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Oceanography: Key Concepts and Features

The document covers key concepts in oceanography, including the hypsography of the ocean floor, properties of seawater, and thermohaline circulation. It details the various ocean floor provinces, the physical and chemical characteristics of seawater, and the residence time of elements within it. Additionally, it outlines major water masses in the world's oceans and their temperature and salinity variations.

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33 views31 pages

Oceanography: Key Concepts and Features

The document covers key concepts in oceanography, including the hypsography of the ocean floor, properties of seawater, and thermohaline circulation. It details the various ocean floor provinces, the physical and chemical characteristics of seawater, and the residence time of elements within it. Additionally, it outlines major water masses in the world's oceans and their temperature and salinity variations.

Uploaded by

thisisnikke
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

OCEANIC SCIENCE

Madhu Rajput
UNIT I : OCEANOGRAPHY

1) Hypsography of the Ocean Floor

2) Physical and Chemical Properties of Sea Water and their Spatial Variation

3) Residence Time of Elements in Sea Water

4) Introduction to Thermohaline Circulation and Ocean Conveyor Belt

5) Major Water Masses of the World’s Oceans


1) Hypsography of the Ocean Floor
Provinces of Ocean Floor

(a) Continental Margins


(b) Deep Ocean Basins
(c) MORs
Passive and Active Continental Margins
Which Features Do We Find There?

▪ Continental Shelf ▪ Ocean Trenches


▪ Continental Slope ▪ Volcanic Arcs
▪ Submarine Canyons ▪ MORs
▪ Continental Rise ▪ Hydrothermal Vents
▪ Abyssal Plains ▪ Fracture Zone
▪ Volcanic Peaks ▪ Oceanic Islands
Submarine Canyons Hydrothermal Vents

Sea water hot springs


Formed by turbidity currents (under
(a) Warm water vents : Temp < 30° C
water avalanches) resembling flash
(b) White smokers : Temp 30°-350° C
floods on land
(c) Black smokers : Temp > 350 ° C
2) Physical and Chemical Properties of Sea Water and Their
Spatial Variation

(a) Salinity

Major constituents which comprise 99% salinity

Salinity variation with latitude


Salinity variation with depth
Processes
affecting
sea
water
salinity
(b) pH
Carbonate buffering system

Ocean surface water pH : 8.0 – 8.3

Average pH : 8.1
(c) Density

Pure water : 1 g/cc


Sea water : 1.022 – 1.030
g/cc
Average : 1.027 g/cc
Temperature variation with Depth
Density variation with Depth
3) Residence
Time of
Elements in
Sea Water
ELEMENTS RESIDENCE TIME

Cl- 80 Million Years

Na+ 60 Million Years

Mg2+ 10 Million Years

SO42- 9 Million Years

K+ 6 Million Years

Ca2+ 1 Million Years

P 0.7 Million Years

Mn 7000 Years

Fe & Al 100 Years


4) Introduction to Thermohaline Circulation and
Ocean Conveyor Belt
Find
1) Greenland sea
2) Gulf of Mexico
3) Labrador sea
4) Mediterranean sea
5) North Atlantic ocean
6) Strait of Gibraltar
7) Southern Ocean
8) Indian Ocean
9) Pacific Ocean
▪ Warm currents
▪ Cold currents
▪ Upwelling
▪ Downwelling
▪ Wind driven currents (Surface currents)
▪ Density driven currents (Deep currents)
5) Major Water Masses of the World’s Oceans

▪ Temperature
▪ Salinity
a) Surface water masses e) Antarctic Circumpolar Water mass
b) Central water masses f) sub-Arctic water mass
c) Equatorial water masses g) Deep Sea water masses
d) Intermediate water masses
- Antarctic Intermediate water
- Arctic Intermediate water
- Mediterranean Intermediate water
- Red Sea Intermediate water
GYRES

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