CBSE Class 11 Biology

Important Questions
Chapter 22
Chemical Coordination and Integration

1 Marks Questions

1.What are hormones.

Ans. Hormones (endocrines) are the secretions of endocrine glands.

2.Name the gland of emergency.

Ans. Adrenals.

3.Which gland secrete glucagon?

Ans. Pancreas.

4.Distinguish between diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus.

Ans. Diabetes mellitus is caused due to less secretion of Insulin by β cells of Islet of
langerhans in pancreas. Diabetes insipidus is caused due to less secretion of ADH
(vasopressin) by posterior pituitary gland.

5.Name the hormones of fight or flight.

Ans. Adrenaline and nor – adrenaline.

6.Name the hormone secreted from outermost cellular layer of adrenal cortex?

Ans. Aldosterone, a mineral ocorticoid.

7.What is the function of Leydeig’s cells?

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Ans. Leydig cells or interstitial cells of the testes secretes testosterone hormone. It stimulates
the development of external male sex characters such as beards, moustaches and low pitch
voice is man & stimulates the formation of sperms in testis.

8.Name the gland which secrets vasopressin.

Ans. It is secreted by posterior part of the pituitary gland.

9.Name one mineralocorticoid.

Ans. Aldosterone.

10.Which two systems coordinate and regulate physiological functions of our body?

Ans. Neural system and endocrine system.

11. What is the role of melanocyte stimulating hormone?

Ans. Acts on melanocytes and regulates pigmentation of skin.

12.Name the hormones which act antagonistically in order to regulate calcium Levels in
the blood.

Ans. Thyrocalcitonin (TCT) and parathyroid hormone (PTH).

13. Give the names of any one glucocorticoid and one mineral corticoid.

Ans. Glucocorticoid – Cortical ; Mineralocorticoid – Aldosterone.

14. How does arterial natriuretic factor decreases blood pressure?

Ans. By dilation of the blood vessels.

15. Which structure is funned from ruptured follicle in females ?What is its role?

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Ans. Corpus luteum which secrets progesterone.

16. immunityy of old persons becomes very weak. Give reason.

Ans. Thymus gland degenerates with age.

17. What happens if a person suffers from prolonged hyperglycemia?

Ans. Gets affected by diabetes mellitus which causes loss of glucose through urine and
formation of harmful ketone bodies.

18.What are the two modes through which the hypothalamus causes the release of
hormones by pituitary gland?

Ans. Through hypothalamic neurons conteol anterior pituitary gland. Through neutal
regulation controls posterior pituitary gland.

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 CBSE Class 12 Biology
Important Questions
Chapter 22
Chemical Coordination and Integration

2 Marks Questions

1.Differentiate hormone & neurohormone?

Ans.

Hormone Neurohormone
1. Secreted by endocrine glands. 1. Secreted by neuro – secretary cells.
It stimulates the growth &
It stimulates the secretion of hormones of
2. metabolism of endocrine glands 2.
pituitary.
and body cells.

2.What are gonadotropics?

Ans. These are the gonad stimulating hormones secreted by the anterior lobe of pituitary
e.g.- follicle stimulating Hormone and prolactin.

3.Why oxytocin is called as ‘birth hormone’?

Ans. Oxytocin causes the contraction of smooth muscles of uterus during child birth. So it is
called ‘birth hormone’.

4.What usually can cause over secretion of parathormone in human body? List any two
effects on the body because of this hormone.

Ans. A tumors in parathyroid glands causes the over secretion / hypersecretion of

parthormone. Due to demineralization, the bones become deformed and are early fractured.
If untreated, it can lead to osteitis fibrosa cystica disease in human beings.

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5.What is the function of pineal gland?

Ans. It secretes a hormone the melatonin. It reduces the reproductive activity and may also
delay the sexual development in an individual.

6. Explain the hormones of kidney and GI tract.

Ans. Kidney – Juxtaglimerular cells of kidney secrete a peptide hormone called

erythropoietin. It stimulates erythropoiesis or formation of RBC’s of blood-

G – I tract – The endocrine cells found in various parts of gastro-intestine tract secrete 4
peptide hormones –

Gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin (CCK) as well as gastric Inhibitory peptide or GIP.

7.In general, how steroid hormones do effects changes in their target cells.

Ans. Steroid hormones are lipid soluble. These quickly pass through plasma membrane of a
target cell into the cytoplasm. There they bind to intercellular receptor proteins and form a
complex. This complex enters the nucleus and binds itself to specific regulatory sites on the
chromosomes. This binding changes gene expression and stimulates transcription of same
genes. It may repress some other genes. Finally in RNA acts for protein synthesis. The lipid
soluble hormones are slow in action. They are last longer hormones.

8.What is corpus luteum? How does it function as a endocrine gland?

Ans. Corpus luteum is the structure formed by the ruptured ovarian follicle after ovulation.
- It secrets the hormone progesterone, which is necessary for pregnancy changes.

9.Name the gland that functions as a biological clock in our body where it is located?
Name its one secretion.

Ans. Pineal gland functions as biological clock in our body.

Location – It is located on the dorsal side of the forebrain.
Secretion – It secretes melatonin.

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 CBSE Class 12 Biology
Important Questions
Chapter 22
Chemical Coordination and Integration

3 Marks Questions

1.Describe the physiological functions & disorders of thyroid gland.

Ans. Thyroid gland consists of a two lobed structure in the region of larynx. It secretes the
hormone thyroxin which contains Iodine the thyroxin stimulates the rate of cellular

oxidation and control the basal metabolic rate. It also maintains balance of the Ca++ in blood
thyroid hormones also promotes growth of body tissues both physical growth and mental
development are stimulated.

They stimulate tissue differentiation because of this action they promote metamorphosis of
tadpoles into adult frogs.

Thyroid secretes the hormones which stimulate all metabolic actions. They are controlled by
hormones secreted by anterior pituitary gland.

Disorders –

1) Hyperthyroidism :- It reduces the basic metabolic rate

2) Cretinism:- The delayed growth (mental, bodily and sexual). The patient is pot – bellied
and pigeon – cheated and has a protruding tongue.

3) Myxodema (Adult) :- Dry coarse skin, loss of hair, reduced cerebration, temperature and
pulse rate, slowed speech. The patient gains weight, reproductive failure and has a puffy
appearance and lacks alertness.

2.Write full form of ADH and describe how it affects the functioning of kidney tubules.

Ans. ADH – Anti diuretic hormone

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It affects kidney tubules in following ways –

1) It renders the distal convoluted tubule, collecting tubule and collecting duct of the
nephrons permeable water so that water is reabsorbed from filtrate in these segments and
urine becomes hypertonic.

2) It also regulates the arterial blood pressure.

3.Differentiate between exocrine, endocrine & heterocrine glands.

Ans.

Exocrine glands Endocrine glands Heterorine glands

It is partly endocrine & partly
1. It has a duct It is ductless gland.
exocrine
Their secretions are Their secretions are Endocrine part releases
carried by the ducts to the carried by blood to the hormones into blood stream
2. internal parts or body target organs e.g. while exocrine part into ducts
surface e.g salivary gland Parathyroid, pituitary and associated with it e.g.
in mouth. adrenals. pancreas, ovary’s, testis.

4.Name the T3 and T4 components of thyroid hormone. Explain their specific function.

Ans. T3 = Thyroxin. It contains 4 atoms of iodine.

T4 = Triiodothyroxine. It has 3 atoms of iodine

T3 and T4 have identical effects on target cells. They are called together as TH (Thyroid

hormone)

They : 1) regulate metabolic rate

2) regulate metabolism

3) help in metamorphosis of frog.

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5.Differentiate between vitamin, hormone & enzyme.

Ans.

Vitamin Hormone Enzyme

It is not carried by the
1. It is carried in the food. It is carried by the blood.
blood.
It is used up during the It is consumed during the It remains unchanged
2.
process. metabolic reaction. after the reaction.
It is produced by an It is produced by exocrine
3. It is obtained from food.
endocrine gland. gland.
It may be organic acid,
It is glycoprotein, steroid or It is always proteinaceous
4. amide, amine, ester, alcohol
polypeptide. in nature.
or steroid.
It act as a stimulating
5. It act as coenzyme. It act as a biocatalyst.
substance.
It excess as well as
Its deficiency causes deficiency causes many It is required in small
6.
deficiency diseases. hormonal disorders & amount.
diseases.

6.A patient was complaining of frequent urination, excursive thirst, hunger and
tiredness. His fasting glucose level was found higher than 130 mg / dL an two occasions :

(i) Name the disease

(ii) Give the root cause of this disease \
(iii) Explain why the blood glucose level is higher than 130 mg / dL.

Ans. (i) The disease is diabetes mellitus.

(ii) It is caused by under secretion of insulin resulting in hyperglycemia.

(iii) In the absence of insulin, the following functions are impaired.

- utilization and uptake of glucose by adipocytes and hepatocytes.
- Conversion of glucose into glycogen by the above target cells.

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 CBSE Class 12 Biology
Important Questions
Chapter 22
Chemical Coordination and Integration

5 Marks Questions

1. Name the hormone that regulates each of the following and mention the source of it.

1) urinary elimination of water.

2) storage of glucose as glycogen.

3) Na+ and K+ metabolism.

4) Basal metabolic rate

5) Descent of testes iota scrotum

Ans.

Activity Hormone Source

Urinary elimination of
1. ADH Posterior pituitary
water.

Storage of glucose as Insulin

2. Islets of langerhans
glycogen Glucagon

3. Na+ & K+ metabolism Aldosterone Adrenal cortex

4. Basal Metabolic Rate Thyroxin, Triidothyroxin Thyroid gland

Descends of testis into

5. FSH Anterior pituitary
scrotum

2. Explain the Hormones of adrenal gland and their action on target tissue in a tabular
from.

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Ans.

Endocrine glands &

Principal Action Target tissue
Hormones

They control electrolyte and water

metabolism.

Mineral corticoids The increase blood level of Na+ and water.

1. Kidney tubules
(Aldosterone) They decrease blood levels of K+ by
stimulating kidney tubules to reabsorb

more Na+ Cl- and water and less K+.

They raise blood glucose level.

They promote gluconeogenesis and also
promote liver glycogen formation and
Glucocorticoids breakdown of plasma proteins.
(corticosol They increase availability of amino acids
2. Liver
corticosterone & for enzymes synthesis by liver general
cortisone) resistance to long term.
Stress counter inflammatory and allergic
responses, and decreases antibody
production.

Gonadocorticoids Concentrations secreted by adults are low.

(Androgens and Their effects are usually insignificant.

3. Gonads
estrogens) They stimulate development of secondary
sexual characteristics specially in males.

Stimulates elevation of blood glucose by

converting liver glycogen to glucose,
hormone.
Rise in blood pressure acceleration of rate Skeletal muscles
and force of heart beat, constriction of skin fat cells, cardiac
4. Adrenaline and visceral smooth muscle capillaries muscles, smooth
muscles, dilation of arterioles of heart and muscles, blood

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 skeleton increase in breakdown of lipids vessel.
Increase in oxygen consumption erection
of hairs, dilation of pupils.
They initiate stress responses.

Nor adrenaline It stimulates reactions similar to those

5. -
Hormone produced by adrenaline.

3. Explain the mechanism of hormone action.

Ans. Upon the target cells, two main kinds of hormone action have been observed

i) action at meanbrane level

ii)Induction of protein synthesis at gene level.

1)Hormone acts as first messenger : It is attached to some integral protein at specific

receptor site on the surface of cell membrane (of target cell). It stimulates adenyl cylase
(enzyme). It catalyses conversion of ATP to cyclic AMP which acts as second messengers). It
affects cell metabolism.

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Fig : Mechanism of hormone action

2) Gene activation – The steroid hormone enters into the cytoplasm through cell membrane
and binds to protein receptors there of the target cells. This hormone receptors complex
stimulates the gene to synthesize a particular enzyme.

Fig : Mechanism of hormone action

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