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ECE 12
(Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory Lab)
Experiment No. 4
RECTIFIER AND FILTER
I. Objective:
1. To verify the basic principle, function and operation of a halfwave and full wave rectifier with capacitor filter and with purely
resistive load.
2. To measure, plot and analyze the output voltage of a rectifier with and without capacitor filter circuit.
3. To calculate the circuit and performance parameters of a rectifier without/with capacitor filter.
4. To and determine the Fourier series expansion and its frequency spectrum of a halfwave and fullwave rectified signals.
5. To design, construct and test a simple full wave rectifier with capacitor filter circuit with purely resistive load.
6. To make a computer program to simulate rectifier and filter function, plot the output waveform and calculate the circuit
parameters of a given circuit with purely resistive load.
II. Basic Theory
The circuit of Fig. 4.1, called a half-wave rectifier, will generate a waveform vo that will have an average value of particular,
use in the ac-to-dc conversion process. When employed in the rectification process, a diode is typically referred to as a rectifier.
The average output voltage or DC voltage is calculated as Vdc=Vm/ π or 0.318 of Vm. If Diode threshold voltage considered
Vdc=0.318 (Vm-VT). Vm is the amplitude of the input signal while the VT is the diode threshold voltage VT=0.7 V for silicon diode
(Si), VT=0.3 V Germanium (Ge) and VT=1.2 V for Gallium Arsanide (GaAs).
Figure 4.1 Half rectifier circuit
The dc level obtained from a sinusoidal input can be improved 100% using a process called full-wave rectification. The most
familiar network for performing such a function appears in Fig. 4.2 with its four diodes in a bridge configuration. The average
output voltage or DC voltage is calculated as Vdc=2Vm/ π or 0.636 of Vm. If Diode threshold voltage considered Vdc=0.318 (Vm-
2VT).
Figure 4.2 Fullwave bridge rectifier circuit
A second popular full-wave rectifier appears in Figure 4.3 with only two diodes but requiring a center-tapped (CT) transformer to
establish the input signal across each section of the secondary of the transformer. The average output voltage were similar to bridge
rectifier Vdc=0.636 Vm however, when the diode threshold voltage included the equation Vdc=0.636 (Vm-VT).
Figure 4.3 Fullwave rectifier using center tapped transformer
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Rectifier Performance Parameters
For Halfwave Rectified Signal
Average output voltage (Vdc)
t π
1 1 Vm
Vdc= ∫ v (t ) dt = ∫ Vm sin ( wt ) d ( wt )=
T 0 2π 0 π
Effective value of output voltage (Vrms)
√
t π
1 1 Vm
Vrms= ∫
T 0
(v ( t )) dt= ∫ Vm sin ( wt ) d ( wt )= 2
2
2π 0
2 2
Conversion efficiency (η ¿
Pdc
η= x 100 %=¿ ¿
Prms
Form factor (FF)
Vrms Vm/2
FF= = =1.57
Vdc Vm/ π
Ripple factor (RF)
Vac
RF= x 100 %= √ ¿ ¿ ¿
Vdc
Transformer Utilization Factor (TUF)
2 2
Pdc (Vm /π ) / RL (Vm /π ) / RL
TUF= x 100 %= x 100 %= =28.66 %
VA VsIs Vm Vm
√2 2 RL ( )
Harmonic Factor (HF)
√( )
2
Vm
√( )
Is 2 =
√( )
2
HF = −1 2 RL 2 √2
−1= −1=1
I1 Vm 2
2 √2 RL
Fourier series expansion
Vm Vm 2 Vm 2 Vm
v ( t )= + sinwt− cos 2 wt − cos 2 wt −…
π 2 3π 15 π
For Fullwave Rectified Signal
Average output voltage (Vdc)
t π
1 2 2 Vm
Vdc= ∫
T 0
v (t ) dt = ∫ Vm sin ( wt ) d ( wt )=
2π 0 π
Effective value of output voltage (Vrms)
√
t π
1 2 Vm
Vrms= ∫
T 0
(v ( t )) dt= ∫ Vm sin ( wt ) d ( wt )=
2
2π 0
2 2
√2
Conversion efficiency (η ¿
Pdc
η= x 100 %=¿ ¿
Prms
Form factor (FF)
Vrms Vm/ √ 2
FF= = =1.11
Vdc 2Vm /π
Ripple factor (RF)
Vac
RF= x 100 %= √ ¿ ¿ ¿
Vdc
Fullwave rectifier with Center tap transformer, Transformer Utilization Factor (TUF)
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2 2
Pdc (Vm /π ) / RL (2 Vm /π ) /RL
TUF= x 100 %= x 100 %= =57.34 %
VA VsIs Vm Vm
√2 RL ( )
Fullwave bridge rectifier, Transformer Utilization Factor (TUF)
2 2
Pdc (Vm /π ) / RL (2 Vm /π ) /RL
TUF= x 100 %= x 100 %= =81.06 %
( )
VA VsIs Vm Vm
√2 √2 RL
Fourier series expansion
2Vm 4 Vm 2 Vm 2Vm
v ( t )= + cos 2 wt− cos 4 wt + cos 6 wt−…
π 3π 15 π 35 π
For Capacitor Filter Circuit
Ripple factor
Vr (rms)
r= x 100 %
Vdc
Effective value of a ripple voltage (Vr(rms))
2.4 Idc
Vr ( rms )=
C
Vr( p− p)
Vr ( rms )=
2 √3
Output DC voltage of a capacitor filter circuit
Vr ( p−p)
Vdc=Vm−
2
III. Equipment/ Instruments/Materials Needed:
1 unit ADI kit Pro Bundle
1 unit DMM
1 pc. 500 0hms, 2k, 10k, 1 k resistor
4 pcs. Diode 1n4001 or equivalent
1 set connecting wires
1 pc. Each, 1uF, 10uF, 47uF, and 100uF capacitor
Note: If the value is not available use the nearest available values.
IV. DIAGRAM
D1 Vo D1 +
+
Vo
+
Vs=12Vac R=1k Vs=12Vac
Vo Vs=12Vac
R=1k
Figure 4.1 R=1k
Vs=12Vac -
D2
+
Figure 4.3
Figure 4.2
+
+
Si Vo
12Vac C R=1k
Figure4.4
V. Pre-Lab
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A. Determination of the Circuit Parameters
A.1. Calculate the circuit parameters of figure 4.1, 4.2, and 4.3, plot the input and output waveform.
Vrms=__________, Vdc=_________, Prms=_________, Pdc=_________, Efficiency=___________,
FF=________ RF=__________, TUF=________,
Fourier Series expansion of the output waveform. (Use separate sheets for your solution)
A.2. Calculate the circuit parameters of figure 4.4, and plot the input and output waveform.
Vr(rms)=_______, VDC=________, Vm=________, r=________
Solutions:
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B. Computer Simulation
Using Proteus or any other electronic simulation software, determine the circuit parameters of figure 4.1 through 4.4, and plot
the output waveform.
Note: Copy and paste your result on the space provided:
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VI. PROCEDURE:
1. Halfwave Rectification
a. Construct the circuit shown in figure 4.1, using DMM measure Vs and Vo. In measuring Vs, set the DMM to AC mode and
measure Vs. For Vo or Vdc, set the DMM to DC mode and measure Vo.
Vs=_________, Vo=Vdc=_________,
b. From the circuit shown in figure 4.1, calculate and determine the value of Vdc.
Vo=Vdc=____________
Compare the calculated value to the measured value of procedure a, briefly discuss your answer on the space provided below.
c. Plotting the output waveform using oscilloscope; from the circuit shown in figure 4.1, connect the channel 1 across Vs and
channel 2 at Vo, adjust the vertical and the horizontal sensitivity until the desired waveform viewed on the oscilloscope screen.
Draw the waveform of Vs and VL below, and measure the peak voltage at the source and load terminal. Calculate Vdc using the
formula Vdc=Vm/ π = 0.318Vm
Vs(peak)=Vs(max)=____________. VL(peak)=VL(max)=Vm=_____________, Vdc=______________
Compare the resulting value of Vdc of procedure c to the value of procedure a and b, briefly discuss your answer.
Vs and VL
Briefly discuss the resulting graph above.
d. Using the spectrum analyzer plot the frequency spectrum of the output waveform
2. Fullwave Rectifier with Center Tapped Transformer
a. Construct the circuit shown in figure 4.2, using DMM measure Vs and Vo. When measuring Vs, set the DMM to AC mode and
measure Vs. For Vo or Vdc, set the DMM to DC mode and measure Vo.
Vs=_________, Vo=Vdc=_________,
Compare the measured value of procedure a to results of the pre-lab, and briefly discuss your answer on the space provided
below.
b. Plotting the output waveform using oscilloscope; from the circuit shown in figure 4.2, connect the channel 1 across Vs and
channel 2 at Vo, adjust the vertical and the horizontal sensitivity until the desired waveform was viewed on the oscilloscope
screen. Draw the waveform of Vs and VL below, and measure the peak voltage at the source and load terminal. Calculate Vdc
using the formula Vdc=2Vm/ π = 0.636Vm
Vs(peak)=Vs(max)=____________. VL(peak)=VL(max)=Vm=_____________, Vdc=______________
Compare the results to the results of procedure a and the pre-lab, briefly discuss your answer.
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Vs and VL
Briefly discuss the resulting graph above.
3. Fullwave Bridge Rectifier
a. Construct the circuit shown in figure 4.3, using DMM measure Vs and Vo. In measuring Vs, set the DMM to AC mode and
measure Vs. For Vo or Vdc, set the DMM to DC mode and measure Vo.
Vs=_________, Vo=Vdc=_________,
Compare this result to the results of pre-lab, briefly discuss your answer on the space provided below.
c. Plotting the output waveform using oscilloscope; from the circuit shown in figure 4.3, connect the channel 1 across Vo, adjust
the vertical and the horizontal sensitivity until the desired waveform is being viewed on the oscilloscope screen. Draw the
waveform of VL, and measure the peak voltage at the load terminal. Calculate Vdc using the formula Vdc=2Vm/ π = 0.636Vm
Vs(peak)=Vs(max)=____________. VL(peak)=VL(max)=Vm=_____________, Vdc=______________
Compare these results to the results procedure a and pre-lab, briefly discuss your answer.
VL
Briefly discuss the resulting graph above.
d. Using the spectrum analyzer plot the frequency spectrum of the output waveform
4. Fullwave Rectifier with Capacitor Filter
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a. Construct the circuit shown in figure 4.4, let C=10uF using DMM measure Vo, and Vr(rms). When measuring Vo, set the
DMM to DC mode and measure Vo. For Vr(rms) or ripple voltage, set the DMM to AC mode and measure Vr(rms).
Vo=Vdc=_________, Vr(rms) =_________,
b. Compare the results of procedure a to the results of the pre-lab, briefly discuss your answer on the space provided below.
c. Plotting the output waveform using oscilloscope; from the circuit shown in figure 4.4, connect the channel 1 across Vo, set
the coupling mode to DC, adjust the vertical and the horizontal sensitivity until the desired waveform is being viewed on the
oscilloscope screen. Draw the waveform of VL below, and measure the peak voltage at the load terminal. Calculate Vdc
using the formula Vdc=Vm-Vr(p)
Vr(p-p)= ____________, VL(peak)=VL(max)=Vm=_____________, Vdc=______________
Compare these results to the results of procedure a and pre-lab, briefly discuss your answer.
VL
Briefly discuss the resulting graph above.
d. Change C to 1 uF, measure the Vdc and Vr(rms) at the load terminal and fill-up table 4.1 below.
Table 4.1
Capacitor (C) Vdc (V) Vr(rms) Ripple Factor r=Vr(rms)/Vdc
X100%
1uF
10uF
47uF
100uF
Base on the data of table 4.1, what are the effect of changing the value of capacitor to the Vdc and Vr(sms) value?
e. Set C=10uF, and R=1k, of figure 4.4, using DMM measure the Vdc, Vr(rms), and calculate the ripple factor (r) at the load
terminal and fillup table 4.2. Vr(rms)=2.4IDC/C
Table 4.2
Resistor Vdc (V) Vr(rms) Ripple Factor r=Vr(rms)/Vdc
(Measure) X100%
500 ohms
1k
2k
10k
Base on the data of table 4.2, what are the effect of changing the value of resistor to the Vdc, r and Vr(sms) values?
VII. Observation
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VIII. Conclusion
IX. Design
Design a simple power supply circuit with maximum current of 2A, ripple factor of less than 5% and an output voltage of
12Vdc. Design a simple fullwave bridge rectifier with capacitor filter to satisfy Engr. Carlo’s requirement. Show your complete
solution, and draw your circuit design showing the standard value of the components.
X. Computer Program.
Design a simulation program to simulate and plot the waveform of the designed fullwave bridge rectifier with capacitor filter
circuit.
Note: Please use separate sheets for the preceding portion of the experiment specifically, Observation, Conclusion, Design and
the results of Computer simulation program.
