Prep Three

1 st Term
English A.L
Booklet 2024-
2025

Name:………………… ……………….
Class:…………………………
……………….

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The Environment

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 A. Reading Vocabularies :

1. Capture the imagination (phr) cause somebody to feel interested something.

E.g. Watching the birds will capture your imagination.

2. Millennium (n) one thousand years.

E.g. Next Tuesday will be the church's millennium celebration of its first one
thousand years of existence.

3. Feature (v) to appear.

E.g. Training hard will feature your muscles.

4. Folklore (n) the traditional stories of a community, country, etc.

E.g. In Chinese folklore the bat is an emblem of good fortune.

5. Function (n) the kind of action or activity proper to a person, thing,

or institution.
E.g. The heart performs a vital bodily function.

6. Peculiar (adj) unusual.

E.g. My keys have disappeared it's most peculiar!

7. Pouch (n) a pocket of skin on an animal.

E.g. The eggs eventually hatch inside the mother's pouch.

8. Scales (n) small flat pieces of skin that cover a fish.

E.g. The fish scales is 2 pounds.

9. Chameleon (n) a type of lizard that can change its skin into different colours.
E.g. The chameleon can take on the colours of its background.

10. Gills (n) the paired respiratory organ of fish and some
amphibians, by which oxygen is extracted from water.
E.g. These parasites infest the gills of freshwater fish.

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11. Amphibians (n) a type of animal that can live on land or in water.
E.g. The skin of amphibians is permeable to water.

12. Shallow water (n) an ascertained water depth at which the uppermost deck
of a sunken vessel remain above the water's surface.
E.g. The ship grounded in shallow water.

13. Wrap (v-n) to cover or enclose in paper or soft material.

E.g. Wrap your shoes.

14. Stem (n) the long, thin part of a plant on which the flowers and leaves grow.
E.g. The stem of the mushroom is broken.

15. Sweep away (phr.v) to move something fast.

E.g. Newspaper editorials spoke of the need to sweep away corruption.

16. Current (n) a steady and continuous flow of water in river, etc.
E.g. The prevailing current flows from east to west.

17. Suck up (v) to bring something into the mouth by inhaling.

E.g. She was noisily sucking up milk through a straw.

18. Pipefish (n) a small fish in the same family as the seahorse.
E.g. Sea dragons, seahorses and pipefish are the only species where the male
carries the eggs.

19. Fertilise (v) to cause a baby animal to start forming.

E.g. If the egg is not fertilized estrogen and progesterone decrease.

20. Grave danger (phr) a serious threat.

E.g. Air pollution is grave danger.

21. Estuary (n) a place where a river joins the sea.

E.g. The stream debouches into the estuary.

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 A. Choose the correct answer.
1. One (millennium- pipefish- shallow water - suck up) is equivalent to
ten centuries.
2. She (wrapped-sucked – swept- gilled) the present and tied it with ribbon.
3. Switch off the electric (gills-chameleon-current-stem) before touching
that machine.
4. The (amphibian- estuary-pipefish-chameleon) changes colour to match
its surroundings
5. He was fishing for squid with pals off a jetty when he spotted the
bronze whaler shark in (current-shallow water-gills –grave danger).
6. Five million years ago, a river with sea (estuary- wrap –stem- pouch)
covered the area.
7. Certain varieties cannot be (sucked-fertilised- wrapped- graved) with their
own pollen.
8. The trees (sucked-fertilised- wrapped- graved) up the rain.
9. The (millennium- pipefish- shallow water - suck up) is a small fish in the
same family like the seahorse.
10. Her books are often based on (folklore-millennium- current-
estuary) and fairy-tales.
11. Her books have (captured the imaginations -sucked up – graved
danger – fertlisied –chameleon) of children from around the world.
12. It seems (fertilised- peculiar- shallow- wrapped) that he would leave
town and not tell anybody.
13. Fish (gills- scales -amphibians- wraps) is designed to resist the bacteria.
14. Fish have (gills- scales -amphibians- wraps) to get the oxygen out
of the water.
15. Both the toad and frog are (amphibian- estuary-pipefish-chameleon).

B. Complete with the correct word from the box.

features -folklore -peculiar -pouch –scales-chameleon -gill -amphibians -shallow
water - wrap - sweep away- current – fertilize- estuaries- grave danger- stem-
millennium
1.The film.................................James Dean as a disaffected teenager.
2. The video on road accidents made me feel rather …………..
3. In Irish.............................., the leprechaun had a large piece of gold.
4. He a towel around his shoulders.
5. Once an egg is ……………… by the sperm, it becomes an embryo.
6. are the part in the fish’s body that allows it to breathe oxygen.
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 7. Floods..................................several houses.
8. The future of the British countryside is in ………………..
9. A small brown..................................is slung across its shoulder and chest.
10. Frogs are................................................animals that can swim in water and walk on
land, and breathe in both scenarios.
11. The survives by blending in with its background.
12. There are huge concentrations of people on the great river ……………….
13. I snorkeled because the sharks were in..............................................and seemed to
be
spooked by the noise of scuba bubbles.
14. The year 2000 was celebrated as the beginning of the third ……………...
15. The Fish................................................Armor was so hard and tight that normal
swards
and spears could not cut through it.

c. Do as shown.

1. It’s extremely..............................to see huge bananas in the market. Use an

adjective.
2. The ……………..can have changeable colors. Use a word.
3. The (folklore-wrap- stem – scale) of the cut-head woman is not true. Choose.
4. You should cover your friend’s present carefully. Use a synonym.
………………………………………………………………………………………
5. A baby should exhale his mother’s milk well. Use an antonym.
………………………………………………………………………………………

2b vocabulary

1. Evolve (v) to develop gradually.

E.g. Each school must evolve its own way of working.
2. Resemble (v) to have a similar appearance to or qualities in common
with (someone or something); look or seem like.
E.g. The brothers resemble each other in taste.
3. Capture (v) to captivate and hold the interest of.
E.g. His paintings capture the essence of France.
4. Hang on (v) wait for a short time.
E.g. Hang on! I'll be back in two shakes!
5. Refrain (v) to avoid doing or stop yourself from doing something.
E.g. We must refrain from spitting in public places.
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 6. Destroy (v) to damage something so badly that it does not exist or cannot
be used.
E.g. Stop destroying your health by smoking hash.
7. Damage (v-n) to harm or spoil something.
E.g. The fire caused considerable damage to the church.
8. Avoid (v) to stay away from someone or something, or prevent
something from happening or not allow yourself to do something.
E.g. He tends to avoid all physical contact.
9. Endangered (adj) animals or plants which may soon not exist because
there are very few now alive.
E.g. The list of endangered species includes nearly 600 fishes.
10. Threatened (adj) to utter threats against.
E.g. He threatened to sue the company for negligence.
11. Preserve (v) to conserve.
E.g. He was anxious to preserve his reputation.
12. Grab (v) to take hold of something or someone suddenly and roughly.
E.g. I managed to grab her hand.
13. Trap (v) to catch an animal in a trap.
E.g. He used some cheese to trap the rat.
14. Law (n) a general rule that states what always happens when the
same conditions exist.
E.g. The law cannot make all men equal, but they are all equal before the law.
15. Rule (n) an accepted principle or instruction that states the way
things are or should be done, and tells you what you are allowed or are not
allowed to do.
E.g. There is no rule without an exception.
16. Meeting (n) an occasion when people come together intentionally
or not intentionally.
E.g. The meeting extended late into the night.
17. Facing (n) turned towards the stated direction.
E.g. Industry is facing a serious labour shortage.
18. Extinction (n) a situation in which something no longer exists.
E.g. The species was doomed to extinction.
19. Disappearing (n) vanishing.
E.g. The ozone layer is disappearing over northern Europe.
20. Iguana (n) a large greyish green lizard of tropical America.
E.g. The iguana clings to the temple wall.

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 21. Deforestation (n) the cutting down of trees in a large area; the
destruction of forests by people.
E.g. Unlike acid rain or deforestation, global warming has no
visible manifestation.
A. Choose the correct answer.
1. She survived in the forest by eating berries and (trapping-grabbing-
ruling- meeting) small animals and birds.
2. (Facing –Gripping – Trapping - Preserving) your problems is the
most courageous thing you can ever do.
3. He jumped up, (trapping-grabbing-ruling- meeting) a paper towel to clean
up the mess.
4. The (threaten-extinction-deforestation- facing) of the dinosaurs
occurred millions of years ago.
5. (Threaten-Extinction-Deforestation- Facing) is destroying large areas
of tropical rain forest.
6. The American drive to land a man on the Moon (graved – faced –
hung- captured) the attention of the whole world.
7. The company has (graved – faced –evolved- captured) over the years
into a multi-million dollar organization.
8. The panda is a\an (endangered – threatened – evolved – faced) animal.
9. Cheetahs, the fastest animals on Earth, are (endangered –
threatened – evolved – faced) by habitat loss.
10. She's going to study (rule- law – destroy – refrain) at university.
11. We (avoided- refrained- destroyed - damaged) from talking until we
knew that it was safe.
12. I try to (avoid- refrain- destroy- damage) supermarkets on
Saturdays - they're always so busy.
13. We humans will completely (avoid- refrain- destroy- damage) the Amazon.
14. Acid rain can cause a lot of (avoid- refrain- destroy- damage) to forests.
15. Now (hang on-resemble up – hold up – evolve on) a minute.
16. You (avoid – resemble- evolve- peculiar) your mother very closely.
17. Before you start your own business you should be familiar
with the government's (laws -rules – resembles- hangs) and
regulations.
18. (Eagle- Squirrel – Iguana- Bear) a large greyish green lizard of
tropical America.
19. I need to get out of the house from time to time just to (law –
rule – preserve- evolve) my sanity.

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 20. We're having a\an (facing- evolving – meeting- grabbing) on
Thursday to discuss the problem.

B. Complete using the words in the box.

evolve -resembled -capture -hang on -refrain -destroy - avoid -endangered -

threatened -preserve -grab- trap - laws -rule - meeting –facing- extinction -
disappearing - iguana - deforestation
1. The ozone layer is.............................over northern Europe.
2. He strongly……………….his father in appearance and in temperament.
3. If something…………….your imagination or attention, you
feel very interested and excited by it.
4. The sign on the wall said "Please….......................from smoking.”
5. I'm afraid she's in a\an……………- I'll ask her to call you back later.
6.is destroying large areas of forests.
7. They led the fight to impose…............................on smoking.
8. A referee must know all the…...........................of the game.
9. Bacteria are…...................................resistance to antibiotics.
10. The two men died when they were.........................................in a burning building.
11. He… his child's arm to stop her from running into the road.
12. Lions are now........................................because there are very few of them in the
world.
13. If you are close to the sharks, they feel........................................., so always keep
away!
14. I try to going shopping on Saturdays.
15. The accident seemed to have completely.............................his confidence.
16. Some people predict the………………..of family life as we know it
today in the near future.
17. The is a type of lizard.
18. Putting varnish on wood is a way of….....................................it.

c. Do as shown.

1. We should keep away from junk food. Use a synonym.

…………………………………………………………………………….
2. Humans will soon damage completely the Ozone layer. Correct the mistake.
…………………………………………………………………………….
3. The baby threw away the toy in his hand. Use an antonym.
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 …………………………………………………………………………………..
4. After the earthquake, the city..........................a battlefield. Complete.
5. The (law- rule) of the jungle is the strong eat the weak. Choose.

Prepositional phrases

A prepositional phrase is a group of words consisting of a preposition, its

object, and any words that modify the object.

A. Choose the correct preposition.

1 A lot of animals are at/in risk of extinction.
2 We must protect habitats of/from
disappearing. 3 You can help save animals
of/from extinction.
4 Seahorses rely on/with camouflage to hide of/from
predators. 5 'Wildlife' means animals living at/in the wild.

B. Complete with the correct preposition.

1. His life is….................risk because of cancer.
2. Humans live..........................cities.
3. We were trying to hide…...............the criminal.
4. Dad relies…...................me all the time.
5. Playing sports saves us….....................illnesses.

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 Word formation
We form nouns from verbs using the following suffixes: -ion (prevent-
prevention), -ation (converse-conversation), -sion (explode- explosion), -tion
(suggest-suggestion)

Complete each sentence with the nouns derived from the words in bold.

1 Recycling helps control environmental....................(POLLUTE)

2 In both people and animals will benefit if laws are made to
abolish illegal animal trading. (CONCLUDE)
3 The animal shelter has announced that there will be.......................in staff
because
of financial difficulties. (REDUCE)
4 There's a great..........................of documentaries about endangered species to
watch. (COLLECT)
5 There is a meeting on whale…..............................next Monday. (CONSERVE)

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 Phrasal verbs: Bring

Bring up: to raise a child or an animal or to mention something.

E.g. Jack was brought up by his aunt.
Bring round: to help somebody gain consciousness.
E.g. A patient in a coma has been brought round after doctors 'jump-
started' his brain using sound waves.
Bring about: to cause something to happen.
E.g. It took hours of negotiations to bring about a reconciliation between the
two sides.
Bring out: to release something.
E.g. She is bringing out an eagerly awaited solo album next month.

Choose the correct answer.

1. She brought (about - up – on – down) five children.
2. We threw water in his face to try and bring him (about - up – on – round).
3. It took hours of negotiations to bring (about - up – on –
round). a reconciliation between the two sides.
4. There's something about her that brings (down-out-up – round) the worst
in me.
5.
Complete with correct phrasal verb of Bring.
1 His new book about endangered species will be...........................this May.
2 Environmentalists helped to.............................a change in the law.
3 She managed to……………….her three children on her own.
4 He.............................the issue of saving the whales during the seminar.
5 He fainted, but the doctor …………….. him …………….

Do as shown.

1. You can..........................yourself from getting fat by eating healthy food. Use a

verb.
2. Air polluted is hazard for humans ‘lives. Correct the form.
………………………………………………………………………………………………....

3. As an independent woman, she ……………… her children …………alone.

Use a phrasal verb.
4. Swimming close to sharks, put your life….........................Use a prepositional
phrase
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5. He was about to die but the doctor...........................him round. Use a verb.
6. To the Earth, we have to stop using fossil fuels. Use the
correct form of conservation.
7. Wales rely (on- up –down – of) small fish to feed. Choose.
8. The new book will be published soon to people. Use a synonym.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
9. In (conclusion – conclusive – conclude – concluded), we have to preserve
the environment. Choose.
10. He didn’t mention the idea yesterday. Use an antonym.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
…..
Grammar 1 Modals & Semi Modals
Ability

- Present and future (Can - am able to - Will be able)

- Past (Could – was / were able to )
e.g: - I can / am able to afford a luxurious holiday every year.
- I will be able to fix the problem.
- He could / was able to walk when he was one . ( General ability )
- Police were able to arrest the robber last night. ( A single completed
Inability
action
- Present and future (Can’t- Won’t be able to)
- Past (Couldn’t - wasn’t / weren’t able to)
e.g: - They can’t / couldn’t / won’t be able to get a signal.
- They couldn’t / weren’t able to talk when they were 6.
Permission
Can- Could- May- will be allowed to – was/ were
allowed to e.g.: - Could I borrow some money, Mr.
Jones?
- You may not withdraw money from this account.
- You can’t / won’t be allowed to get a mortgage to buy house until you’re
18.
- He was allowed to spend last week’s pocket money on sweets.
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 Requests, offers &
suggestions Can - Will –
Could – Would – Shall
e.g.: - Can / Will you lend me some money? ( Request )
- Could / Would you tell me where the bank is , please? ( Request )
- Can / Could / Shall I give you some financial advice ? ( Offer )
- Would you like me to give you some financial advice ? ( Offer )
- You can / could ask a travel agent about exotic holidays.

Advice
Should- Ought to- Shouldn’t
e.g : - You should / ought to update your virus protection.
- You shouldn’t tell anybody about your password.
Possibility
Could – May-
Might
e.g : - Mobile phones could/ may / might be bad for our health.
- He might / may not be available to take calls.
Necessity &
Obligation Must –
Have to - Need to
e.g : - You must save some money.
- You will need to ask someone for financial advice.
- You have to / need to be very careful when you do chemical experiments.
- Robert has to report any technical problems to his manager.
Prohibition (illegal- not permitted)
Mustn’t

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e.g : - Scientists mustn’t lie about the results of their research.

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 No necessity or no obligation

Don’t have to – Needn’t - Don’t need to - Didn’t have / need to

e.g : - We don’t have to / needn’t to drive to work ; we can take the bus.
- They didn’t have to sell their luxurious.
Deduction

Must ( Certainty ) / Can’t ( Impossibility )

e.g : - She lives in a luxurious villa. She must be rich. ( We are certain that
sth is true )
- He can’t be wealthy ; he sleeps at a shelter. (We are certain that sth is
not
true)
Exercises
A- Choose the correct answer:
1-I (am able- may- needn’t) take up Yoga but I‘m not sure yet.
2-You (ought- might- may) to eat a lot of fresh fruit and
vegetables. 3-She (doesn’t have – ought not – shouldn’t)
eat ready meals.
4-Try taking some supplements- it (can’t- could- ought) help you.
5-(Needn’t I have- Ought I- Should I ) take a lot of rest after the
operation? 6-You (can- have- must) to strengthen your legs to go
skiing.
7-(Would- May- Ought) I join in the aerobics class today?
8-I (can’t- don’t have to- needn’t) control my weight- can you
help me? 9-She (has- ought to – would) do more aerobics
exercise.
10- We (may- needn’t- should) go to the gym today- Let‘s go for a swim
instead.
11- 'Hey David, (may- might – must) you switch off that light for me, please?'
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12- NASA (would- should- might) launch a space shuttle next year, but
it's not certain.
13- You (mustn’t- needn’t- wouldn’t) take anything to eat; there are lots of
vending
machines there.

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14- You (mustn’t - wouldn't- don't have to) do this experiment right now; it
can wait till later.
15- Jody ( needn’t be – can’t be- mustn’t be) a maths teacher; she doesn't
know how to add two and two!
16- My father (shouldn’t- can’t- couldn’t) use a computer a year ago, but
now he's an expert!
B- Re-write the following sentences using the words in brackets:
1- Susan is not going to the club. She is sick.
(should)
-…………………………………………………………………

2- You aren‘t allowed to stop taking this medicine.

(mustn‘t)
-……………………………………………………………….

3- It‘s wrong of her to miss her doctor‘s appointment.

(shouldn’t)
-………………………………………………………………...

4- Perhaps she cancelled the training session.

(may)
-…………………………………………………………..

5- It is possible that he will not pass his exams.

(might not)
-…………………………………………………………….

6-I am sure Susan isn‘t at work now. She left the office an hour ago.
(can’t)
-………………………………………………………………….

7-I am sure my sister is talking on the phone now. The line is busy.
(must)
-………………………………………………………………….
8- I‘m sure Emma is at the office now. I just spoke to her on the phone.
(must)
- ..................................................................................................
9- It isn‘t necessary for her to finish the report today.
(have)
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- ..................................................................................................
10-I advise you to go and see this film.
(ought)
- ..................................................................................................
11-It wasn‘t necessary for them to prepare a meal for us.
(have)
- ...................................................................................................

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 C- Correct the mistake:
1- You can stop smoking because it‘s dangerous for you.
……………….…...........................................
2- You may hurry up. It‘s too early.
…………………………………………
3- I‘m not sure he must be allergic to nuts.
……………………………………………………………….
4- Must we join you at your table this evening?
…………………………………………………………….
5- Fortunately, we can reach the airport in time for our flight yesterday.
…………………………………………………………………….
6- Sally couldn‘t come to lunch tomorrow, she‘s working.
………………………………………………….
7- May you hear the teacher clearly this morning?
……………..…………………………………
8- Needn‘t I buy a racing bike or a mountain bike?
……………………………………………
D- Complete the second sentences so that they have a similar meaning to
the first sentences. Use the words in bold :

1- It’s necessary for us to bring a film projector? Have

- Do …………................................a film projector ?

2- I’m sure my mobile is in the house somewhere. Be

- My mobile...................................in the house somewhere.

3- You don’t need an external modem. Have

4- - You don’t.................................................an external modem.

5- We are sure that your test results are wrong. Be

- Your test results........................................right.

6- You should check the engine. To

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 - You ………….................................the engine.

7- It would be a good idea to recharge the battery. Should

- You …………..................................the battery.

Perfect Modals

Perfect modals Uses Examples

May/ Might have -To show that we‘re not sure -Dana may have forgotten
+ past participle about something in the past. what time the meeting was
Should have -To show that something we -Maria should have phoned
+ past were expecting did not happen. by now.
participle -To criticize our own or -You shouldn‘t have tried to
someone else‘s behavior. fix the washing machine
yourself
Could have + -To show that we are not sure -I could have made a big
past participle about something in the past. mistake in that last exam.
-To say that something was -She could have been an
possible in the past, but that it Olympic gymnast if she hadn‘t
didn‘t happen been in that terrible accident.
Can’t / -To show that we are sure -Sally can‘t have cooked
Couldn’t have that something is not true dinner. She has never cooked
+ past about the past anything in her life.
participle
Must have + -To show that we are sure that -You must have been very
past participle something is true about the proud when you won the
past prize.
Would have -To say that we were willing to -I would have bought you that
+ past do something but that we didn‘t game if it had been cheaper.
participle do it.
Needn’t have -To say that it wasn‘t necessary -You needn‘t have bought a
+ past to do something, but you did it new pen- this one is working
participle anyway. fine.

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 Exercises

A-Complete the sentences using a suitable perfect modal:

1-A- Did they go to the cinema yesterday?

B-They................................ (go) because there was no one at
home when I called.
2- Kate is exhausted. She .................................. (work) hard in the
garden today.
3- Susan‘s telephone was out of order yesterday. She
(phone)
you.
4- She hadn‘t seen him before, so she..................(recognize) him.
5-5-I called her twice, but she didn‘t answer the phone. She. (be) asleep.
6- A:John translated the letter for me.
B: John doesn‘t speak French, so he...........................(translate) it.
7- Emma has been at home all day. You...................(see) her at the
restaurant.
8- She asked me for money again. She.................. (spend)
all the money I gave her.

B-Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d:

1 Dwayne................me this email; he doesn't know how to use a
computer.
a couldn't have sent b can't send
c mustn't send d shouldn‘t have sent

2. 'Designing the Hubble Space Telescope....................really interesting.'

'Oh, it was. I was happy to be a part of it.'
a should have been
b needn't have been
c must have been d doesn‘t have to be

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 3. We..................you the money for a new mobile phone, but you didn't ask.
a would have given b may have given
c needn‘t have given
d can't have given

4. 'Excuse me, Dr. Jones,…………...I borrow your research notes,

please?' Oh, yes, certainly.'
A should b must c may D need

5. 'Can I send emails from work?'

'No, you..................................; it's not allowed.
A needn't
b couldn't
c mustn't d don't have to

6. They presents, but it was nice of them.

a. could have brought
b. ought to have brought
c. can't have brought
d. needn't have brought

7. The biology professor …………………….here by now; she's very late.

a must be
b should have been
c can't have been
d was able to be

8. 'I can't get this stupid DVD player to work! ''You……….. try plugging it in.'
a need b would
c must d could

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9. We rent DVDs every Friday; now we just download them.
a could b would c should
d may

10. It took a long time, but the researcher..................................find proof for his
theory.
a was able to b could
c should
d must

11. 'You...................get one of these new e-readers; they are so cool!'

'Really? Maybe I will.'
a could
b need c must d might

12. I take the temporary job at the recycling plant?

a Should
b Would c Ought d Might

13. You press this button to start the machine.

a need b ought c have to
d may
14. 'He a permanent job at the chemical plant.'
'Yes, but he didn't want to work forty hours a week.'
a could have had b ought to have had
c must have had d may have had

C-Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the

first sentence using the word given between brackets:
1- It was a bad idea to eat that old ham.
(eaten) You ................................................that old ham.

2-I wasn‘t invited to the party, so I didn‘t go.

(would) I ................................................ to the party if I had been
invited.

3-I am certain she was sleeping when I phoned her.

(been) She ....................................................when I phoned her.
24
4- Perhaps your son took your car.
(have) Your son...................................................... your car.
5- I‘m sure that you didn‘t see Mary in the city centre.
(seen) You..........................................Mary in the city centre.

6-I am sure my mother cooked this delicious meal.

(must) My mother....................................................... this delicious
meal.

7- Thank you very much for the sweets. It wasn‘t necessary.

(brought) You sweets with you.
You………………………………………………………………………………
8- You didn‘t ask your parents first.
(asked) You first.
You………………………………………………………………………………
10- I‘m sure he was eating when I called.
(been) He………………................................................ when I
called.
11- It was too big, so I didn‘t buy it.
(bought) I …………………………………………………. if it had been
smaller.
12- My brother didn‘t buy any food for the party.
(should) My
brother……………………………………………………………

D- Do as shown between brackets :

1- I’m sure it was exciting to be the first human in space.
(Complete using Been )
- It.........................................exciting to be the first human in space.
2- Celia failed her exams . She ( can’t – shouldn’t ) have been so
lazy about Studying. Choose
3- Your friend is very late and you’re worried. He ought to have had an
accident.
( Correct me if I am wrong)
-……………………………………………………………………………..
4- I’ve lost my bag.( Complete using must /bus)
- I think I…………………………………………………………………
25
5- She intended to go to the cinema if she had had the time. ( Use : would)
-………………………………………………………………………………
E- Rewrite each sentence beginning as shown. Do not change the meaning.

1. You were wrong to study so late! You

shouldn’t
………………………………………………………..
2. Did you manage to stop him? Were
………………………………………………………………………
3. It wasn’t necessary to work hard. I didn’t
………………………………………………………………
4. Perhaps Tim has lost his way. Tim might
……………………………………………………………….
5. It was possible for you to hurt yourself. You could
…………………………………………………….
6. I’m sure the class enjoyed it. The
class must
…………………………………………………………..
7. I’m sure the butler didn’t do it. The butler can’t
……………………………………………………….

26
 Writing
An essay providing solutions to a problem
Plan
Introducti
on
(Para 1) state the problem and/or its
causes Main Body
(Para 2) first suggestion and expected
result (Para 3) second suggestion and
expected result (Para 4) third suggestion
and expected result Conclusion
Homework
You've had a class discussion on the following topic: Every year more and more
animals are facing extinction. We must all help protect endangered species.
Your teacher has asked you to write an essay (140-190 words) providing
solutions to the problem. Write about: 1) adopting an endangered animal 2)
protect animal habitats 3)... (your own idea)

27
No More Traffic Jams
There is nothing worse than being trapped in your car, waiting in the middle of
a traffic jam. It is frustrating, knowing that there is nothing you can do and that you
are going to be late to work. Traffic jams often occur during rush hour or right after
a large event because there are more cars on the road than normal. Traffic jams
can also be caused by car accidents or road construction. They usually occur on
major roads that many people use to travel to work or school. Traffic jams are a
problem because they make people late for work or school, they can cause car
accidents, and they are frustrating. How can we reduce the number of traffic jams?
Possible solutions include carpooling or using public transportation. The best way to
solve traffic jams is by using public transportation because it will be efficient,
economical, and reliable.

First, using public transportation is efficient. A bus is a very efficient way to

move lots of people from one place to another using only one vehicle. Instead of
having one vehicle for each person on the road, busses take many cars off the road
as people ride together. Trains are even more efficient at reducing the number of
cars on the road. Because trains have their own dedicated rail system to get people
around, all of the cars are eliminated without adding any more traffic to the roads.
Not only are busses and trains more efficient at carrying passengers, but time spent
on a bus or a train is more efficient for the passenger. This encourages more people
to use public transportation. It is easy to see how efficient public transportation is
and the impact that it has on reducing traffic.

Another reason that public transportation is the best solution to traffic jams is
because it is so economical. People want to use public transportation instead of
driving their own car because they can save money. Public transportation usually
does not cost very much, especially for people who use it often. There are
discounts for seniors and students, which makes it an even more economical way
for these groups to travel around town. Using public transportation also eliminates
the need to pay for parking, car insurance, and car maintenance, not to mention
gasoline. All of the expenses related to owning a car are replaced with one simple
fare. Because it is so economical, public transportation is a good solution to traffic
jams by encouraging more people to travel together and reduce the number of
cars on the road.

Finally, public transportation is the best solution because it is reliable. Many

people set up carpools to reduce traffic, but this is only a temporary solution.
Every time someone has a change in their schedule, the carpool needs to be
adjusted. For example, if someone has to go to the doctor or sleeps in, the carpool
will not work that day. If someone changes jobs or transfers to a new school, the
carpool will need to be adjusted again. Public transportation, on the other hand, is
more reliable. The bus and train schedules don’t change every time that one rider
needs to go to the doctor. The schedules are set and people can plan on them.
People who use public transportation will find that it is reliable and can help limit
the number of cars on the road.

28
 Because it is efficient, economical, and reliable, public transportation is the best
way to reduce the number of traffic jams. There are other possible ways to address
this problem, but using public transportation is clearly the best. Traffic jams during
very busy hours on the road can be reduced and more people can get to work on
time and avoid the frustration caused by sitting in the middle of a long line of cars.
Cities and governments should consider ways to improve their public transportation
system and encourage more people to use it. If they do, they will surely see fewer
traffic jams on their roads and much happier drivers.

29
 Travel & Holidays
A-Text Vocabulary:

Cozy- Secluded – fascinating – Plunge into – dare - vast – venture

– stumble upon – gaze – gorge – spectacular- thrilling

1.Secluded (adj.): quiet, private, and not near people, roads, or

buildings.
e.g.: I went to a secluded house in the forest

2- Plunge into (ph . v.): to suddenly experience a bad situation or

unhappiness, or to make someone or something suddenly experience a
bad situation or unhappiness.
Or to suddenly start doing something with energy and enthusiasm, but
sometimes without thinking about it first
e.g.: -The country was plunged into recession.
- He was plunged into despair when his wife left him.
3- Dare (n.): to be brave enough to do something difficult or
dangerous, or to be rude or silly enough to do something that you
have no right to do.
e.g.: I wouldn't dare say anything against him to his mother!

4- Vast (adj.):extremely large.

e.g.: Once I went on a visit to a New England village with its frozen
lakes and vast snow fields.
5- Venture (n.): an activity or plan of action, often in business, that
involves risk or uncertainty

30
 e.g.: The company viewed the venture as a financial black hole.

6- Stumble upon (ph .v .):

a. Literally, to trip on someone or something with one's foot.
e.g. :I wasn't watching where I was going and stumbled upon the root of a
tree.
b. To find, discover, or happen upon someone or something casually or by chance.
e.g.: I stumbled upon this fantastic little café the other day.

7- Gaze (v.): to look at something or someone for a long time,

especially in surprise or admiration, or because you are thinking about
something else.

e.g.: He spends hours gazing out of the window when he should be working.

8- Gorge (n.): a deep, narrow valley with steep sides, usually

formed by a river or stream cutting through hard rock.

9- Spectacular (adj.): very exciting to look at. e.g.:

There was a spectacular sunset last night.

10. adventurous (adj): exciting and often dangerous

e.g. Brian is an adventurer and likes doing adventurous things like
extreme sports.
11. tiring (adj): requiring a lot of effort; demanding
e.g./ need to rest because I had a long and tiring day at work today.
12. thrilling (adj): exhilarating
e.g. Bungee jumping is a thrilling experience.
13. exciting (adj): making one feel happy and enthusiastic
e.g. Our safari holiday in Africa last summer was really exciting.
14. exhausting (adj): tiring
e.g. Climbing the steep slopes of the mountain was exhausting.
15. amazing (adj): impressive e.g.
We saw some amazing sights on our sightseeing holiday.

16.Delicious( adj)
highly pleasant to the taste:
e.g. "delicious home-baked brown bread"
31
 17 Cozy adjective
giving a feeling of comfort, warmth, and relaxation:
e.g. the flickering lamp gave the room a cozy lived-in air

18 Freezing: The process of becoming hardened into ice or into a solid

body; change from the liquid to the solid state by loss of heat.
e.g. She is freezing with cold.

19 Fascinating: Extremely interesting or charming; captivating.

e.g. I like the house, it’s fascinating.

20 Major: Greater in size, extent, or importance; the principal or greater part.

e.g. All of her major plays have been translated into English."

21 Vibrant: Full of energy and enthusiasm; bright and striking.

e.g. The vibrant colors of the sunset painted a breathtaking canvas in the sky.

22 Clear: Free from obscurity or ambiguity; easy to understand.

e.g. Her explanation was so clear that everyone could understand the complex
concept.

23 Adventurous: Willing to take risks or to try out new methods, ideas, or

experiences.
e.g. Their adventurous spirit led them to explore uncharted territories with
excitement.

32
A) Choose the correct answer : Exercises
1- The late-afternoon sunlight reflection illuminated the narrow

(venture –gorge- cozy ) with a cool radiance.

2- Even in the winter with the rain beating down, it's nice and
(cozy- gorge –plunge ) in there.

3- Extraordinary rocks , craggy cliffs,( secluded- dare- venture

)caves, and red leaves are the four features of this base.

4- I'll hurl you out of the company if you (secluded- dare – gaze )say

the secret!

5- His son Mark will be joining him in the new (venture- thrilling –

vast ) .

6- Heading further north, a journey along the 60 miles of coast road is

rewarding for it’s (gorge - spectacular - venture )views.

7- They buy paintings at auctions, mark them up and then resell them at a
(dare – stumble –vast) profit to collectors.

8) She( gazed- plunged –venture ) at me in disbelief when I told her the news.
9) I stumbled (upon – up – to ) this book by chance .

10) -He kept his nerve to win a ( thrilling - vast – cozy )match.

33
 B Choose the most appropriate adjective from the options to
complete each sentence:
1-The campers set up their tents in a ________ spot in the woods, sheltered
from the wind and close to a babbling brook.

o delicious
o cozy
o freezing
2. The magician’s performance was so ________ that the audience couldn’t
take their eyes off him.
o fascinating
o major
o vibrant
3. The discovery of water on Mars was a ________ breakthrough for space
exploration.
o clear
o adventurous
o major
4. The city’s nightlife is ________, with countless bars, restaurants, and
theaters to explore.
o vibrant
o clear
o freezing
5. The instructions for assembling the furniture were ________, making the
process straightforward and hassle-free.
o clear
o delicious
o adventurous
6. The journey through the jungle was ________, with new challenges and
wonders around every corner.
o freezing
o fascinating
o adventurous

B) Complete the following sentences using words from the box :

Cosy- Secluded – fascinating – Plunge into – dare - vast – venture

– stumble upon – gaze – gorge – spectacular

1) 1-I felt warm and.......sitting by the fire

34
 2) It has a..................garden bordered by a stream.
3) How...............you use my car without asking!

4) The wind blowing down the...........was causing the boat to swing

back and
5) forth like a pendulum

6) This is a commercial................from which we aim to make a profit.

7) 7-. It's a................sight as the flamingos lift into the air.

8) I can’t imagine that I had.................him after all these years

9) The government will have to borrow.......amounts of money

10) Her ………….. was drawn irresistibly to the scene outside.

11- He………………………….a severe depression.

12-The Ancient Egyptians were a……………………. people

C) Do as shown between brackets :

1-.Your captivating personality makes you a shining star in social

situations
( Rewrite the sentence using the synonym of the underlined word)
………………………………………………………………………………

2- The hotel has its own …………..….. beach. (Complete )

3-Our dog eats an extremely large amount of food each day

(Rewrite the sentence using the synonym of the underlined word)
…………………… ……………………………………………………………

4-This was not the time to be plunging up on some new business venture

( Correct the mistake )

……………………………………………………………………………….
35
5-He lay on the bed (gazing- fascinating – Plunging ) up at the ceiling.

(Choose )

36
A Replace the words/phrases in brackets with synonyms from the list.
 thrilling  cheap  exhausting  lovely  deserted  quiet

1 It was very early when we went to the beach, so it was practically ..........................
(empty).
2 James and Paula were impressed by all the ........................... (beautiful) sites
they saw.
3 My grandparents bought a summerhouse in a(n) ....................... (peaceful)
village near the sea.
4 You can sometimes find .......................... (inexpensive) holidays if you book at the
last minute.
5 Everyone had a(n) ...................... (exciting) time on the rides at the fun park.
6 Mr Brown’s six-hour drive from the airport to the campsite
was .................................. (very tiring).

B Complete the sentences with the words from the list.

 delicious  cosy  freezing  fascinating  major  vibrant  clear 
adventurous

1 The old man told us a(n) .............................. story about how the town was founded
in ancient times.
2 I love swimming in the crystal ...................... waters of the islands during the
summer.
3 London is one of the most ........................... cities in the world. There is always
something happening.
4 Liam is very ......................................... and goes on safaris and trekking
holidays every year.
5 The visitors enjoyed tasting all the ......................................... dishes of the local
cuisine.
6 The Eiffel Tower is a(n) ........................... tourist attraction receiving millions of
visitors every year.
7 The desert town is very hot during the day but experiences ................................
temperatures at night.
8 Jane’s flat may be small, but it’s really warm and .........................................

37
 Vocabulary 3b

B- Synonyms
1- Wonders: marvels
2- Spread :circulated
3- Had strong feelings : was passionate
4-Unbelievable
:fantastic

5-Seen :witnessed.
6-Inspired
:encouraged 7-Centre :
interior

A) Replace underlined words / Phrases with (Synonyms) :

1- He was passionate about all literature. ………………………. ……

2- The book was circulated widely in Russia. …… ………….

3- MARVEL Space travel is one of the marvels of our time………………….

4- The interior of the country is mainly desert …………………….

5-.The document was witnessed by a lawyer. ……………………………

6- He was encouraged by his success ………………….. ……….

7- The sense of freedom was absolutely fantastic . ………………..………

38
 Unit 3 B
New Vocabulary
 boarding pass (n): A card that a passenger must
have when boarding a plane or a boat.
 E.g.
 compartment (n): One of the sections into which a
railway carriage is divided.
 E.g. She is uesd to first-class compartments.

 boot space (n): The space of a vehicle where storage

is kept, usually at the back of a car.
 E.g. Upright windows provide clear vision and there's
enough boot space for a big grocery shop
 rural (adj): Relating to or associated with the
countryside.
 E.g. The area is still very rural and undeveloped.
 urban (adj): Existing in or related to the city.
 E.g. The council is committed to a programme of urban
regeneration

 Luggage (n): suitcases or other bags in which to pack

personal belongings for travelling.
“She packed her luggage carefully, making sure to
include all her essentials for the trip.”
 Cruise (n): a journey on a large ship for pleasure, during
which you visit several places:
e.g. He and his wife went on a cruise to the Bahamas
 Platform (n): a long, flat raised structure at a railway
station, where people get on and off trains
o “The train arrived at platform 3, and passengers hurried
to board.”
 Complete the following using the following:
 Platform-luggage-cruise-boarding pass-
boot space-urban-rural-compartment

1-The speaker stood confidently on the raised …………………………
addressing the audience.
2-“The airport staff handled the passengers’ …………………..with care.
3-They went on a relaxing ……………. to explore the Mediterranean.
4-The speed limit is strictly enforced on …………….. roads.
5-The authorities have revoked their original decision to allow
deveiopment of this …………….. area.
6-She folded her coat and put it in the overhead luggage
……………………………...
7-A ……………………… is the back of a car where storage is kept.
8- He first gained notoriety in 2006 as the creator of a website that
generated fake airline ………………………………………………...

 Choose
1) You need to show our ……………. when boarding a plane
or boat?
A) compartment
B) cruise
C) boarding pass
2) The GranTurismo is genuine 4 seater GT with enough
………………….. to carry their luggage.
A) boot space
B)luggage
C)platform
3) He loves the hustle and bustle of the ………
environment.
A)rural
B) urban
C)cruise
4) The small village had a peaceful and …………….
charm.”
A) rural
B)platform
C)copartment
5) The luxury liner offered various entertainment
options during the week-long ……………….in Venice.
A)rural
B)urban
C) cruise
6) We dropped our ………………….off at the hotel and
went sightseeing
A)platform
B) luggage
C) compartment
7) The disadvantage is that in a collision with a standard
car, the entire motor section or luggage ………………goes
under the truck.
A) compartment
B)cruise
C)luggage
8) The speaker stood up on a raised …………. so that the
crowd could see him.
A)boarding pass
B) platform
C) compartment
 C-Commonly confusing words

Rise Raise Arise

1

discover Invent Find out

Find out
.
- to discover a fact or
piece of information

The police are

determined
to find out who killed
30 the man .
 3
Glimpse Watch Notice Look

Glimpse Notice
to see or become
an occasion
when you see conscious of
someone or something or
something for someone:
a moment
only

The crowd
were anxious for
a glimpse of I noticed a crack in
the President. the ceiling.

A) Complete the following sentences with the suitable word

A- Invent -find out - discover

1- Lucy was unable to.............................what had happened.

2- He wants each pupil to have the chance to................................hidden talents .
3- I wish someone would invent an.............................light bulb

B- rise -raise arise

1- The concert will......................money for local
charities.
2- When water boils, bubbles................................to the surface.
3- Some learning difficulties.................................from the way children are taught at school.

31
 C- watch -notice glimpse – look
1- He hardly seemed to...............................my presence.

2- I lay on my back and........................................up at the stars.

3- Fans crowded the street outside waiting for a ……………….. of their hero

4- To....................................................................the sunrise must wait till dawn

Prepositions :

1-Travelling by plane :
we say 'by' when someone is coming or going with the help
of a vehicle. We say 'by'. This preposition is used especially to describe traveling
by any means of transportation. When you are traveling but not by any vehicle
then you use the preposition 'on' to describe that you

2- Walked along the river : from one part of a road, river, etc. to another

3- Walked Towards : in the direction of, or closer to someone or something:

She stood up and walked towards him.
4- Got off : to leave a train, bus, or aircraft

Give me a call when you get off the bus

5- Got on: to go onto a bus, train, aircraft, or boat:

I think we got on the wrong bus.

Complete the sentences with the suitable Preposition:

1- The old woman had difficulty getting..................................to the bus.
2- Travelling..............................train is still one of the safest methods of
transport.
3- We went on a ten-mile walk....................................the coast.
4- I am going to get..................................at the next stop.
5- I walk.........................................her with my knees trembling

32
 Phrasal verbs
1-Come across : meet by chance .
e.g. We've just come across an old friend we haven't seen for ages .

2-Come into : inherit .

e.g. My father has just come into a fortune in diamonds.
3-Come up with : think of .
e.g. We're having a meeting to try to come up with ideas for fund-raising .
4-Come down with : become ill .
e.g. He had come down with the flu.
Do as shown between brackets :

1-. You are the most stubborn, irritating child I have ever met
( Rewrite the sentence using a suitable phrasal verb of the underlined word)
………………… …………………………………………………

2-Next you need to ……………………. with a name for your product.

(Complete )
3. He came ……………………. his old teacher . (Complete )

4- She came down with a bit of money when her grandfather died.

( Correct the mistake )

…………………………………………… ………………………………….

5-I feel like I’m coming (down with- across- into ) a cold .(Choose )

33
 GRAMMAR 1
Past Simple VS Past continuous
Past Simple Past continuous
Usage : Usage :
1- Actions that were in progress at a
1- Actions that started and
certain time in the past : At three
finished in the past
o’clock yesterday , Ahmed was playing
Peter studied English yesterday. chess.
2- Past Habits :
2-Talk about two or more actions that
I played football everyday when I were in progress at the same time
was at school. and we use for them ( and / While )
Ex. I was playing Tennis and Jessie
was studying English.
3- Actions that happened one
after another in the past : 3-To describe a scene in a story : The
sun was shining and the children were
Ahmed walked to school , met
playing when they suddenly see a
his friend and studied together.
monster
.
4-To talk about an action that was in
progress in the past but was
interrupted by another action we use
for them ( While /as/ just as OR When ).

Ex. She was studying when the Phone

rang Ex. While Ahmed was walking , he
met his friend.

34
Form : Subj + Verb Form : Subj + Was/Were +
+ed/d/ied OR Irregular verb v+ing I was
Ex. I watched a movie playing all day yesterday.
yesterday Ex2. I went to Negative Form : They weren’t
school yesterday Go in the studying at six o’clock yesterday
past tense is Went Question Form : Was/Were + subj +
Negative Form : we always use v+ing
didn’t + Verb inf except with was ?
and were Ex. Was she playing the guitar ?
Ex1. I watched a movie
yesterday I didn’t watch a
movie yesterday EX2 . She
was at school last week She
wasn’t at school last week.
Question Form : Did + Subj + verb
inf ? Ex. Yes, She went to school
yesterday. Did she go to school
yesterday ?

Key words : yesterday / the day Key words : all day yesterday / at
before yesterday / last week / last 7
year o’clock yesterday / this time last
/ last month / a week ago / 2 hours year/ from nine to five o’clock/
ago when / while / as / just as
/ in 2007 / last summer / on
20th of April

35
REMEMBER :
Past simple + While/as/just as + Past continuous OR
While /as/just as+ Past continuous + Past simple
----------------------------------
Past continuous + When + Past simple OR
When +past simple + past continuous.

*** The past continuous sentence is called : Long action But the past
simple sentence is called : short action . With When and While the long
action must be interrupted by a short action

Ex1. While Ahmed was walking , he met his friend

1- Ahmed was walking ( a long action in progress )
2- He met his friend ( a short action because when Ahmed saw his friend , he
stopped , so that’s why the action of WALKING is interrupted .

36
GRAMMAR
2
Would and used to & Would

37
 Used to and Would : are both used to describe something that happened
regularly in the past but doesn't happen anymore
Ex.:
I used to like pizza when I was young . ( I don’t like it now)
He would go to his aunt when he was young . (He doesn’t go every
day to his aunt )

Used to & would followed by Inf ( would + Inf ) ( Used to + Inf ) N.B:

Used to can be followed by stative or action verb .

Would can’t followed by stative verb but, can be followed by action verb
only .

The negative form of used to is didn’t

use to. The question is Did he use to ?

N.B : we use “ Used to “ with the action and the stative verbs , but we use
“ Would “ with the action verbs only.

Ex. I used to play

Tennis I would
play Tennis

Ex2. I used to have blonde hair ( right Form )

I would have blonde hair ( wrong Form )
because “ have “ is a stative verb . it goes only with used to .

A. Complete using used to / would :

1. Before she started exercising, my mum ..... suffer from chronic tiredness.
2. When I was a kid, I ..................... play football every day.
3. Sara ......................have brown hair. Now she's blond.
4. I .............. stay up and talk to my friends until late when I was a teenager.
5. Michael ...................... have a small car. Now he's got a big one.
6. Our children …….. eat way too much chocolate when they were toddlers.
38
 7. I remember that my mum ................. use a special cloth for dusting.
8. Our Biology teacher ............................ be very strict
9. Whenever they came, we ………………….... go to the picnic.
10. You ....................... be such a polite person. Look at you now!

B .Choose the correct answer:

1. When I (get- got- was getting) up yesterday, the sun (shined- shines- was
shining)

2. It (was-is- was being) a beautiful morning.

3. So I (decide- decided- was deciding) to cycle around a little.

4. I (was going- go- went) to the shed and (take- took- was taking) out my
bike.

5. While I (am cycling- cycled- was cycling) past some villages, I (was seeing-
saw- see) some people in their gardens.

6. One man (mowed- were mowing- was mowing) the grass while his wife (is
picking- was picking- picked) strawberries.

7. After one hour of cycling in sunshine, a big fat raincloud

suddenly (appears- appeared- was appearing) and it (was starting- is
starting- started) to rain.

8. Luckily, a farmer (notices-was noticing - noticed) me and (was telling-told-

is telling) me to come in.

9. While it (rained- was raining- were raining) outside, I (sit- sat- was
sitting) in the farmer's house.

10. After a while, the sun (come-was coming- came) out again.

11. I (thank- thanked- was thanking) the farmer for his

hospitality and (was moving- moved- move) on.

39
 C-Rewrite a second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to
the first. Use the word in brackets.
1 There were lights on the spacecraft. (had)

.............................................................................................

2 I had my old coat on. (wearing)

.............................................................................................

3 I climbed trees when I was a young boy. (used)

..............................................................................................

4 It isn’t true that I made a mistake. (didn’t)

..........................................................................................

5 The boys were in the middle of a game of cards. (playing)

..............................................................................................

6 No one told me about the change of plan. (know)

................................................................................................

7 It was my past habit to go on a long bike ride. (would)

................................................................................................

8 Emma didn’t collect a lot of stamps when she was young. (use to)

.............................................................................................................

D-Correct me if I’m wrong:

1 The hotel were very quite.

.......................................................................

2 He would have long hair.

.......................................................................

3 I washed my hair when the phone rang.

.........................................................................

40
 4 They were used to send us a card every Christmas.

.................................................................................................

5 When we were at Canada, we would play cricket every weekend.

....................................................................................................

6 Where was Tina going last night?.

......................................................................................................

7 The sun shone brightly when we woke up the next morning.

........................................................................................................

8 We were passing a petrol-station two minutes ago.

.........................................................................................................

9 Mike was selling his car in September and was buying an Alfa Romeo.

..........................................................................................................

10 My father would take us out for a meal on his birthday.

..........................................................................................................

11 When I heard the alarm, I was leaving the room immediately.

..........................................................................................................

12 I used to collecting plastic dinosaurs.

..........................................................................................................

13 Martin was reading while Helen was watching TV.

..........................................................................................................

41
Grammar 2 Used to, Would, Get used to and Be used to

Used To:

Past Habits or States (No Longer Applicable): “Used to” refers to something you
did or experienced in the past but no longer do.

Examples:

We used to go camping every summer.

I used to walk to school every day when I was a child.

Be or get 'used to' is followed either by a noun or by a verb ending in -

ing.

Noun

Tom is used to noise.

Julie is used to hard work.

42
 They are not used to spicy food.

Verb

Tom is used to living in a noisy street.

Julie is used to working hard.

They are not used to eating spicy food.

'Used to' is used with be and get in all tenses : past, present, future and
conditional.

Now that I live in France, I am used to driving on the right.

When you move to the city, you will get used to noise.

Before I lived in Italy, I wasn't used to eating pasta. I got used to it.

I wasn't used to the weather. It took me some time to get used to it.

MORE EXAMPLES OF USE:

Be Used To:

Familiarity with a Present Situation: “Be used to” indicates that you are
accustomed to something, and it is not strange, new, or difficult for you.

Structure: Be used to + noun phrase or verb (-ing form)

Examples:

I am used to getting up early in the morning.

He didn’t complain about the neighbours’ loud party – he was used to the noise.

Get Used To:

The Process of Becoming Familiar with Something New: “Get used to” describes
the adaptation process when encountering something unfamiliar.

Examples:

43
 She is still adjusting to the new job, but she’ll eventually get used to it.

It took me a while, but I finally got used to the city traffic.

Now, let’s practice with some exercises:

( Correct ):

1- When I started to work here, I ………………(need)a lot of help, but now I do all the
work on my own.

2-He used to read several books a month, but he ……………..(not have )time
anymore.

3-We were surprised to see her driving , she …………………..( not use ) driving when
we first met her.

4-Don’t worry; it’s a simple program to use. You…………… (get )to it in no time, I’m
sure.

5-I’m afraid I…………..never ……….(get )to this place. I simply don’t like it and never
will.

6-Whenever we came to Coventry, we ……………..( to stay )in the Central Hotel. We

loved it.

7-When Pete Smith was the head of our office, we ……………..(use) having
everything

well organized. Now it’s total chaos here.

8-Mr. Lazy was shocked when he joined our busy company because he wasn’t used
to

………..(do) much work every day.

B Correct the mistake

1-She is used to ……………(live) in a big city now.

2-They got used to……………. (drive) on the left side of the road

44
3- I …………………(be not use) to waking up early.

4-He is very sick. He………….. (use) to the cold weather.

5-We ……………………(be) camping every summer.

C-Choose :

Q1 - I like it now, but I ____.

A didn't use to B didn't used to C used

to

Q2 - I find it hard _____ to the dark evenings in winter.

A used B get used C

to get used

Q3 - It took me a while to get used to ____ on a continental keyboard.

A type B typing C
Typed

Q4 - I _____ to being spoken to like that!

A am not used B don't get used C

used

Q5 - I ____ play football on Saturdays when I was at school.

A was used to B used to C

am used to

Q6 - Before I started cycling, I _____ go to work by bus.

A used to B got used to C

use to

Q7 - I haven't studied for ages and I'm finding it hard to get used to _____ every
day.

A study B studied C
studying

Q8 - I couldn't _____ used to the food.

A get B got
C getting

Q9 - He never _____ behave like that.

45
 A used B used to C
uses

Q10 - It's taking me a long time to ____ speaking Norwegian.

A used to B uses to C
get used to

46
 Grammar 3
Past Perfect Simple & Past Perfect Continuous
Past perfect simple Past perfect continuous

Usage : Usage :

1-To describe an action that 1- we use it also to describe an

happened before another action in action that happened before another
the past : action in the past , but we use the
past perfect continuous to express
I had gone to school before I
how long the first action was in
met my friends
progress Ex. We had been waiting
2- Action or something that for her all morning before she
happened before a specific time called us.
in the past usually we use the
2- We don’t know if the
word “by” :
action is completed or not
By 6 o’clock yesterday I had gone
Ex.: he had been exercising , so
to the party
he was tired.
3- Something that happened in
the past that had an effect on a
later action :
She had earned a lot of money
so she decided to buy a new
car

Form : Form :

Subj + had +v.P.P Subj + had + been + v.ing

I had gone to She had been playing all
school Negative day
form : Negative Form :

47
we use “hadn’t “ She hadn’t played we use “ hadn’t “
football
She hadn’t been playing all morning
Question Form :
Question form :
Had she gone to the party
Had they been playing all day ?
? No, she hadn’t .
Yes , they had

Key Words : Key words :

after – before – until – when – as after / before / by the time / as soon

soon as – by –already – just as / when / all day / for ages / for a
long time / for very long.

A-Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs

in brackets using the past perfect simple or past perfect
continuous:

1. Peter was Sally's best friend. She.........................(know) him all her life.
2. The children were wet because they.......................(play) football in the
rain.
3. We were very hungry because we.............................(not / eat).
4. I was delighted when I found my keys. I..............................(look) for them
for hours.
5. She was exhausted because she..................................(work) since eight
o'clock that morning.
6. Everything was white because it...................................(snow).
7. The passengers were cross because the airline............................(lose)
everyone's bags.
8. I (not / see) Jacob for several years, but I recognized him
immediately.
9. Mary (study) for ten hours before she went to bed.
10. For how long.................................(you/clean) your room
when your mother arrived yesterday?
11.I.......................................(drive) for three hours when the accident
happened.
12.She told the doctor that she...............................( not sleep) for two
48
nights.

49
13. Until I found this job, I...................................(search) for
almost ten months without success.
14.Until yesterday, he..........................................(never ride) a motorbike
before.
15.I ..........................................(cook) all afternoon, but still..................
( not finish) by the time our guests arrived.

B-Choose the correct answer:

1- When her parents arrived, she..............her homework for three hours.

a-was doing b-had done c-had been doing
2- As soon as she got home, she realized that she.....her glasses at work.
a-had left c-was leaving c-had been leaving
3- She had been waiting for an opportunity like this years.
a-for b-since c-already
4- My brother...................to repair the TV for two hours before I called
him.
a-Tried b-had been trying c-had tried
5-What exactly had they been doing
a-all day b-today c-next time
6-Lisa..........................such a beautiful painting until she went to the
Museum of
Modern Art.
a-had never saw b-had never been seeing c-had never seen
7-Mark had never been to a Formula 1 race ...............
a-after b-before c-just
8-Amanda.......................as a waitress for three years before she became a
singer.
a-had worked b-worked c-had been working
9........................I had spoken, I regretted it.
a-As soon as b-While c-Until
10-By the time the film ended, she..............asleep on the sofa
a-was falling b-had fallen c-had been falling
11-.................. had the man been following
you?
a-What time b-When c-How long
12- What......................that made them so frightened?
a-were they seeing b-had they been seeing c-had they seen
13- We had.................met two years before, and we hadn’t liked each other
then.
a-never b-already c-always
14 in the house for long before the fire destroyed it?
a-Had you been living b-you had lived c-had you lived
15-How long ............................ to get in touch
50
with her?
a-did you try b-had you tried c-had you been trying

51
 C-Correct me if I am wrong:
1-How long had you tried to get in touch with her?
.............................................................................................
2-I hadn’t sold any paintings since ages.
................................................................................................
3- Maria had been dancing with Paulo all night.
..................................................................................................
4- Mum was upset because the twins had been fight again.
......................................................................................................
5- She had been spoken to him the day before yesterday.
.........................................................................................................
6- How long had it been for he had checked the oil?
............................................................................................................
7-By the time I was 11, I had learnt to play five
different musical instruments.
.............................................................................................................
7- We voted after everyone has had the chance to give their opinion.
..............................................................................................................
D-Rewrite the following sentences so that they have the same meaning:
1- After finishing his drink he got up.
After he.......................................................his drink he got up.
2- His driving too fast caused an accident.
He had an accident as he.........................................too fast.
3- Everyone sat down. The show started.
The show started when everyone.........................................down.
4- It was 5 °C. Then the snow disappeared.
The snow disappeared because it.....................................5°C.
5- After switching on the radio she heard the news.
After she...................................on the radio she heard the news.

52
6- The ship sailed for two days. It landed in Nice.
The ship landed in Nice after it.................................for two days.
7- He moved furniture. He started at 9 o'clock and
finished at 3 o'clock. At 3 o'clock he...........furniture for 6
hours.
8- Ben made a mistake. He apologized.
Ben apologized that he................................................a mistake.
9-I read the book. I didn't want to read it again.
I didn't want to read the book again because I..........................it.
10-After swimming all day they were hungry.
They were hungry because they.........................................all day

53
 Past simple vs Past perfect (simple/ continuous)
When we want to show in which order actions happened in the past, We use the
Past Perfect for the action that happened first in the past and we use the Past
Simple for subsequent actions in the past.
Ex: He had been working as a mechanic when a football agent discovered him and
signed him to Manchester City.
(First, he had been working as a mechanic and then a football agent discovered him.)
A-Correct the tenses between brackets using past simple, past perfect
simple, and past perfect continuous:
1- The teacher ……........ (tell) us that he.......................(teach) for ten years.
2- She .................... (try) to explain why she........(lie) to her parents.
3- By the time I ...........(get) to the concert hall, the heavy metal band
.......................
(play) for over half an hour.
4-I ....................... (not start) tidying up my house until all the guests
....................
(leave).
5- We ...................... (look) for a hotel room since we.........(arrive) in the
city,
and we were now exhausted.
6- John ..................... ....(not ride) very long when he...........(realize) that
he
......................... (forget) to bring his packed lunch.
7- How long .......................... (you/sit) in the garden when it.....(start) to
rain?
8-.................. (you/ see) the children when they.....(get) home last night?
They
............... (be) very dirty and really tired! What...................(they/ do)?
9-The train ....................... (already/ leave) by the time we. . .(reach) the
station.
10-Sheila ..............................(wait) for me since four o’clock.
11- They......................(try) to solve the problem for three hours when
they finally
............................... (find) the solution.
54
12-She ...................... (already/ do) her homework by the time her friend
.......................
(come) to see her.

55
Using your notes
When you brainstorm ideas for a writing task, you should note
down anything you can think of before you forget it. Afterwards,
choose which notes to use in your answer. If you use all of them,
your answer could be so full of different ideas that the reader gets
confused or bored. It is better to choose a few things and describe
them in more detail, giving the reader a more interesting picture

56
 - Places here can be a building , a city , an area , a bridge , an
apartment , etc.
- Why we like or dislike it, how its appearance is , and things that
happen or can be seen there, etc.

- Give the name and location of the place and

Introduction
the reason for choosing it.

- Includes the main aspects of the place in

The Body details, e.g. what you can see or do there.

- Include your comments, feelings

Conclusion and recommendation.

57
 Writing Sample
MADRID

Madrid is a big impressive city in the centre of Spain, about

506 kilometers from the city of Barcelona. As it is a big city,
there's plenty of sites to visit and discover. It is lively, trendy,
characterful and it has an old historic part and a new part, It is
also famous for its monuments, football stadium, food and
shops.
Madrid isn't a compact town, you can go by bus, train and
metro to other different places. In the town centre there are a lot
of amazing places such as parks, theatres, clubs or pubs. Here
the day and the night is surprisingly lively and crazy. You can
usually find street artists, they are incredible. One of the
highlights of staying here is visiting the Retiro, it's such a
beautiful park and here you have a lot of amazing things to do,
but if you prefer anything more peaceful, you can go to a lot of
beautiful cafés and museums.
The best time to visit the town is in the summer and in the
winter, and the best time to visit the villages nearby is in the
summer, because at this time you can enjoy the best weather,
parties, festivals, and you will be able to value the culture and
places better. Madrid is always worth visiting!

House
Questions and Tags - inside # outside
- Can you imagine…..? - indoors
#
- Have you ever ……?
outdoors
- Wouldn’t it be wonderful to.........?
- garden
- Would you...........?
- balcony
- …………is / isn’t it ?
- terrace
- …………does / doesn’t it ? 48 - flower beds
- - …………would / wouldn’t it ?
Adjectives
- central - modern
- convenient - simple
- isolated / secluded - cosy / comfortable
- quiet / peaceful - well-equipped
- romantic - colourful
- spacious - stone / wooden
- bright

C.W Task 1

Articles wanted on ideal homes!

If you could spend as much money as you liked , what type of
home would you live in ?
Write your article ( 140 – 190 )

- Title
- Paragraph 1 : Use interesting fact and / or question to introduce
the topic of the article and your opinion.
- Paragraph 2 : Describe where your home would be and the type
of home it would be .Give reasons for your choice.
- Paragraph 3 : Describe some of the things in your home and why
you would want them.
- Paragraph 4 : Describe how you would feel about living there.

49
 H.W Task

Write an article describing an imaginary place or a building,

include yourself and what you would do there.
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………….

50
 Sports & fitness

Text Vocabulary:
Territory - endurance event - bitterly cold - torture - ultimate thrill –
willpower - soar -plunge - ration - hardship - push your boundaries –
unpredictable - deepen understanding- deprivation - blisters –

1- Territory(n) : a large area belonging to a country.

E.g. : I will be in your territory for some time

2- Endurance event: a physically challenging event.
E.g. : Such tests are particularly important for endurance event.
3- Bitterly cold: extremely cold
E.g. :I remember it was a bitterly cold December night
4- Torture: a very unpleasant experience
E.g. : Waiting is just a torture for me.

5- Ultimate thrill: the most exciting experience.

E.g.: Visiting the funfair is an ultimate thrill.

6- Willpower : determination
E.g. : His attempts to stop smoking by willpower alone failed.
7- Soar: to rise quickly.
E.g. :House prices soared a further 20 percent.
8-Plunge: drop quickly.
E.g. : We ran down to the beach and plunged into the sea.

51
 9- ration: to allow sb. a very small amount of sth. because there
isn’t enough.
10- hardship:(difficulties) difficult and unpleasant
conditions e.g.: Many people are suffering economic
hardship
11- push your boundaries: test your limits

12- Unpredictable :to change suddenly without reason.

13-blisters: painful swellings on the skin full of liquid

caused by rubbing..
e.g.: .His skin was beginning to blister.

14.deprivation: without the things necessary for a

nice life. e.g.: Sleep deprivation can result in mental
disorders.

15.deepen understanding: helping sb to understand sth better.

Exercises
C) Choose the correct answer :
1- Don’t ( territory - soar – torture ) yourself over the mistake.
2-It was a long and (bitterly cold - hardship - willpower) winter.
3-Temperatures will (torture - plunge - soar ) over the
weekend. Say the weather forecast.
4-And then one dolphin gave us the (ultimate thrill -
endurance event -hardship )
5-Sleep (deprivation - boundaries - blisters) causes
memory loss, paranoia and other problems.
6-one of the worst ( rations - will power - hardships ) is
having so little to spend with one’s family.

52
 7-The car went out of control and (deepen understanding -
tortured - plunged ) over the cliff.
8-( Will power - blisters - hardships )is a very strong
determination to do something.
9-Jonny disappeared then re entered Alexander’s (territory -
ultimate thrill - deprivation )a moment later
10-The meat( ration - soar - unpredictable )was down to one
pound per person per week .
11- It was a series for sportscars that ran in many world wide
(endurance event - boundaries - rations )
12- The affected skin turns red and may ( - will power-soar -
blisters)
13-The weather there can be ( -deepen understanding - ultimate
thrill - unpredictable) one minute it’s blue skies and the next
minute it’s pouring rain.
14-They used sleep (deprivation - rations - hardships)as a form
of torture.
15-You will be such a good communicator and can find the words
that ‘(deepen understanding - push your boundaries
- plunge ) in the family.

D) Complete the following sentences using words from the box (Some
words can be used twice):

Territory-endurance event - torture- ultimate thrill - willpower -

soar - plunge

1- Cook the peas by........................them into boiling water.

2- It took great..............................to keep my face straight.
3- Listening to him can be ………………
4- Give me the …………….. icy…………………. Go ski mountaineering in
Sweden.
5- If you are lucky ,a splendid golden eagle may...................into view.
6- From now on the kitchen will be her …………………
7- However women perform as well as or better than men in some
53
 …………………..such as long distance sea swimming ,cycling or riding.

E) Complete the following sentences using words from the box (Some
words can be used twice):
Deprivation - blisters - bitterly cold - unpredictable

1- She is very.......................so there’s no knowing how she will react to

the
news.
2- Many of the people suffered terrible …………………...
3- We played throughout winter in....................weather.
4-I was bothered about the.....................on my hand

F) Rewrite the following sentences using the words between brackets

1-Despite years of economic difficulties dye to western

sanctions, the country is not cheap. (hardships)
-…………………………………………………………………..
2-The enemy soldiers sampled the officers small amounts and
wolfed down the superior food. (rations)
-…………………………………………………………………..
3-The report revealed that prisoners had been repeatedly
punished. (tortured)
………………………………………………………………….
4-All night long fireworks raised into the sky.
(soar)
….…………………………………………………………………………
5-You will find the words that explain a relationship .
(deepen understanding)
..………………………………………………………………………………………
Confusing words
Shade/ shadow

Shade: any dark area in which sunlight or other bright light is

blocked. Shadow: the dark shape that appears on a surface .

Win/succeed/ achieve
Win: to beat another or others in a competition/ for financial
gain Succeed: to achieve a goal.
54
 Achieve: reach
Audience/spectators / viewers
Audience: people sitting in (theaters, opera..)watching
performance Spectators :people sitting in(stadium, sports
halls)watching sports events Viewers: people sitting in front of
their TVs
Exercises
Complete with suitable words:
1- The concert attracted a large ………………….
2- The lining the road cheered the racers on.
3- She is a regular..................................of the evening news.
4- He had finally.....................................success.
5- I $200,000 in the lottery.
6- I in finishing my medical degree.
7- The big trees cast long..............................late in the evening.
8- It’s cool when sitting in the ………, so you might need a jacket.
Phrasal verb (Put)
1- Put off : postponed / delay
2- Put on : get dressed
3- Put aside : save
4- Put up with : tolerate / annoying

Complete with suitable preposition:

1-When are you going to learn to drive? You can’t keep putting it
……… forever.
2-Nathan puts.....................................his little sister even though she can be
annoying at times.
3-You really should put some money ………… for your retirement.
4- The match was put… due to the rain.
5- I always put ………. my best suit for special occasions.

Do as shown between brackets:

1- Keep yourself to the sunshine and you can't see the shade.
(correct the underline word)

.................................................................................

2- Whether you will ( succeed - win - achieve) or not depends on your

55
 efforts. (choose)

3-I wasn't a participant in the preparations , merely a ........................... (complete)

4- Never put ................ what you can do till tomorrow

(complete with suitable preposition).

5- Every week I save a few pounds for a new TV. (Replace with a phrasal verb).

................................................................................

Grammar
Gerund and infinitive
We use gerunds (verb + ing):

 As nouns - I enjoy singing/ Smoking is bad for you

 After prepositions - I drank a cup of coffee before leaving
 After the verb go when we talk about activities –Terry goes
skiing every winter.

We also use gerunds after certain verbs and phrases:

Admit, finish, love, avoid, forgive, miss, be used to, hate, practice,
can’t help, have difficulty, prefer, can’t stand, imagine, prevent,
deny, involve, regret, dislike, it’s no good, risk, (don’t) mind, it’s no
use, spend time, enjoy, it’s (not) worth, suggest, fancy, keep, feel
like, like.
E.g. I don’t feel like cooking.
It’s not worth paying someone to repair this old car.
We use the bare infinitive (the infinitive without 'to'):

 After modal verbs - I can meet you at six o'clock

 After had better to give advice.

We had better hurry or we’ll miss the kick-off.

 After would rather to talk about preference. We often use the word
than.
I would rather go to the beach than the park.

We use make + object + bare infinitive when we want to

56
 say that we force a person to do something in the active
voice, but in the passive it’s followed by a full infinitive.
My mother made me tidy my room.
I was made to tidy my room again by my mother.
We use full infinitives: 'to' + infinitive:

 After many adjectives such as: afraid, scared,

happy, glad, pleased, sad, etc. – My father was happy to
hear I had passed all my exams.
 To show purpose - I came to London to study English.
 After the words too and enough. You aren’t old enough to watch

that film.

 After certain verbs and phrases like: afford, fail,

prepare, agree, forget, pretend, allow, hope, promise, appear,
invite, refuse, arrange, learn, seem, ask, manage, start, begin,
need, want, choose, offer, would like, decide, persuade, expect,
plan

Graham and Martin decided to work on the

project together. Would you like to come bowling

with us?

Gerunds or infinitives:

Some verbs can be followed by a gerund or a full infinitive

with no change in meaning. Some common verbs are :
begin, bother, continue, hate, like, love and start.

The baby began crying/ to cry when the

dog barked. I hate doing/ to do jigsaw

puzzles when I was a child.

These are other verbs that can be followed by a gerund

or a full infinitive , but the meaning changes. Some
common ones are:

forget- regret- remember- stop- try.

57
 Forget

a-I forgot buying that book. (I didn’t remember that I had

bought that book)

b-I forgot to buy the book. (I didn’t remember to buy the

book, so I don’t have it.)

Regret

a-I regret not asking Kim to dance. (I didn’t ask Kim to

dance, but now I regret it.)

b-I regret to inform you that the basketball match has

been cancelled. ( We’re sorry that we have to tell you this.)
Remember
a-My dad remembers seeing U2 perform at Heathrow. (He
saw U2 and now he remembers seeing them.)
b-I remembered to take my library books back today. (I
remembered first and then I took the books back)
Stop
a-We stopped revising because it was late. (We didn’t revise any more.)
b-We stopped to have a cup of coffee. (We stopped doing
something, so we could have a cup of coffee.)

Try
Try turning the computer off and then on again. (do it
and see if that works)
I tried to turn the computer off, but I didn’t know how. (I
made the effort but didn’t succeed.)
A-Circle the correct words:

1- It’s no use (talking / to talk) to Mary. She won’t listen to you.

2- We were so lucky (escape/ to have escaped) from the

building during the earthquake.

3- It was so kind of you (to take/ taking) me to hospital.

4- Could you (get / to get) tickets for the science fair.

5- The suspect denied (knowing/ to know) anything about it.

6- Samantha couldn’t afford (going/ to go) on holiday this year.

58
 B-Complete the sentences with the gerund or infinitive form of
the verbs in brackets:

1- Do you feel like............................(go out) or would you rather

……………… (stay) in tonight?

2- Did they manage..............................(carry) the new bed upstairs?

3-I always enjoy.............................................(eat) out with friends.

4- I’d like.................................(eat) in a Chinese restaurant for a change.

5- A: Did you remember …………………………. (lock) the door?

B: No, I didn’t. I’d better ……..…… (go) back and................(do) it now.

6- She remembers.......................(go) to school for the first time.

7- After.................................(spend) two weeks alone, she looked forward to

……………..… (see) us all.

8- She was the only one....................(arrive) at the meeting on time.

he pretended ………….…… (be) sick in order to avoid..........................(go) to
school.

9- My parents think that I am incapable of............................(earn) a living.

C-Correct me if I’m wrong:

1-She couldn’t cope with worked for so many hours a day.

………………………………………………………………………..
2-Pam would rather to drink coffee than iced tea.
…………………………………………………………………….…
3-She admitted to steal the money from the safe.
…………………………………………………………………………
4-Mr. Anderson can’t stand to be treated dishonestly.
………………………………………………………………………….
5-They postponed going to see their grandparents.
………………………………………………….………………………
6-Jim advised me working overtime to earn more money.
…………………………………………………………………………..
7-I don’t enjoy to be in crowded places.
………………………………………………………………………..….
8-I don’t remember arranging a meeting for today.
…………………………….…………………………………………….…

59
 D-Rewrite the sentences using the words in brackets:

1- My sister said,” No, I didn’t take your car.” (denied)

………………………………………………………….…………..
2- Ann said to me, “No, I won’t give you any money.” (refused)
…………………………………………………………….…………..
3- Bill said to his wife, “I am so sorry I spoilt our holiday.” (apologized)
…………………………………………………………..………………
4- Martha said, “Let’s go sailing this weekend.” (suggested)
………………………………………………………………..………….
5- Alice said to me, “Yes, I’ll help you with your homework.” (agreed)
………………………………………………………………..……………
6- Brenda said to me, “You took my watch. (accused)
……………………………………………………………………………
7-The man said, “ Yes I stole the car. (admitted)
………………………………………………………………..……………..

60
 8- “Don’t worry, Peter; I’ll take you to the park tomorrow,” said his father (promised)
……………………………………………………………………………..…
9- The doctor advised me to stay in bed for a couple of days. (had better)
…………………………………………………..…………………….
10- Driving without a license is illegal. (to)
……………………………………………………………………………
11- I’d buy this house. But I don’t have enough money. (afford)
…………………………………………………………………………….
12- He watches TV whenever he is free. (fond)
………………………………………………………………………………
13- She was angry with me as I lost her pen. (blamed)
………………………………………………………………………………

61
 Writing Opinion Letters
What if you have to wait outside too long before the school doors open? How
would you solve this problem? One of the best ways is to share your feelings in
an opinion letter to your teacher or principal. He or she may be able to help you
out.

Taking Care of Business

An opinion letter is a type of business letter. Your letter should be clear,
thoughtful, and polite, and it should follow the format or form for a business
letter. If your letter is well written, the reader will pay close attention to your
ideas.
Although you are giving your opinion, write it in a personal and informal way,
talking directly to your reader. Show that you understand both sides of the issue,
using examples to support your opinion. Use direct questions sometimes to
make a point. It makes your reader think about it!

Plan

Paragraph 1:Give your reason for writing and introduce your opinion on the issue.
Paragraph 2:Put forward arguments for an opposing opinion.
Paragraph 3:Put forward arguments to support your opinion.
Paragraph 4:Summarise your opinion and give the reader your best wishes.

62
 Jenna Masters
Heading: name, 14 Short Street
address and data MINNEAPOLIS MN 55401

5 October 2016
Dear Mr Skinner, Greeting

Our school canteen menu needs an update. With the growth in childhood obesity,
we need a menu that has tasty and healthy options. I suggest the school add pizza to
the menu.
The CDC states that more than one third of American children are
overweight or n
obese. We need to do something to reduce this alarming rate of s
Why you are writing!
obesity! (your opinion)
All students love pizza! Pizza tastes great, and is less messy to eat Reasons rt
than burgers. You can add healthy vegetables like spinach, broccoli and facts
and asparagus to a pizza and children will still eat it. n
I agree take-away pizza is not a healthy option, but freshly made pizza
can be nutritious and fast to cook. The canteen staff can prepare pizza
bases and sauce ahead of time and only need to add the toppings Support your opinion
before baking it.
Solution! Support again
Pizza is a popular, fast and healthy option that should be added to
our canteen menu
64
65
 Novel
Wuthering Heights
By Emily Bronte

Key Facts
Full title · Wuthering Heights
Author · Emily Brontë
Type of work · Novel
Genre · Gothic novel (designed to both horrify and fascinate readers with
scenes of passion and cruelty; supernatural elements; and a dark,
foreboding atmosphere); also realist fiction (incorporates vivid
circumstantial detail into a consistently and minutely thought-out plot,
dealing mostly with the relationships of the characters to one another)
Elements of the Gothic novel
-a castle, sometimes ruined or haunted
-sinister, ruined buildings
-extreme landscape and weather
-death and madness -omens -ancestral curses -terrifying events
-taboo and sensational topics -a suggestion of the supernatural
-a villain or villain-hero (Byronic hero) driven by passion
-revenge

Language · English (including bits of Yorkshire dialect)

66
Time and place written · In 1846–1847, Emily Brontë wrote
Wuthering Heights in the parsonage of the isolated village of Haworth, in
Yorkshire.
Date of first publication · 1847
story are narrated by other characters, such as when Ellen receives a letter
from Isabella and recites its contents verbatim.
The Technique of Narration
The novel employs a most original technique of narration. We have
two narrators in the book-Lockwood and Ellen.
Lockwood is a city-dweller who comes to Thrushcross Grange as a
tenant to spend a year or so in the countryside. He meets his landlord,
Heathcliff, who is living at Wuthering Heights, and Lockwood's curiosity
about the inmates of Wuthering Heights is aroused, especially when he
is compelled by circumstances to spend a night at Wuthering Heights.
Lockwood then asks, Ellen, the housekeeper at Thrushcross Grange, if
she knows anything about the inmates of Wuthering Heights. Ellen
knows all about them and about other members of the two families who
are no more in this world; t, begins to tell him the story of the two families
and the outsider (Heathcliff).
Lockwood then becomes Ellens's audience for the story, and we too are
the audience along with Lockwood.
The novel closes with Lockwood as the narrator, just as it began with
Lockwood as the narrator.
In short, while there are two narrators, the major portion of the story, the
entire history of the two families, is narrated by Ellen. While Lockwood is
completely detached, Ellen is an active participant in the action even though
she tries to give an objective account of events and happenings.
Point of view · Most of the events of the novel are narrated in Ellen’s
voice, from Ellen’s point of view, focusing only on what she can see and
hear, or what she can find out about indirectly. Ellen frequently comments
on what the other characters think and feel, and on what their motivations
are, but these comments are all based on her own interpretations of the
other characters—she is not an omniscient narrator.

67
Tone · It is not easy to infer the author’s attitude toward the events of the novel. The
melodramatic quality of the first half of the novel suggests that Brontë views Catherine
and Heathcliff’s doomed love as a tragedy of lost potential and wasted passion.
However, the outcome of the second half of the novel suggests that Brontë is more
interested in celebrating the renewal and rebirth brought about by the passage of time,
and the rise of a new generation, than she is in mourning Heathcliff and Catherine.
Tense · Both Lockwood’s and Ellen’s narrations are in the past tense.

Thrushcross Grange

90
Protagonists · Heathcliff, Catherine
Major conflicts · Heathcliff’s great natural abilities, strength of character,
and love for Catherine Earnshaw all enable him to raise himself from humble
beginnings to the status of a wealthy gentleman, but his need to revenge
himself for Hindley’s abuse and Catherine’s betrayal leads him into a twisted
life of cruelty and hatred; Catherine is torn between her love for Heathcliff
and her desire to be a gentlewoman, and her decision to marry the genteel
Edgar Linton drags almost all of the novel’s characters into conflict with
Heathcliff.
Rising action · Heathcliff’s arrival at Wuthering Heights, Hindley’s abusive
treatment of Heathcliff, and Catherine’s first visit to Thrushcross Grange set the
major conflicts in motion; once Heathcliff hears Catherine say it would “degrade”
her to marry him, the conversation between Ellen and Catherine, which he secretly
overhears, drives him to run away and pursue his vengeance.

Climax · Catherine’s death is the culmination of the conflict between

herself and Heathcliff and removes any possibility that their conflict could
be resolved positively; after Catherine’s death, Heathcliff merely extends
and deepens his drives toward revenge and cruelty.

Falling action · Heathcliff destroys Isabella and drives her away, takes
possession of young Linton, forces Catherine and Linton to marry, inherits
Thrushcross Grange, then loses interest in the whole project and dies;
Hareton and young Catherine are to be engaged to be married, promising
an end to the cycle of revenge.

91
Themes · The destructiveness of a love that never changes; the
precariousness of social class
Motifs · Doubles, repetition, the conflict between nature and culture
Symbols · The moors, ghosts

Foreshadowing · Lockwood’s initial visit to Wuthering Heights, in which

the mysterious relationships and lurking resentments between the
characters create an air of mystery; Lockwood’s ghostly nightmares, during
the night he spends in Catherine’s old bed, prefigure many of the events of
the rest of the novel.

92
 Character List

Heathcliff - An orphan brought to live at Wuthering Heights by

Mr. Earnshaw, Heathcliff falls into an intense, unbreakable love with Mr.
Earnshaw’s daughter Catherine. After Mr. Earnshaw dies, his resentful son
Hindley abuses Heathcliff and
treats him as a servant. Because of her desire for social prominence,
Catherine marries Edgar Linton instead of Heathcliff. Heathcliff’s humiliation
and misery prompt him to spend most of the rest of his life seeking revenge
on Hindley, his beloved Catherine, and their respective children (Hareton
and young Catherine).
A powerful, fierce, and often cruel man, Heathcliff acquires a fortune and
uses his extraordinary powers of will to acquire both Wuthering Heights and
Thrushcross Grange, the estate of Edgar Linton.

Catherine - The daughter of Mr. Earnshaw and his wife, Catherine

falls powerfully in love with Heathcliff, the orphan Mr. Earnshaw brings home
from Liverpool.
Catherine loves Heathcliff so intensely that she claims they are the same person.
However, her desire for social
advancement motivates her to marry Edgar Linton instead. Catherine is free-
spirited, beautiful, spoiled, and often arrogant. She is given to fits of temper, and
she is torn between her wild passion for Heathcliff and her social ambition. She
brings misery to both of the men who love her.

93
Edgar Linton - Well-bred but rather spoiled as a boy, Edgar Linton
grows into a tender, constant, but cowardly man. He is almost the ideal gentleman:
Catherine accurately describes him as “handsome,” “pleasant to be
with,”“cheerful,” and “rich.” However,
this full assortment of gentlemanly characteristics, along with his civilized
virtues, proves useless in Edgar’s clashes with his foil, Heathcliff, who gains
power over his wife, sister, and daughter.

Ellen Dean - Nelly Dean (known formally as

Ellen Dean) serves as the chief narrator of Wuthering
Heights. A sensible, intelligent, and compassionate woman,
she grew
in the story she tells. She has strong feelings for the characters in her story,
and these feelings complicate her narration.

Lockwood - Lockwood’s narration forms a frame around Nelly’s; he

serves as an intermediary between Nelly and the reader. A somewhat vain and
presumptuous gentleman, he deals very clumsily with the inhabitants of Wuthering
Heights.

94
 Lockwood comes from a more domesticated region of England, and he finds himself
at a loss when he witnesses the strange household’s disregard for the social
conventions that have always structured
his world. As a narrator, his vanity and unfamiliarity with the story occasionally lead
him to misunderstand events.

Young Catherine - For clarity’s sake, this Spark Note refers to the
daughter of Edgar Linton and the first Catherine as “young Catherine.” The first
Catherine begins her life as Catherine Earnshaw and ends it as Catherine Linton; her
daughter begins as Catherine Linton and, assuming that she marries Hareton after
the end of the story, goes on to become Catherine Earnshaw. The mother and the
daughter share not only a name, but also a tendency toward headstrong behavior,
impetuousness, and occasional arrogance. However, Edgar’s influence seems to
have tempered young Catherine’s character, and she is a gentler and more
compassionate creature than her mother.

Hareton Earnshaw - The son of Hindley and Frances Earnshaw,

Hareton is Catherine’s nephew. After Hindley’s death, Heathcliff assumes custody of
Hareton, and raises him as an uneducated field worker, just as Hindley had done to
Heathcliff himself. Thus Heathcliff uses Hareton to seek revenge on Hindley. Illiterate and
quick- tempered, Hareton is easily humiliated, but shows a good heart and a deep desire to
improve himself. At the end of the novel, he marries
young Catherine.

Linton Heathcliff - Heathcliff’s son by Isabella. Weak, sniveling, demanding,

and constantly ill, Linton is raised in London by his mother and does not meet his father until
he is thirteen years old, when he goes to live with him after his mother’s death. Heathcliff
despises Linton, treats him contemptuously, and, by forcing him to marry the young
Catherine, uses him to cement his control over
Thrushcross Grange after Edgar Linton’s death. Linton himself Dies not long after this marriage

95
.

Hindley Earnshaw - Catherine’s brother, and Mr. Earnshaw’s son.

Hindley resents it when Heathcliff is brought to live at Wuthering Heights. After his father dies
and he inherits the estate, Hindley begins to abuse the young Heathcliff, terminating his
education and forcing him to work in the fields.
When Hindley’s wife Frances dies shortly after giving birth to their son Hareton, he
lapses into alcoholism and dissipation.

Isabella Linton - Edgar Linton’s sister, who falls in love with Heathcliff
and marries him. She sees Heathcliff as a romantic figure, like a character in a novel.
Ultimately, she ruins her life by falling in love with him. He never returns her feelings and
treats her as a mere tool in his quest for revenge on the Linton family.

Mr. Earnshaw - Catherine and Hindley’s father. Mr. Earnshaw

adopts Heathcliff and brings him to live at Wuthering Heights. Mr. Earnshaw prefers
Heathcliff to Hindley but nevertheless bequeaths Wuthering Heights to Hindley
when he dies.

Mrs. Earnshaw - Catherine and Hindley’s mother, who neither

likes nor trusts the orphan Heathcliff when he is brought to live at her house. She
dies shortly after Heathcliff’s arrival at Wuthering Heights.

Joseph - A long-winded, fanatically religious, elderly servant at Wuthering

Heights. Joseph is strange, stubborn, and unkind, and he speaks with a thick
Yorkshire accent.

Frances Earnshaw - Hindley’s simpering, silly wife, who treats

Heathcliff cruelly. She dies shortly after giving birth to Hareton.

Mr. Linton - Edgar and Isabella’s father and the proprietor of

Thrushcross Grange when Heathcliff and Catherine are children. An established

96
 member of the gentry, he raises his son and daughter to be well-
mannered young people.

Mrs. Linton - Mr. Linton’s somewhat snobbish wife, who does

not like Heathcliff to be allowed near her children, Edgar and Isabella. She
teaches Catherine to act like a gentle-woman, thereby instilling her with
social ambitions.

Zillah - The housekeeper at Wuthering Heights during the latter

stages of the narrative.

Mr. Green - Edgar Linton’s lawyer, who arrives too late to hear
Edgar’s final instruction to change his will, which would have prevented
Heathcliff from obtaining control over Thrushcross Grange.

Short summary
• In 1801 a gentleman from the city, Mr. Lockwood, rents Thrushcross
Grange, an estate located deep in the wild English countryside of
Yorkshire. He sets out to meet his landlord, Heathcliff,. who appear to
have no respect for social customs
• , Mr. Lockwood returns the next day, but it begins to snow. The
weather forces Mr. Lockwood to spend the night there in a bedroom,
which turns out to be haunted by a ghost named Cathy.
• The next morning Mr. Lockwood. Struck with an illness requiring
him to stay in bed,
• Mr. Lockwood draws Mrs. Dean, a servant, into telling
Heathcliff's life story
• This story is about the love shared between a woman named
Catherine Earnshaw, Mr. Heathcliff.
• story begins with Catherine, her brother Hindley, and the family’s
adopted son Heathcliff when they were young.read to learn more

97
 Chapter One
A-Conflicting impulses:
They are contradictions showing what is supposed to be vs. what really
is
_ People are supposed to receive their visitors in a hospitable
way but Lockwood was received in a rude and impolite manner.
_Dogs inside houses are supposed to be lovable and nice pets
but the dogs at Wuthering Heights were fierce and trained to
attack visitors.
_Servants are supposed to obey their masters but Joseph didn’t
show any kind of respect for his master.
_The name “Earnshaw” was cut into a stone over the front door
while the house belonged to Mr. Heathcliff.
_The room where Lockwood was received looked like a kitchen
but there were no signs of cooking.
B-The character of Heathcliff:
_Heathcliff looked like a gipsy with his dark hair and skin but he
was dressed like a gentle man.
_Heathcliff was a misanthropist who didn’t like people and avoided any sociable
communication.
_He treated his daughter in law in an arrogant, dictatorial and
domineering way.
_When Lockwood was attacked by the dogs Heathcliff offered no
help and laughed at him.
C-Heathcliff’s dwelling :
“Wuthering Heights”, was the name of Heathcliff’s dwelling.
“Wuthering referred to the atmospheric disturbance that the
house was exposed to.
“Wuthering Heights” means “a windswept house on a hill”.
Questions:
1- The theme of conflicting impulses appeared clearly in chapter one.
Discuss.
2- Give a vivid description of Heathcliff’s dwelling.
3- “I’m afraid neither I nor my dogs are used to
98
 receiving them.” Comment shedding light on Heathcliff’s
character as a misanthropist.

Chapter Two

A-The theme of Mystery:

Zillah led Lockwood to an out-of-the-way room from which
Heathcliff had forbidden all visitors. He noticed that someone
had scratched words into the paint on the ledge by the bed.
Three names were inscribed there repeatedly: Catherine
Earnshaw, Catherine Linton, and Catherine Heathcliff.
He also found a diary written approximately twenty-five years
earlier. Apparently the diary belonged to Catherine Earnshaw,
and Lockwood read an entry that described a day at Wuthering
Heights shortly after her father died, during which her cruel older
brother Hindley forced her and Heathcliff to endure Joseph’s
tedious sermons. Catherine and Heathcliff seemed to have been
very close, and Hindley seemed to have hated Heathcliff.
B-The theme of supernaturalism:
Lockwood fell asleep and entered into a pair of nightmares. He
awoke from the second when a branch began tapping on his
window. Still half asleep, he attempted to break off the branch by
forcing his hand through the window glass. But instead of a
branch, he found a ghostly hand, which seized his own, and a
voice, sobbing the

99
 name Catherine Linton, demanded to be let in. To free himself,
Lockwood rubbed the ghost’s wrist on the broken glass until blood
covered the bed sheets. The ghost released him, and Lockwood tried
to cover the hole in the window with a pile of books. But the books
began to fall, and he cried out in terror. Heathcliff rushed into the
room, and Lockwood cried out that the room was haunted. Heathcliff
cursed him, but, as Lockwood ran out of the room, Heathcliff cried
out for Catherine, begging her to return.

The theme of supernaturalism prevailed itself in Catherine’s ghost,

in the child wounded arm, in the haunted house, in the mysterious
people living at Wuthering Heights and in the dangerous moors.

C-The change in Heathcliff’s character:

Heathcliff changed from being an arrogant and domineering

character to a passionate lover shaking and crying for his beloved
“Catherine” to come and join him even as a ghost. He appeared to
have great anguish and sorrow in his voice then burst into tears.

Questions:

1- We were able to learn a lot about Heathcliff’s character before

Ellen started her chronological narration. (according to the order in
which events took place).
Elaborate.

2- The theme of mystery and supernaturalism were two main

themes which appeared widely in “Wuthering Heights” . Illustrate
referring to Lockwood’s night mare.

3- “Come in! Come in!” “Catherine do come! My darling,

hear me this time.” Comment showing the change in
Heathcliff’s attitude.

4- “Let me in! Let me in!” “I have come home. I lost my way!”

10
0
Comment showing Lockwood’s reaction towards the speaker.

10
1
 Chapter Three

A-Theme of betrayal and jealousy:

_Mr Earnshaw betrayed his own family by bringing an outsider to
his house and then forced his family to accept him as a member of
the house.
_He preferred Heathcliff to Hindley, his own son, showing great
fondness for the gipsy child and frequently punished his son for
behaving badly towards Heathcliff.
_Jealousy and hatred began to grow in the family and a great
desire for taking revenge form the gipsy child filled Heathcliff’s
mind.
B-Conflicting impulses:
Joseph was supposed to be a religious man as he kept on praying
and reading the Bible but he was the source of trouble as he tried to
persuade his master to be strict with the children.
He was always complaining that Heathcliff and Catherine didn’t
spend enough time studying the Bible or attending church services.
The worst punishment for both of them ( Heathcliff &
Catherine) was to be separated from each other.

C-The theme of supernaturalism:

There was a great and strong connection between the disturbance
in the family relations and the disturbance in the weather
(atmospheric conditions).This weird connection between the
human affairs and the atmospheric conditions was not
understandable.
The night of Mr. Earnshaw’s death witnessed a wild strong storm.

Questions:
1- “I found him all alone in the busy streets of Liverpool.”
Comment showing how Mr. Earnshaw was able to bring hatred and
jealousy among the family.

2- Discuss the conflicting impulses in chapter three.

3- Whenever there is a problem with the characters among the

10
2
family, the weather becomes wild and stormy.
Illustrate referring to the theme of supernaturalism.

10
3
Chapter Four
A-The theme of Social class position:
_It first appeared after Hindley’s arrival to attend his father’s funeral.
He ordered Ellen and Joseph to spend their evenings and eat in the
small back kitchen as they were only servants
_As a part of Hindley and Francis’ plan to separate Heathcliff and
Catherine, Heathcliff was made to work on the farm as a farm worker
and was only allowed to eat with Joseph and Ellen and he was
deprived of education as well.
_Both families, The Earnshaws and the Lintons belonged to the same
social class which was the middle class. But still Thrushcross Grange
was a superior place so Catherine had an aspiration to marry Edgar
Linton and to be the greatest woman of the neighbourhood.
_She was attracted to Edgar and returned to be elegant and
dignified person mocking Heathcliff and regarding him as dirty
and ragged as ever.

B- Different phases in Cathy-

Heathcliff relationship:
_At the very beginning of the novel, Catherine appeared to be wild,
wicked, savage and untamable character, the same as Heathcliff.
That’s why they were attracted to each other. The worst
punishment for both of them was to be separated.
_After spending five weeks with the Lintons, she was exposed to a
different life style and came back completely different in manners
and appearance.
_There was a remarkable deterioration in the relationship between
her and Heathcliff. She mocked him because of his dirty appearance
and preferred Edgar’s company. She started to compare Heathcliff
and Edgar but such a comparison announced Heathcliff as a looser.

C-Ellen as a mother like figure:

Ellen played the role of a mother for both Heathcliff and Catherine.
Although she thought that Heathcliff was the cause of all the bad
feeling in the Earnshaw family, she was too kind to him.
When Heathcliff was hurt by the rough criticism, Ellen felt responsible
for him. She felt sorry for poor Heathcliff and helped him wash and
10
4
dress in clean clothes. She gave him some encouragement and
supported him emotionally by telling him that he had a good heart so
he would have a handsome face. She told him who knew his parents
were perhaps a king and queen.

10
5
 Questions:
1- “How funny and black and cross you look!”
Comment illustrating how the speaker’s attitude changed towards Heathcliff.
2- “I wish I had blue eyes and fair hair like him.”
Comment showing the speaker’s feelings and the listener’s attitude
towards him.
3- “He has none of your intelligence and character.” “Who knows
who your parents were? Perhaps a king and queen.
” Comment tracing Ellen’s role as a mother.
4- The theme of social class position was one of the important
themes that affected the events and the fate of people in Wuthering
Heights. Elaborate.

10
6
 Chapter Five
A-Hindley’s complete despair
_Frances was dead after giving birth to Hareton. Hindley was in
complete despair and drank himself to sleep every night .

B- Catherine’s dual character: (split

personality)

_Catherine led a double life and had two different personalities. At

Wuthering Heights, under Heathcliff’s influence, she annoyed Hindley,
laughed at Joseph, and was rude to Ellen. But at Thrushcross Grange,
which she often visited, she showed a different , calmer side of her
character. She was polite, intelligent and amusing. All the Lintons
liked her and poor Edgar fell in love with her.
_There was a deterioration in the relationship between Catherine and
Heathcliff and a great development in the relationship between her
and Edgar. She started to be rude to Heathcliff as she became aware
that he wasn’t suitable for her.

C-The dramatic situation:

The situation leading to Catherine’s hitting Ellen, shaking the child
Hareton and slapping Edgar was quite dramatic and throws much
light on Cathy’s nature and temperament.
Ellen described Catherine as being so proud and has a complete lack
of humanity. She lost her temper with Ellen for remaining in the
room even when Catherine wanted to be alone with Edgar. She
behaved in an arrogant and domineering manner that Edgar told her
that he was afraid and ashamed of her.
However, Catherine quickly made up with Edgar as she dropped on
to the floor, her shoulders stated to shake and tears rolled down her
face pretending to be ill.
The two of them then declared their love.
Questions:
1- “You’ve made me afraid and ashamed of you. I won’t
come here again! ” Comment and illustrate with reference to
the dramatic situation.
2- Duality is very clear in Catherine’s character. Elaborate.
3- “Why should I always spend my time with you? What can you
10
7
talk about? How can amuse me?” Comment denoting the
deterioration in the relationship between the characters involve.

10
8
Chapter Six
A-Conflicting impulses:
_A father should be kind, loving and caring towards his son but
Hindley was aggressive, violent and wild. His attitude towards his son
depended totally upon his mood.
_The child (Hareton) jumped out of Hindley’s arms and fell. The only
one who was able to save him was Heathcliff who hated the child’s
father and wanted to take revenge from him.
B-Catherine’s inner conflict: (common-sense
versus affinity)
Catherine had a frank talk with Ellen which showed that she suffered from
an inner
conflict. She had a split personality, with one side of her nature
she loved Edgar while with the other side, she loved Heathcliff.
_Her love for Edgar was based on materialistic considerations and
worldly gains. She was attracted to his handsome appearance and
his social standard. She also had aspiration to be the most
important lady in the neighbourhood. But still she felt spiritually
attracted towards Heathcliff because they had a lot of things in
common. Her love for Heathcliff is unchanging and strong. She
decided to marry Edgar and could help Heathcliff with her husband’s
money.
C-The super natural element:
There was a storm and the wind was getting stronger and howled
around the house. There was a terrible crash of thunder and the
branch of a tree fell on the roof. (The disturbance in the family affairs
was accompanied by a disturbance in the weather)
_Heathcliff disappeared after what he had heard between Catherine and
Ellen.
_After spending the night outside Catherine caught a fever and was
seriously ill.

Questions:
1- “My love for Edgar is like the leaves on the trees- I’m sure time will
change it. But my love for Heathcliff is like the rocks in the ground-
not beautiful, but necessary and unchanging. He’s always, always in
my heart”
Comment illustrating Catherine’s inner conflict and split personality.
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2- The disappearance of Heathcliff was accompanied by a strong storm.
Discuss shedding light on the supernatural element.

3- Explain the conflicting impulses in the chapter.

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Chapter Seven
A-Heathcliff’s sudden return:
_Catherine was married to Edgar and he was so anxious that
no one should disobey her or make her angry.
_They shared a deep and glowing love for each other but this
happiness didn’t last because of Heathcliff’s sudden return after four
years.
_Catherine was so happy and felt that his return was a sufficient
compensation for her suffering.
B-Heathcliff changed to be a gentleman:
_ When Heathcliff arrived after four years, he was completely changed.
He acquired better manners, dignity and wealth but still he had the
same black fire in his eyes; the desire to take revenge.
C-Edgar rises in our estimation:
_Although Edgar didn’t like Heathcliff and considered him a thief
willing to take his wife, the peace, comfort and happiness from his
life, yet he still welcomed him as a real gentleman.
_He was a caring husband who loved his wife and was so much
afraid to make her annoyed or upset. On the contrary Catherine
didn’t care about his feelings and misused his love.
_For Catherine’s sake, Edgar had to accept Heathcliff and was
trying to remain polite with him. He tried to hide his jealousy to
see his wife welcome her friend in such a warm way.
_He did his best to tolerate them blaming each other in front of him. He
tried to
stop Catherine from being overexcited but Catherine couldn’t take her
eyes off Heathcliff.

C-Heathcliff and Hindley:

Heathcliff was invited to stay at Wuthering Heights by Hindley
because he knew that Heathcliff had a lot of money. As a greedy
person, he would make Heathcliff pay rent and would try to win as
much money as he could while playing cards with him. Heathcliff
accepted because he wanted to be near Catherine and it was also a
good chance to carry out his plan of revenge among those who
treated him badly and deprived him of his only love as well. (Hindley
& Edgar)
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_As a naive young lady who was jealous of Catherine and Heathcliff
‘s relationship, Isabella, Edgar’s younger sister, declared her love for
Heathcliff.
_Heathcliff found it a golden chance to use her as a tool to take
revenge from her brother.

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_Edgar didn’t like the idea of the fortune of the Lintons passing to
Heathcliff if he married his sister. Besides, he suspected that
Heathcliff was hiding his true wickedness under his gentlemanly
appearance.

Questions:
1- “I have such confidence in Edgar’s love that I think I could
kill him, and he wouldn’t blame me for it.” Comment and
analyze characters.

2- Edgar Linton rises in our estimation. He proved to be the

most decent and civilized character in Wuthering Heights.
Discuss referring to the theme of manhood.

3- Heathcliff’s return destroyed the peace and happiness of the

Lintons and was a good chance for Heathcliff to carry out his plan
of revenge. Illustrate.

4- “How could I ever love that stupid girl? She has a miserable pale
face, and weak blue eyes, just like your husband.” Comment
showing Heathcliff’s plan.

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Chapter Eight
A-Edgar’ s reaction towards Heathcliff: (the
fight)
_When Edgar knew that Heathcliff was quarrelling with Catherine in
the kitchen, he was so angry and decided to put an end to
Heathcliff’s frequent visits which he thought poisoning his family life.
“You, sir, are poisoning our family life.”
_Edgar decided to call the servants to help him as he was going to
fight Heathcliff because he wasn’t strong enough to fulfill the
mission alone.
B-Catherine’s attitude was a shocking one:
_Catherine told her husband that he wasn’t a man and she
considered him just like a mouse.
_She insisted that he must fight Heathcliff as a gentleman without any
help.
_She didn’t respect her husband at all and misused his true love as
her love for him was based on worldly and materialistic
considerations.
_The fight ended with Heathcliff’s breaking the locked door and
escaping after hitting Edgar and before Edgar would come back
with his men.
C-Catherine pretended to be ill:
_Catherine wanted Ellen to inform Edgar that she was in danger
of becoming seriously ill as she wanted to frighten him.
_She was trying to blame both Heathcliff and Edgar of breaking her heart.
_For a few days she locked herself in her bedroom and refused to speak or
eat.
_Her face became pale and her heath turned worse.
_When Edgar saw her, he was shocked that he stopped speaking and
stared at her. He blamed Ellen for not telling him how ill she became.
_Dr. Kenneth was called and they knew from him that he had seen
Heathcliff and Isabella meeting secretly in the garden.
D-Heathcliff’s true intentions were
revealed:_ Being a naiive young lady with no experience,
Isabella sacrificed her reputation and position by running away with
that monster who deceived her to fulfill his desire of revenge.
Questions:
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1- “You, sir, are poisoning our family life.”

Comment showing how Heathcliff’s return was a complete

destruction to the Linton

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2- Catherine betrayed her own husband by taking
Heathcliff’s side instead of her husband. Illustrate.

3- Isabella was deceived by a wicked man, a monster whose

only aim was to take revenge. Elaborate.

4- “You aren’t a man, you’re a mouse.” “You must fight him like a
gentle man, without anyone to help you.” Comment tracing the fight
between Heathcliff and Edgar.

5- “I’ll try to break both their hearts by breaking my own.”

Explain denoting the speaker’s character.

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11
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Poetry
Romanticism
Romanticism (also called the Romantic era or Romantic period) is
an artistic and literary movement that was actually;
-A reaction to the industrial Revolution
-A revolt against formal rules and traditions.
–A rejection to the age of reason.
Romanticism swept away philosophy, laws, science and formulas.

This movement emphasized on:

Passion
The beauty of
nature
Imagination
Spontaneous
feelings Visual
world
Senses (passion) over intellect
(logic) Examination of human
personality Recollection of the
past

William Wordsworth
William Wordsworth (7 April 1770- 23 April 1850) was a
major English Romantic poet who helped to launch the
Romantic Age in English Literature.

Wordsworth’s concept of poetry:

Wordsworth regarded poetry as “ a spontaneous overflow of
powerful feelings and emotions recollected in tranquility.”

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Solitary Reaper
By William Wordsworth
Behold her, single in the field, Yon
solitary Highland Lass!
Reaping and singing by herself; Stop
here, or gently pass!
Alone she cuts and binds the grain, And
sings a melancholy strain;
O listen! for the Vale profound Is
overflowing with the sound.

No Nightingale did ever chant

More welcome notes to weary bands Of
travelers in some shady haunt, Among
Arabian sands:
A voice so thrilling ne'er was heard In
spring-time from the Cuckoo-bird, Breaking
the silence of the seas Among the farthest
Hebrides.

Will no one tell me what she sings?—

Perhaps the plaintive numbers flow For old,
unhappy, far-off things,
And battles long ago:
Or is it some more humble lay,
Familiar matter of to-day?
Some natural sorrow, loss, or pain, That
has been, and may be again?

Whatever the theme, the Maiden sang As if

her song could have no ending;
I saw her singing at her work, And
o'er the sickle bending;— I
listened, motionless and still; And,
as I mounted up the hill, The music
in my heart I bore,
Long after it was heard no more.

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 Stanza One:
Behold her, single in the
field, Yon solitary
Highland Lass!
Reaping and singing by
herself; Stop here, or
gently pass!
Alone she cuts and binds the
grain, And sings a melancholy
strain;
O listen! for the Vale
profound Is overflowing
with the sound.
Vocabulary:

yon: over there solitary: lonely

Highland: a mountainous area in Scotland lass: girl
reaping: cutting grain, working binds: ties together
melancholy: sad strain: song
vale: valley profound: deep
overflowing: too full
Paraphrase:
Look at that girl from Scotland’s mountains ! She is working
alone in a field and singing to herself. You can stop right here
and listen to her, or go past her quietly so that she won’t stop
singing. She is alone and working hard to cut and tie together
the grain out in the field. She sings a sad song. Come and
listen, because this deep valley is full of her voice.

Literary Terms:
A-Contrast: Line 4 “Stop here, or gently pass!”
 “Stop” and “ pass” are opposites

B-Metaphor: Line 8 “Is overflowing with the sound”

Sound, which has no weight or shape, is being able to fill the valley.

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Rhyme scheme: a b c b d d e e

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 Stanza Two
No Nightingale did ever chant
More welcome notes to weary
bands Of travelers in some
shady haunt, Among Arabian
sands:
A voice so thrilling ne'er was
heard In spring-time from the
Cuckoo-bird, Breaking the
silence of the seas Among the
farthest Hebrides.

Vocabulary:
nightingale: a bird known for its beautiful song. Chant: sing
weary bands: tired groups shady haunt: strange place
thrilling: exciting, stunning cuckoo: a pleasant sounding bird
Hebrides: islands far north of Scotland
Paraphrase:
The poet says that the girl’s voice is sweeter and lovelier than
the song of the nightingale. The beautiful song of the
nightingale makes the tired travelers in the strange Arabian
deserts feel happy and comforted. The
Scottish girl’s voice is also more exciting than the song of the
cuckoo bird. The song of the cuckoo announces the coming of
spring and breaks the silence of the frozen seas in the
Hebrides Islands.
Literary terms:
A-Metaphor: Line 1 “No nightingale did ever
chant” The poet compares the girl’s voice to the song of a
bird.
B-Alliteration: Line 7 “Breaking the silence of
the seas” The consonant sound “s” is repeated in “silence” and
“seas”.

Rhyme scheme: f g f g h h i i
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 Stanza three:
Will no one tell me what she
sings?— Perhaps the plaintive
numbers flow For old, unhappy,
far-off things,
And battles long ago:
Or is it some more humble
lay, Familiar matter of to-
day?
Some natural sorrow, loss, or
pain, That has been, and may
be again?
Vocabulary:
plaintive: sad numbers: songs
humble: simple lay: song
familiar matter: a known problem
Paraphrase:
The poet wants to know what songs the girl is singing. Her song is
strange to him because it is in the Scottish dialect. Then he
guesses that maybe she is singing old songs about sad times,
battles and wars that happened long ago. But maybe it is just a
simple, local song about sad events that happened in the past
and may happen again.

Literary terms:

A-Alliteration: line 2 “Perhaps the plaintive

numbers flow” The consonant sound “p” is repeated in
“perhaps” and “plaintive”.
Line 7 “Some natural sorrow, loss,
or pain,” The consonant sound “s” is repeated in “some”
and “sorrow”

Rhyme scheme: j k j k l l d d
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Stanza four:

Whatever the theme, the Maiden

sang As if her song could have
no ending; I saw her singing at
her work,
And o'er the sickle
bending;— I listened,
motionless and still; And,
as I mounted up the hill,
The music in my heart I
bore,
Long after it was heard no more.

Vocabulary:
theme: topic or subject maiden: girl
sickle: a tool used to cut grain motionless: without moving
mounted: climbed bore: carried

Paraphrase:
It is not important to know exactly what the girl was singing
about. Although the poet couldn’t understand her song, it
seemed that the song was endless. As she was working, the
poet watched her without moving. Then, as he started to walk
up the hill, he felt he carried her music in his heart for a long
time afterwards.

Literary terms:

Metaphor: Line 7 “The music in my heart I bore,”

The poet compares music to something concrete one can carry.

Rhyme scheme: m n o n p p q q

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Commentary

“The Solitary Reaper” is one of Wordsworth’s most famous post-

lyrical Ballads lyrics. Wordsworth said that he was able to look
on nature and hear “human music”; in this poem, he writes
specifically about real human music encountered in a beloved,
rustic setting. The song of the young girl reaping in the fields is
incomprehensible to him (a “Highland lass,” she is likely singing
in Scots), and what he appreciates is its tone, its expressive
beauty, and the mood it creates within him, rather than its
explicit content, at which he can only guess. To an extent, then,
this poet ponders the limitations of language, as it does in the
third stanza (“Will no one tell me what she sings?”) But what it
really does is praise the beauty of music and its fluid expressive
beauty, the “spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling” that
Wordsworth identified at the heart of poetry.

By placing this praise and this Beauty in a rusting, natural

setting, and the simple rustic girl who is singing, Wordsworth
acts on the values of Lyrical
Ballads. The Poem’s structure is simple- the first stanza sets
the scene, the second offers two bird comparisons for the
music, the third wonders about the content of the songs, and
the fourth describes the effect of the songs on the speaker-
and its language is natural and unforced.
Additionally, the final two lines of the poem (“The music in my
heart I bore/ Long after it was heard no more”) return its focus
to the familiar theme of memory, and the soothing effect of
beautiful memories on human thoughts and feelings.

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 Themes

1-The Beneficial influence of

Nature:
Throughout Wordsworth’s work, nature provides the ultimate good
influence on the human mind. All manifestations of natural world- from
the highest mountain to the simplest flower- elicit noble, elevated
thoughts and passionate emotions in the people who observe these
manifestations.
Wordsworth repeatedly emphasizes the importance of nature to an
individual’s intellectual and spiritual development. A good relationship with
nature helps individuals connect to both the spiritual and the social worlds.
As Wordsworth explains love of nature can lead to a love of humankind.
People become selfish and immoral when they distance themselves from
nature by living in cities. Humanity’s innate empathy and nobility of spirit
becomes corrupted by artificial social conversations as well as by the
squalor of city life. In contrast, people who spend a lot of time in nature,
such as laborers and farmers, retain the purity and nobility of their souls.
2- The power of human mind
Wordsworth praised the power of human mind. Using memory and
imagination, individuals could overcome difficulty and pain. Throughout
his work, Wordsworth showed strong support for the political, religious,
and artistic rights of the individual, including the power of his or her
mind. In the 1802 preface to Lyrical Ballads, Wordsworth explained the
relationship between the mind and poetry. Poetry is “emotion
recollected in tranquility”- that is, the mind transforms the raw emotion
of experience into poetry capable of giving pleasure.
3- The splendor of childhood
In Wordsworth’s poetry, childhood is a magical, magnificent time of
innocence. Children form an intense bond with nature, so much so that
they appear to be a part of the natural world, rather than a part of the
human, social world. Their relationship with nature is passionate and
extreme; children feel happy at seeing a rainbow but so much terrified at
seeing a desolation or decay. As children age and reach maturity, they
lose this connection but gain an ability to feel emotions, both good and
bad. Through the power of the human mind, particularly memory, adults
can recollect the devoted connection to nature of their youth.

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 Questions:

1-Quote the lines that show the immortality of art. Explain.

2-Set the structure of the poem.

3- Nature has a strong effect on man. Elaborate according to

William Wordsworth concept of poetry.

4- The power of human mind was one of the important

themes discussed in the poem. Explain.

5- Childhood is the stage when an intense bond with nature is

formed. Illustrate according to William Wordsworth.

6- Hyperbole is clear in the poem. Elaborate.

7- Apply the elements of Romanticism on the poem.

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 Blow, Blow
By William Shakespeare (1564- 1616)

Blow, blow, thou winter wind, Thou art not so unkind

As man’s ingratitude; Thy tooth is not so keen,
Because thou art not seen, Although thy breath be
rude.
Heigh-ho! sing, heigh-ho! unto the green holly:
Most friendship is feigning, most loving mere folly: Then,
heigh-ho, the holly!
This life is most jolly.

Freeze, freeze, thou bitter sky, That dost not bite so

nigh
As benefits forgot:
Though thou the waters warp, Thy sting is not so
sharp
As friend remembered not.
Heigh-ho! sing, heigh-ho! unto the green holly...

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 Stanza One:
Blow, blow, thou winter wind,
Thou art not so unkind
As man’s ingratitude; Thy tooth is not so keen,
Because thou art not seen, Although thy
breath be rude.
Heigh-ho! sing, heigh-ho! unto the green holly: Most
friendship is feigning, most loving mere folly: Then,
heigh-ho, the holly!
This life is most jolly.

Vocabulary :
Thou: you Ingratitude: not thankful
Keen: sharp Rude: not nice, unpleasant
Mere: only; just Heigh-ho: a worker’s song, a happy song
Holly: a small tree with green leaves and red berries
Jolly: happy; pleasant Thy: your
Thou art: you are Feigning: fake; not true
Folly: stupidity; foolishness

Paraphrase:
The poet asks the cold winter to blow as hard as it can. The cold
wind is not as mean and hurtful as the unthankful people.
Ingratitude hurts more than the icy wind. The bite of cold wind
is not very painful because wind cannot be seen. People who do
not thank you are worse than the painful winter wind.
This sad atmosphere makes our songs sad as well. The poet
believes that both friendly relationships and love hardly exist,
most friendship is fake and most love is silly and stupid.
When we are alone with nature, away from ungrateful
people, our lives would be cheerful.

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 Literary terms:

a) Personification line 2 ‘Thou art not so unkind’

 The winter wind is given the human ability to be kind- or not
b) Metaphor line 5 ‘ Although thy breath be rude’
 The cold wind is compared to bad breath
c) Simile line 3 ‘ As man’s ingratitude;’
 The winter wind is compared to man’s ingratitude
d)Repetition line 1 ‘Blow, blow, thou winter wind’
 The word ‘blow’ is used more than once

Line 7 ‘Heigh-ho! sing, heigh-ho! unto the green holly:

 The word ‘heigh ’is used twice
e)Assonance Line 9 ‘Then heigh-ho, the holly!’
 The vowel sound is repeated in heigh-ho and holly

Rhyme scheme: abcddceeee

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 Stanza Two:

Freeze, freeze thou bitter sky,

That dost not bite so nigh
As benefits forgot: Though thou the waters warp,
Thy sting is not so sharp
As friend remembered not.
Heigh-ho! sing, heigh-ho! unto the green holly:
Most friendship is feigning, most loving mere folly:
Then, heigh-ho, the holly!
This life is most jolly.

Vocabulary:
Bitter: unpleasant; harsh Nigh: near
Dost not: does not Warp: to turn or twist out of shape
Benefits: to pay back- for a favor or a loan

Paraphrase:

The poet talks to the cold harsh sky. He believes that the bite of the winter
cold is not as painful as the unkindness of ungrateful people. What hurts
even worse than the cold is when people forget to pay you back for your
kindness. Even the bite of the freezing wind, is not as sharp and hurtful as
a friend who treats you rudely and with ingratitude. This unpleasant
atmosphere creates a feeling of sadness which makes our songs
sorrowful. When we are alone with nature, away from ungrateful people,
we would be able to sing happily.

Literary terms:
a) Personification
Lines 1&2 ‘Freeze, freeze thou bitter sky,

That dost not bite so nigh’

The winter sky is given the ability to bite

b) Alliteration

Line 4 ‘Though thou the waters warp’

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 The consonant sound ‘t’ is repeated in though, ‘thou’ and ‘the’
 The consonant sound ‘w’ is repeated in ‘water’ and ‘warp’
c) Simile Lines 5&6 ‘Thy sting is not so sharp

As friend remembered not’

The poet compares the bite of cold to ungrateful friends.

d) Repetition Line 1 ‘Freeze, freeze, thou bitter sky,’

 The word ‘freeze’ is used twice

Commentary:
This poem is part of a play by Shakespeare called As You Like It.
The poem contrasts nature with man’s rude behavior. By using
contrast, Shakespeare s able to show that human behavior can
be even worse, more painful, than nature.

Structure and Content:

-“Blow, Blow” is a lyrical poem

-The plot of the poem involves a man who gets betrayed by his brother.
-It is taken from Shakespeare’s play “ As you like it”.
-The title “Blow, Blow” has an important meaning as it reflects human
nature.
-It describes human emotions and behavior.
-The main aim is to express loyalty and betrayal.
-The final lines of each stanza are repeated to reinforce and
emphasize the idea that love and friendship are false.

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 Themes:

Human ingratitude:
The song focuses on human ingratitude. It explains that
deception and unfaithfulness of people are more painful than
the harshness of nature. The poet encourages people to keep
away from a lot of his fellow men and enjoy the happy life in
the forest (nature) without hatred and dishonesty.

Comparison between man and nature:

The poet made a comparison between man and nature as he
mentions that the rough weather, wind and the severe cold of
nature are less painful than human betrayal and
unfaithfulness.

Questions:

1- Set the structure of the poem “Blow, Blow”.

2- Quote the line that shows the true meaning of the poem.

3- “Blow, Blow” discussed a very important theme which is

human ingratitude. Elaborate.

4- Mention the function of the repetition of the final lines in the

first and the second stanza.

5- The poem sets a comparison between man and nature.

Discuss according to the poem.

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138
 A. Dialogues Tips:
When answering any dialogues, we should take care of the
structure and the tenses of questions and sentences
provided.
The structure of the sentence is:
(Subject + verb + object or adjective and adverbs)
E.g. we eat pizza at the restaurant.
E.g. they feel good.
E.g. the football players played strongly.
There are two types of questions structure we should
follow to have a proper question construction.
1. Yes and no questions:
Form (The helping verb + the main verb + the rest of
the sentence+?)

Don’t follow the scissor trick as it's not working with

all tenses. The question mark is a must to avoid losing
marks (?)
A. Did the army invade this town a long time ago?
B. yes, the army invaded this town a long time ago.

139
2. WH. Questions help you identifying what the
answer needs, so you have to form the questions
depending on the answer by the below question
words.

question word Function example sentence

What asking for information What is your name?

about something

asking for repetition or confirmation What? I can't hear

you. You did what?

what...for asking for a reason, asking why What did you do that for?

When asking about time When did he leave?

Where asking in or at what place or position Where do they live?

Which asking about choice Which colour do

you want?

Who asking what or which person Who opened the door?

or people (subject)

Whom asking what or which person Whom did you see?

or people (object)

140
Whose asking about ownership Whose are these
keys? Whose turn is
it?

Why asking for reason, asking what...for Why do you say that?

why don't making a suggestion Why don't I help you?

How asking about manner How does this work?

asking about condition or quality How was your exam?

how + adj/adv asking about extent or degree see examples below

how far Distance How far is Pattaya

from Bangkok?

how long length (time or space) How long will it take?

how many quantity (countable) How many cars are there?

how much quantity (uncountable) How much money do

you have?

how old Age How old are you?

141
 how asking for reason, asking why How come I can't see her?
come
(informal)

Form (WH word + the helping verb + the main verb +

the rest of the sentence + ?)
The question mark is a must to avoid losing marks (?)
A. Why had you gone to the doctor?
B. I had gone to the doctor because I was sick.

Common mistakes:
A. Did you see him before? Ꭓ
A. Have you seen him before? √
B. yes, I haven‘t seen him before.
When you use a question without a helping verb, you
sound more informal, so marks are lost in your exam.
Never form a question neglecting its helping verb.

A. where you been many times? Ꭓ

A. Where have you been many times? √

B. I have been to America many times.

142
 Complete the following dialogues:
Dialogue 1:

A Police Officer And A Tourist

Tourist: …………………………………………………. ?
Officer: Certainly, What's the name of your hotel? Tourist:
………………………………………………...
Officer: Hmm, I think I know where it is.
Tourist: ………………………………………………………?
Officer: No, not really. Do you have a car, are you driving? Tourist: No, I don't have
a car.
Officer: ………………………………………………………….
Tourist: No, thank you. I don't mind walking. Officer: Okay then, let me give you the
directions. Tourist: ………………………………………………...

Dialogue 2
Doctor& patient

Patient's mother: Good morning, doctor. Doctor: ………………………………………………...

Patient's mother: My daughter hasn't been feeling well and she has a fever, can you
please have a look?
Doctor: ……………………………………………………………..?
Dana: Dana.
Doctor ……………………………………………………………...?
Patient's mother: She is a little scared.
Doctor: ………………………………………………..
Dana: ………………………………………………...
Doctor: Let me listen to your back and check your throat. Patient's mother ?
Doctor: Her throat looks red; I think she has an infection. I will prescribe her some
antibiotics; she should take them twice a day.

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 Dialogue 3
At the Hotel

Receptionist:…………………………………………………………….?
Client: Hi, I would like a room for tonight. Do you have any vacancies? Receptionist:
?
Client: A single room, please.
Receptionist: How long will you be staying? Client: For three nights.
Receptionist………………………………………………………………?
Client: Well, king size bed, please.
Receptionist:………………………………………………………… ?
Client: Non-smoking.
Receptionist:…………………………………………………………. ?
Client: It doesn't really matter to me, whichever one is cheaper. Receptionist: Sure, it's
going
to be $55 per night. Can I have your ID, please?
Client: Here it is.
Dialogue 4
Two Students (at University)
Nadia: …………………………………………………………...
Alicia: Hi, I am Alicia. Nadia: Nice to meet you.
Alicia: …………………………………… ……………………..
Nadia:……………………………………………………….. ?
Alicia: I am from Nicaragua, how about you? Nadia: I'm from France.
Alicia: Is this your first time in London?
Nadia: ………………………………………………………………….
Alicia: I see, have you been studying here for all that time? Nadia:
……………………………………………………...
Alicia:……………………………………………………………….. ?
Nadia: I'm studying English Literature. I want to be a linguist. How about you? Alicia:
Sounds cool. I want to be a school teacher.
Nadia:………………………………………………………………….. !

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Dialogue 5
A Bank Clerk and A Bank Customer
Bank Clerk:……………………………………………………………… ?
Customer: Good morning. I would like to open a bank account.
Bank Clerk: Sure thing. What kind of account would you like to open? A savings
account or a checking account?
Customer: ……………………………………………………………………..
Bank Clerk: A checking account is designed to use for everyday transactions. Yet; the
money in a savings account is meant to stay in the account and earn interest over
time.
Customer: ………………………………………………………………………………
Bank Clerk: Okay then, you probably want a checking account. Customer:
…………………………………………………………………………….
Bank Clerk: Sure, we will have you fill out an application form, please. Customer:
………………………………………………………………………………..
Bank Clerk:………………………………………………………………… ?
Customer: I would like a $10,000 spending limit.

145
Comprehension: means understanding text:
spoken, written and/or visual. Comprehension is an active and complex
process which:
includes the act of simultaneously extracting and constructing meaning
from text
enables readers to derive meaning from text when they engage in
intentional, problem solving and thinking processes
is a lived and institutionally situated social, cultural and intellectual
practice that is much more than a semantic element of making meaning.
Some tips of writing comprehensions that will enhance your ways of
solving questions.

Learn prediction:

Prediction: is something you think will happen. Before

you start to read a text, look at any headings and pictures

,to predict what it might be about. While you're reading

use clues from the text and your own knowledge to predict what will
happen next.
Learn Main Idea and Details:

The main idea of a text is the point the author is trying to make. It can be
anywhere
in a text but is usually found in the first paragraph. Each section of a text
can also have its own main idea

146
Details are additional facts or reasons that support the main idea and
help to explain it. They’re sometimes introduced with words like for
example, first, and finally.
As you read, think about the main idea of each section. What are the
details that help to support it? After you finish reading, think about the
main idea of the entire text. Were your predictions correct? If they
weren't, think about how you could revise them.

Learn Cause and Effect:

Things often happen because something makes them happen. The first
thing to happen is the cause. The second thing is the effect. If a cause
leads to many effects, we call it a

chain reaction. Look for causes and effects as you read. They can help
you understand how the events in a story are related.

Learn Compare and Contrast:

When you read, try to compare and contrast the information.

Comparing means thinking about ideas that are alike. Contrasting means
thinking about ideas that are different.

Learn inference:

Inference can be defined as the process of drawing of a conclusion based

on the available evidence plus previous knowledge and experience.
... Students must use clues from the text, coupled with their own
experiences, to draw a logical conclusion. Students begin the process of

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learning to read with
simple decoding.

148
6: Learn Mind mapping:
A mind map: is like a picture or a map of the text. It can help you understand what you're
reading and see how information is grouped.
Write the main idea at the center of your map.
Write related ideas around the main idea and use lines to connect them. Then write more
ideas around each of those ideas.
Use a mind map to make creative connections between ideas.

149
Read the following comprehensions then answer the
questions based on the tips you have learned above:

Summer Rain
Summer Rain The worst days of any summer are the rainy ones. We
spend all year looking forward to nice weather and long, hot days. All of
winter, with its dreary gray days and bitter cold, we dream of those
endless days at the beach, laying on the sand and soaking in the bright
and burning sun. And then, summer comes, and it rains.
As a child, I would wake up to rainy summer days and come close to
crying. It wasn‘t fair. We suffered through months of school and miserable
weather for those scant ten weeks of freedom and balmy weather. Any
day that I could not spend at the beach or playing ball with my friends
seemed like a punishment for something I didn‘t even do.
On those rainy summer days, I had nothing fun to do and could only sit
inside, staring out at the rain like a Dickensian orphan. I was an only child,
so there was no one else to play with. My father worked from home, so I
was not truly alone, but he could not actively play with me since he was
technically at work. It was those days that I would resign myself to
whatever was on television or any books that I could find lying around. I‘d
crawl through the day and pray each night that the rain would not be
there the next day.
As an adult, though, my opinion of summer rain has changed. When you
have to work every day, summer is not as eagerly anticipated. Mostly, the
days run together, bleeding into each other so that they no longer seem
like separate entities and instead feel like continuations of the same long
day. Everything seems monotonous and dull, and an ennui or listlessness
kicks in. Such a mindset makes you cheer for anything new or different. I
spend the winter dreaming of summer and the summer dreaming of

150
winter. When summer comes, I complain about how hot it is. And then I

151
look forward to the rain, because the rain brings with it a cold front, which
offers a reprieve—admittedly one that is all too short—from the torture of
100° and humid days. Rainy days are still the worst days of the summer,
but summer rain today means positively beautiful—and considerably
cooler—weather tomorrow.
1-The passage makes use of language that is
A. metaphorical B. rhetorical
C. formal D. ambiguous

2.According to the passage, summer is different for adults

because
rain brings with it cold temperatures for the following days
the weather is much warmer than it is for children
they do not get a long time off from work for the season
they better know how to occupy their downtime
3-According to the passage, which of the following is a true
statement about the narrator as a child?
He or she was often bored on summer days.
He or she preferred cooler weather.
He or she liked staying indoors.
He or she had no siblings.
4-Compared to how he or she was as a child, the narrator as an
adult is
A. more realistic B. less excitable
C. more idealistic D. less calm
5-As used in the final paragraph, the word reprieve most nearly
means
a permanent conclusion
152
a short continuation
a higher level of pain
a temporary break

153
Adderall Abuse
Adderall is a drug originally developed to treat attention deficit
hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy. Though it has only been
around since 1996, prescriptions for it have tripled in the past twenty
years, largely because it has become a popular drug for college students
who use it as a study aid, because it keeps them awake and alert longer
than they might be otherwise. Though most college students who use
Adderall consider if fairly harmless, it is in fact a DEA Schedule II
substance, which means it has a ―high potential for abuse,‖ can ―lead to
severe psychological or physical dependence‖ and is considered
―dangerous.‖ High Times, a publication that has advocated for the
legalization of cannabis since 1974, calls Adderall, ―America‘s Favorite
Amphetamine.‖
Adderall abuse if disturbingly widespread. According to a 2012 study
published in the Journal of American College Health, 2/3 of college
students have been offered Adderall and other prescription stimulants by
the time they reach their senior year. Though many obtain the drug from
friends, some go as far as faking the symptoms of ADHD in order to be
prescribed the drug by a doctor, a tactic that is more likely to be taken by
long-term, habitual users.
Between 2005 and 2010, emergency room visits related to non-medical
use of ADHD tripled, from 5,212 to 15,585 visits. A common issue was
students who had taken Adderall in combination with other drugs or with
alcohol. Adderall is a stimulant, meaning it keeps you awake, and many
students have reported using Adderall as a way to prolong their ability
―to party.‖ According to a report by Indiana doctor Ron Holmes, drinking
alcohol while on Adderall ―can lead to psychological issues such as
paranoia, anxiety, and severe depression. Physically, it can cause nausea,
154
vomiting, weight loss, heart palpitations, and headaches.‖ Those who mix
Adderall and alcohol over a long period of time can expect ―convulsions,
arrhythmias, fevers, malnutrition, tremors, and muscle twitching.‖ Even
occasional use of Adderall with alcohol can cause heart problems.

155
1-What is Adderall?
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………
2-Explain why college students are abusing Adderall.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
3-What kind of drug is Adderall?
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
4-What are the dangers of mixing Adderall and alcohol?
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
5-What does the underlined word mean?
……………………………………………………………………………………………

156
The Hardy Boys
First introduced in 1927, The Hardy Boys Mystery Stories are a series of books about
the adventures of brothers Frank and Joe Hardy, teenaged detectives who solve one
baffling
mystery after another. The Hardy Boys were so popular among young boys that in
1930 a similar series was created for girls featuring a sixteen-year-old detective
named Nancy Drew. The cover
of each volume of The Hardy Boys states that the author of the series is Franklin W.
Dixon; the Nancy Drew Mystery Stories are supposedly written by Carolyn Keene. Over
the years, though, many fans of both series have been surprised to find out that
Franklin W. Dixon and Carolyn Keene are not real people. If Franklin W. Dixon and
Carolyn Keene never existed, then who
wrote The Hardy Boys and Nancy Drew mysteries?
The Hardy Boys and the Nancy Drew books were written through a process called
ghostwriting.
A ghostwriter writes a book according to a specific formula. While ghostwriters are
paid for
writing the books, their authorship is not acknowledged, and their names do not
appear on the published books. Ghostwriters can write books for children or adults,
the content of which is unspecific. Sometimes they work on book series with a lot of
individual titles, such as The Hardy Boys and the Nancy Drew series.
The initial idea for both The Hardy Boys and the Nancy Drew series was developed by
a man named Edward Stratemeyer, who owned a publishing company that specialized
in children‘s
books. Stratemeyer noticed the increasing popularity of mysteries among adults, and
surmised that children would enjoy reading mysteries about younger detectives with
whom they could identify. Stratemeyer first developed each book with an outline
describing the plot and setting. Once he completed the outline, Stratemeyer then
hired a ghostwriter to convert it into a book of slightly over 200 pages. After the
ghostwriter had written a draft of a book, he or she would
send it back to Stratemeyer, who would make a list of corrections and mail it back to
the ghostwriter. The ghostwriter would revise the book according to Stratemeyer‘s

157
instructions and then return it to him. Once Stratemeyer approved the book, it was
ready for publication.

158
Because each series ran for so many years, Nancy Drew and The Hardy Boys both had
a number of different ghostwriters producing books; however, the first ghostwriter for
each series proved to be the most influential. The initial ghostwriter for The Hardy
Boys was a Canadian journalist named Leslie McFarlane. A few years later, Mildred A.
Wirt, a young writer from Iowa, began writing the Nancy Drew books. Although they
were using prepared outlines as guides, both McFarlane and Wirt developed the
characters themselves. The personalities of Frank and Joe Hardy and Nancy Drew
arose directly from McFarlane‘s and Wirt‘s imaginations. For example, Mildred Wirt
had been a star college athlete and gave Nancy similar athletic abilities. The
ghostwriters were also responsible for numerous plot and setting details. Leslie
McFarlane used elements of his small Canadian town to create Bayport, the Hardy
Boys‘ fictional hometown.
Although The Hardy Boys and Nancy Drew books were very popular with children, not
everyone approved of them. Critics thought their plots were unrealistic and even far-
fetched, since most teenagers did not experience the adventures Frank and Joe Hardy
or Nancy Drew did. The way the books were written also attracted criticism. Many
teachers and librarians objected to the ghostwriting process, claiming it was designed
to produce books quickly rather than create quality literature. Some libraries—
including the New York Public Library—even refused to include the books in their
children‘s collections. Ironically, this decision actually helped sales of the books,
because children simply purchased them when they were unavailable in local libraries.
Regardless of the debates about their literary merit, each series of books has exerted
an undeniable influence on American and even global culture. Most Americans have
never heard of Edward Stratemeyer, Leslie McFarlane, or Mildred Wirt, but people
throughout the world are familiar with Nancy Drew and Frank and Joe Hardy.

159
 Questions
1-According to the passage, the Nancy Drew mystery series was introduced
in
A. 1925
B. 1927
C. 1929
D. 1930
2-Which of the following would be the best title for this passage?
A. Ghostwriting:
b- Way of Life
3-Who Were Leslie McFarlane and Mildred A. Wirt?
a-The Hardy Boys and Nancy Drew: Ghostwriting a Series
b-The Dubious yet Profitable Practice of Ghostwriting
4-According to the passage, which of the following people was a real writer?
a.Carolyn Keene
b.Franklin W. Dixon
c-Leslie McFarlane
d.Tom Hardy
5-According to the passage, a ghostwriter is someone who
a-writes about mysterious or strange events
b-does not receive credit as the author
c-bases his or her books on predetermined guidelines
6-As used in paragraph 3, which is the best definition for surmised?
a-guessed
b-questioned
c-knew
d-proved
7-According to the passage, The Hardy Boys and Nancy Drew books were
created based
on the idea that
a- mystery books for adults are popular
b-mystery books for adults are popular

160
c-children enjoy reading about characters they can relate to
d-girls and boys are not interested in the same things

161
 John Steinbeck
John Steinbeck was born into a family of modest means in 1902. His father worked
various jobs
to take care of his family. His mother was a former schoolteacher. Steinbeck had
three sisters, and enjoyed a happy childhood. Though shy, he was very smart, and he
became attached to California‘s Salinas Valley at a young age. Steinbeck decided at
the age of 14 that he would become a writer, and spent a lot of his time writing poems
and stories.
To please his parents, Steinbeck enrolled at Stanford University. Unsuited to college
life, he came and went for six years before finally abandoning college for good in
1925. After a short stint in
New York City trying to be a freelance writer, he moved back to California and earned
a living working as a manual laborer. Steinbeck was the author of 31 books, including
some of the best known novels in American Literature: Of Mice and Men (1937),
Grapes of Wrath (1939) and East of Eden (1952). Though he had been publishing since
1929, he first found success with Tortilla Flat (1935), a humorous novel about Paisano
life in the Monterey region of his native California.
All of his books revolved around social issues, and
Steinbeck believed it was a writer‘s job to ―dredge up to the light our dark and
dangerous dreams for the purpose of improvement.‖
Steinbeck won the Pulitzer Prize in 1940 for The Grapes of Wrath. Twenty- two years
later, he received the Nobel Prize for Literature: "for his realistic and imaginative
writings, combining as
they do sympathetic humor and keen social perception."
Steinbeck was married three times, and his first wife provided him with financial
support while he concentrated on his writing. They divorced in 1942. His second
marriage lasted from 1943 until 1948, and produced two sons. Steinbeck married his
third wife in 1950 and they remained
married until Steinbeck died of heart disease in 1968.

162
1-Describe Steinbeck‘s childhood.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………

2-What was Steinbeck‘s relationship with college?

……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
3-With what novel did Steinbeck first achieve success?
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
4-What literary honors did Steinbeck win?
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
5-Steinbeck was married three times. What was unique about each of
these marriages?
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………

163
Fiber
Did you know that there is a fiber that is as flexible and lightweight as nylon yet five
times
stronger than steel? Did you know that this fabric is resistant to temperatures higher
than 500 degrees Fahrenheit? Did you know that a woman invented this fiber? This
miraculous fabric is called Kevlar and it is used to make everything from body armor
to musical instruments.
The year was 1964. There were gasoline shortages due to conflict in the Middle East.
A Polish American chemist named Stephanie Louise Kwolek was working for DuPont,
an American chemical company. She and her group were trying to make a lightweight,
yet durable fiber to be used in tires. Lighter tires would allow vehicles to get better
gas mileage, but the tires had to be strong enough to resist the wear and tear of the
road. They had been working on the problem for some time and had little success,
until Kwolek had a breakthrough.
Kwolek and her group were synthesizing or creating fibers to test. During one of the
steps in the process, Kwolek created a milky white solution by mixing two chemicals
that were often used in the process. This solution was usually thrown away, but
Kwolek convinced one of the technicians to help her test it. They were amazed to
discover that the fabric that Kwolek had created was not only more durable than
nylon, it was more durable than steel. Kwolek had invented Kevlar.
Kevlar is a remarkable fabric known for its strength and durability. Since its invention
it has found its way into a wide variety of products. Kevlar is used in sporting
equipment like bike tires, bowstrings, and tennis racquets. It is used in musical
instruments like drum heads, reeds, and speaker cones. And it is used in protective
gear like motorcycle safety jackets, gloves, and shoes. However, Kevlar is best known
for its ability to stop bullets. Richard Armellino created the first Kevlar bulletproof vest
in 1975. It contained 15 layers of Kevlar, which could stop handgun and shotgun
bullets. The vest also had a steel plate over the heart, which made the vest strong
enough to stop rifle rounds. Vests like Armellino's were quickly picked up by police
forces and
it is estimated that by 1990,

164
 half of all police officers in America wore bulletproof vests daily. By 2006 there
were over 2,000 documented police vest "saves," or instances where officers
were protected from deadly wounds by wearing bulletproof vests.
Kevlar is an amazing fabric not only for its hardness and durability, but also for
its heat resistance. Because of this it has been used to replace asbestos.
Asbestos is a naturally occurring material that is known for its ability to resist
fire. Asbestos can resist temperatures over 1000 degrees Fahrenheit. For this
reason it was used in roofs, electrical cables, and brake pads, until people
discovered that it causes cancer and other serious health problems. Kevlar
poses no such risks.
It is lightweight, flexible, and resistant to fire. Therefore, it has proven to be a
good replacement for asbestos in many cases.
Since its invention in 1964, Kevlar has won its way into our lives. From musical
instruments and brake pads to protective equipment and sporting gear, Kevlar is
everywhere. Every day of your life you are exposed to something that was made
better by Kevlar. Who'd have known?
1-Which of the following is not a product that has been made
with Kevlar?
Tennis racquets b. Bungee jumping cords
c. Brake pads d. Body armor
2-When was the first bulletproof vest invented?
a. 1964 b. 1975 c. 1990 d. 2006
3-For which of the following characteristics is Kevlar known?
a. Heat resistance b. Strength
c. Durability d. All of the above
4-Who is credited with inventing Kevlar?
a. Robert Kevlar b. Richard Armellino
c. Stephanie Kwolek d. None of the above
5-Which of the following caused the search for a fabric like
Kevlar?
16
5
A shortage in the gasoline supply
A desire to protect police officers
The need to replace asbestos
The want of better musical instruments
A vest made of 15 layers of Kevlar with no steel plates could stop all
but which of the following rounds?
Handgun rounds b. Shotgun pellets
c. Rifle rounds d. It could stop all of the above
6-Why did people begin using asbestos in buildings?
a. It was extremely durable b. It was very heavy
c. It was poisonous to insects d. It was resistant to fire
7-According to the article, how many American police officers
are estimated to wear bulletproof vests daily?
a. 1,000 b. 2,000
c. Over half d. Almost all of them
8-How much stronger is Kevlar than steel?
a. Half as strong b. As strong
c. Five times as strong d. 200 times as strong
9-What product was Kwolek trying to improve when she
invented Kevlar?
a. Tires b. Milk c. Brake pads d. Armor

16
6