cells
Cuboidal cells
Columnar cells
Transitional cells
Epithelial Tissue can fu her classified as;
A. Simple epithelium
B. Compound epithelium
A. Simple Epithelium
• Its made of a single layers of cell
• Its subdivided into 4 types
i. Squamous epithelium
ii. Cuboidal epithelium
iii. Columnar epithelium
iv. Ciliated epithelium
An epithelium is called as simple when
all the cells rest on the basement
membrane.
Types of covering and lining epithelia are as follows:
I. Simple epithelium
A. Simple squamous epithelium
B. Simple cuboidal epithelium
C. Simple columnar epithelium (nonciliated and
ciliated)
D. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium (nonciliated
and ciliated)
II. Stratified epithelium
A. Stratified squamous epithelium (keratinized and
nonkeratinized)*
B. Stratified cuboidal epithelium*
C. Stratified columnar epithelium*
D. Transitional epithelium
i. Squamous epithelium- is
one in which cells are flat tened with nuclei raising a
bulge in the cell. It allows
rapid exchange of substances through it. e.g.
epithelial lining of alveloi .
I. Squamous epithelium
The squamous epithelium is composed of epithelial cells that are
par ticularly flat, cells are wider than tall, and appear polygonal
when viewed atop. It gives a smooth, low-friction sur face, which
allows easy movement of fluids over it.
ii. Cuboidal epithelium- is one in which cells
are like a square where height of the cell is
equal to the width of the cell. The nucleus
is central and round. Its main function
is absorption and secretion e.g. epithelial
lining of follicles of thyroid gland.
II. Cuboidal epithelium
This type of epithelium consists of a single layer of cuboidal (cube
-like) cells which have large, spherical and central nuclei.
iii. Columnar epithelium- is the one wherein
the height of the cells is greater than the
width of the cells. The nuclei is basal and
Functions of
ve ically elongated.a columnar cell are
protection, secretion and absorption. e.g.
epithelial lining of fallopian tubes.
Cilia
Single layer of
column of rectangular
cells
Basement
membrane
III. Columnar epithelium
The columnar epithelium is composed of epithelial cells that are
column-shaped. The cell comprising the columnar epithelium is
taller than it is wide. Its height is approximately four times its
width.
IV. Ciliated Columnar epithelium
Ciliated epithelium is a thin tissue that has hair-like structures on it.
These hairs, called cilia, move back and for th to help move par ticles
out of our body. We find ciliated epithelial tissue in our respiratory
tract and in the fallopian tubes of women.
Nonciliated Simple Columnar
Epithelium
Description:
Single layer of nonciliated column-like cells with
nuclei near base of cells; contains goblet cells
and cells with microvilli in some locations.
Location:
Lines the gastrointestinal tract (from the
stomach to the anus), ducts of many glands,
and gallbladder.
Function:
Secretion and absorption.
Nonciliated
Small simple
intestine columnar
epithelium
Sectional view of nonciliated simple columnar
epithelium of lining of jejunum of small intestine
Mucus in
goblet cell Nonciliated simple
Nucleus of Columnar epithelium
goblet cell
Basement
membrane
By Gladys Stephen M.Pharm
d) Pseudostratified columnar
epithelium:
Description : Not a true stratified tissue; nuclei of cells
different levels; all cells are at tached to basement membrane,
are at
but not all reach the apical sur face.
Location: Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium lines the
airways of most of upper respiratory tract; pseudostratified non-
ciliated columnar epithelium lines larger ducts of many glands,
epididymis, and par tof male urethra. Function: Secretion and
movement of mucus by ciliary action.
Pseudostratified
Trachea Epithelial layer
cilia
Photomicrograph: pseudostratified
columnar epithelium lining the human trachea (570x).
a) Stratified squamous epithelium:
Description: Several layers of cells; cuboidal to columnar shape in deep
layers; squamous cells form the apical layer and
several layers deep to it; cells from the basal layer replace sur face cells as
they are lost.
Location: Keratinized variety forms super ficial layer of skin; non-
keratinized variety lines wet sur faces, such as lining of the
mouth, esophagus, pa of larynx, pa of pharynx, and vagina, and covers
the tongue.
Function: Protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion
Mouth, pa of larynx,
pharynx
Photomicrograph: Stratifiedsquamous epithelium lining
the esophagus (285x).
Stratified
squamous
epithelium
Stratified
squamous
epithelium
b) Stratified cuboidal epithelium (Rare)
Description: Two or more layers of cells in which the
cells in the apical layer are cube-shaped.
Location: Ducts of adult sweat glands, salivary gland,
mammary gland and par tof male urethra.
Function: Protection and limited secretion and
absorption. salivary
gland
Stratifiedcuboidal
epithelium
Photomicrograph: Stratifiedcuboidal epithelium
Forming salivary glandduct
c) Stratified columnar epithelium
(Rare)
Description: Several layers of irregularly shaped cells;
only the apical layer has columnar cells.
Location: Lines pa of urethra, large excretory ducts of
some glands, such as esophageal glands, small areas
in anal
mucous membrane, and pa of the conjunctiva of the
eye. male urethra
Function: Protection and secretionStratifiedcolumnar
epithelium
Photomicrograph: Stratifiedcolumnar epithelium
Lining male urethra
II. Transitional epithelium
Its composed of multi layers of cells (4 to 6 layers)
These cells are called transitional because they can
undergo a change in their shape and structure
Also called urothelium because it lines urinary ducts,
urethra, urinary bladder and renal calyxes
Its variable in appearance
In relaxed state its looks like stratified cuboidal epithelium,
while when stretched the cells become squamous shaped.
Location:
• Found urinary ducts, urethra, urinary bladder and renal
calyxes
Umbrella cells
Polyhedral Cells /
Intermediate cells
Columnar /
Cuboidal
cells
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Most abundant and widely distributed tissues in the
body.
has a variety of functions.
• It binds together, suppo s, and strengthens
other body tissues;
• protects and insulates internal organs;
• compa mentalizes structures such as skeletal
muscles;
• serves as the major transpo system within
the body (blood, a fluid connective tissue);
• is the primary location of stored energy
reserves (adipose, or fat, tissue); and
• is the main source of immune responses.
Fibers can be collagenous, which bind bones to
tissues;
Elastic fiber, which allow organs like the lungs to move;
or reticular fiber, which provide physical suppo to cells.
• Connective tissue also allows oxygen to diffuse
from blood vessels into cells.
• About 1 in 10 people are have a disorder
involving connective tissue.
• Some connective tissue disorders include
sarcomas, Ma an syndrome, lupus, and scurvy,
which is a Vitamin C deficiency that leads to
General Features of Connective Tissue
Consists of two basic elements:
Extracellular matrix and cells
• Extracellular matrix is the material located between
its widely spaced cells.
• It consists of protein fibers and ground substance,
the material between the cells and the fibers.
• It is secreted by the connective tissue cells and
determines the tissue’s qualities.
• E.g. in car tilage, the extracellular matrix is firm but
pliable. But the extracellular matrix of bone, by
contrast, is hard and inflexible.
• Do not usually occur on body sur faces, are highly
vascular.
Connective Tissue Cells
The types of connective tissue cells are
Fibroblasts
Adipocytes
Mast cells
White blood cells
Macrophages
Plasma cells
By Gladys Stephen M.Pharm
CELLS
a. i. Fibroblasts- the cells which synthesize
collagen fibres, elastic fibres and lays down
matrix are know as fibroblasts.
ii. Fibrocytes- when the fibroblasts mature
they are known as fibrocytes.
b. Adipose / fat cells- they are rounded cells
but they are usually present in group, they get
mutually compressed so may have variable
shape. They have fat globule in their
cytoplasm which pushes the nucleus to
periphery giving the cell signet ring
appearance. Their function is to store fat in
their cytoplasm.
c. Plasma cells- rounded to ovoid basophilic
cells with ca wheel nucleus. They are rich in
rER . Their func tion is to synthesize
FAT CELLS
PLASMA CELLS
CART
WHEEL
NUCLEUS
PLASM
A
CELLS
d. Mast cells- they are involved in
inflammatory reactions.
e. Macrophages- their function is to engulf
various foreign par ticles.
f. Leucocytes- White Blood Cells are
known as leucocytes. They are
neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils,
basophils and monocytes. They have
defensive action.
g. Pigment cells- impor tbrown color to the skin
when they are present in epidermis. Their
presence offers protection against ultraviolet
FIBRES
a. Collagen fibres- they are flexible but offer
great tensile strength. They found in
tendons, ligaments a n d a l l k i n d s
connective tissues.
b. Elastic fibres- they can stretch and then
come back to their normal size when
stretching force is relieved. They are
found in ligamentum nuchae, ligamentum
flava and in the wall of large ar teries.
c. Reticular fibres- they are special type of
collagen fibres and can be seen only by
Connective tissue can be :
A. General connective tissue:
a. Loose connective tissue
b. Dense connective tissue
c. Mucoid tissue
d. Adipose tissue
B. Specialized connective tissue: this comprises of
bones, ca ilages an hemolymphoid tissue.
a. Ca ilage – Hyaline ca ilage, elastic car tilage,
fibrocar tilage
b. Bone- made up of organic & inorganic
substances.
c. Hemolymphoid tissue- blood & lymphatics fall
DENSE REGULAR CONNECTIVE
TISSUE
• It is a regular arranged bundles of
collagen fibres in which fibroblasts are
arranged in rows.
• They are tough and white in colour.
• It is present mainly in ligaments, tendons
and aponeuroses.
FUNCTION- It allow the tissues to withstand
pulling force, thusb conferring great
strength to the tissue.
DENSE IRREGULAR CONNECTIVE
TISSUE
• It is a irregular arrangement of collagen
fibres in the form of sheets.
It is present mainly in the:-
• Dermis of the skin
• Pericardium
• Hea valves
• Perichondrium (surrounding the ca ilage)
• Periosteum (surrounding the bone)
• connective tissue sheaths of nerves and
vessels and capsules of organs and
Function- it causes the tissues to
withstand pulling forces exe ed in
various directions.
LIQUID CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Blood and lymph
MUSCULAR
TISSUE
There are three types of muscles namely-
a. Skeletal muscle- they help in locomotion
e.g. biceps femoris.
b. Smooth muscles- they are present in the
viscera of our body e.g. muscle in the wall
of stomach.
c. Cardiac muscle- it is seen only in the
hear t. Contraction of this muscle helps
in pumping of blood throughout our
body.
NERVOUS TISSUE
It consists of central nervous system,
peripheral nervous system and autonomic
nervous system. It helps in sending different
kinds of information to brain and bringing its
responses back from brain to the effector
organ.
