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URBAN DESIGN – 18ARC75

MODULE – 5
Environmental Approach with Built & Un-built Environment ,
Study of Charles correa examples w.r.t Indian Context

PREPARED BY ,
Ar. BHUVANESH
Assistant Professor
ANRVSA
 Module 5
• Environmental approach: Relationship with physical activity and built environment,
human activity and building as environment. Components of a healthy city and a city
that enables healthy citizens.

• Sub Module: Study by Charles Correa & Indian example

• Critical Regionalism :
• Critical Regionalism is an architectural and urban design approach that emerged in the
late 20th century as a response to the globalization of culture and the perceived loss
of regional identity.

• It seeks to reconcile the tension between the global and the local by emphasizing the
importance of context, culture, and place in design. While Critical Regionalism is often
associated with architecture, its principles can also be applied to urban design.

• The key aspects of Critical Regionalism with respect to urban design:

• Contextual Sensitivity : Critical Regionalism in urban design emphasizes a deep

understanding of the specific cultural, historical, social, and environmental context of a
place. Design decisions are informed by the unique characteristics of the region,
including its climate, topography, and local materials.
• Critical Regionalism :
• Cultural Identity : The approach aims to preserve and celebrate local cultural identity
in the face of globalization.
• Urban design interventions may incorporate elements of local traditions, vernacular
architecture, and cultural symbols to create a sense of place.

• Human Scale: Critical Regionalism often advocates for

designs that are human-scaled and respond to the
needs and aspirations of the local community.
• Urban spaces are planned with an understanding of
how people interact with their environment,
promoting a sense of community and belonging.
• Critical Regionalism :
• Adaptability : Designs should be adaptable to changing needs and conditions, allowing
for a degree of flexibility and responsiveness to evolving urban dynamics.
• This adaptability ensures that the urban environment remains relevant and functional
over time.

• Sustainable Design : Critical Regionalism encourages sustainable and environmentally

responsible design practices.
• Urban design solutions may integrate passive design strategies, use locally sourced
materials, and incorporate green spaces to enhance the ecological performance of the
urban environment.

• Critical Engagement : The term "Critical" in Critical Regionalism suggests a thoughtful

and reflective approach to design.
• Designers engage critically with both global and local influences, questioning
assumptions and avoiding the uncritical adoption of universal design principles.

• Regional Modernism : Critical Regionalism seeks a modern architectural and urban

language that is rooted in regional traditions but is not necessarily a nostalgic
reproduction of the past. It encourages a synthesis of modern design principles with
local sensibilities.
• 6 Points for Architectural Resistance in Urban Design :
• Architectural resistance in the context of urban design involves challenging established
norms, questioning power structures, and advocating for social, cultural, and
environmental justice. There are six points illustrating architectural resistance with
examples in the context of urban design:

• Community Participation and Empowerment:

• Example: Community-led design processes empower residents to actively participate
in shaping their neighborhoods. Residents may collaborate with architects and urban
planners to create inclusive public spaces that reflect their needs and cultural
identities. This challenges traditional top-down approaches and fosters a sense of
ownership within the community.
• 6 Points for Architectural Resistance in Urban Design :
• Adaptive Reuse and Preservation:
• Example: The resistance against demolishing historic
structures in favor of new developments can be seen
in efforts to repurpose existing buildings for modern
uses. Adaptive reuse not only preserves cultural
heritage but also resists the often wasteful nature of
urban renewal projects. This approach
acknowledges the value of existing structures and
their embedded histories.

• Sustainable and Resilient Design:

• Example: Architects and urban designers may resist
conventional practices that contribute to environmental
degradation. Instead, they might promote sustainable
and resilient design strategies, such as green
infrastructure, renewable energy integration, and
climate-responsive urban planning. This resistance
aligns with the broader movement toward ecologically
conscious urban development.
• 6 Points for Architectural Resistance in Urban Design :
• Social Justice and Inclusivity:
• Example: Resisting social inequalities in urban design
involves creating spaces that are inclusive and
accessible to all members of the community.
This might include designing public spaces that cater
to diverse needs, such as inclusive playgrounds,
barrier-free access, and affordable housing
initiatives. The aim is to challenge spatial injustices
and promote equitable urban environments.

• Counter-Monumentalism:
• Example: Traditional monuments often represent
specific historical narratives and power structures.
Architectural resistance can manifest in the creation
of counter-monuments that challenge dominant
narratives and commemorate marginalized
histories. These may take the form of public art
installations or architectural interventions that
prompt reflection on alternative perspectives.
• 6 Points for Architectural Resistance in Urban Design :

• Temporary Urbanism and Tactical Interventions:

• Example: Architects and activists may resist permanent, large-scale developments

by promoting temporary urbanism and tactical interventions. Pop-up parks,
guerrilla gardening, and street art initiatives challenge the rigidity of conventional
urban planning. These temporary interventions allow for experimentation and
community engagement, resisting the imposition of predetermined urban forms.
• Relationship b/w Human Activity & built Environment :

• The relationship between human activity and the built environment is complex and
dynamic. The built environment, which includes buildings, infrastructure, public
spaces, and landscapes, is a product of human design and construction.

• At the same time, it profoundly influences and shapes human behavior, activities,
and social interactions. Here are several key aspects of the relationship between
human activity and the built environment :

• Spatial Organization and Function: The design and layout of buildings and spaces
influence how people move, interact, and conduct various activities. For example, a
well-designed urban plaza may encourage social gatherings and events, fostering a
sense of community.

• Behavioral Patterns:The built environment can shape and guide human behavior.
Pathways, signage, and the arrangement of spaces can influence how people
navigate and use different areas. Designers often consider behavioral psychology to
create environments that encourage positive behaviors and discourage undesirable
ones.
• Relationship b/w Human Activity & built Environment :

• Cultural and Social Context: The built environment reflects and expresses cultural
values, societal norms, and historical context. Architecture and urban design can
convey a sense of identity and belonging, contributing to the cultural fabric of a
community.

• Accessibility and Inclusivity : The design of the built environment plays a crucial
role in determining accessibility and inclusivity. Considerations such as wheelchair
ramps, elevators, and universal design principles impact how spaces accommodate
people with diverse abilities and needs.

• Economic Impact: The built environment can influence economic activities.

Well-planned urban areas with mixed-use developments may stimulate economic
growth, attracting businesses and promoting a vibrant local economy.

• Environmental Sustainability : Human activities within the built environment have

significant environmental implications. Sustainable design practices aim to
minimize the environmental impact of construction and promote resource
efficiency, contributing to the overall well-being of both humans and the planet.
• Relationship b/w Human Activity & built Environment :

• Health and Well-being: The quality of the built environment can impact human
health and well-being. Access to green spaces, natural light, and well-ventilated
buildings contributes to physical and mental health. Conversely, poorly designed
environments may contribute to stress and health issues.

• Technological Integration : Advances in technology are increasingly integrated into

the built environment. Smart cities, for instance, leverage technology to enhance
efficiency, connectivity, and the overall urban experience. This integration
influences how people interact with and navigate urban spaces.

• Adaptability and Flexibility: The built environment needs to be adaptable to

changing needs and demographics. Spaces that can evolve over time,
accommodating different uses and populations, contribute to the long-term
sustainability of urban areas.
• Case study of Parel –Mumbai by Charles correa :
• As per the case study by Charles Correa for Parel, Mumbai, or a comprehensive
study of the streets of Mumbai conducted by him. However, with a understanding
of how Charles Correa approached urban design and some of the principles he
often applied in his work are :

• Charles Correa's Approach to Urban Design:

• Contextual Design: Correa was known for his contextual approach, deeply rooted in
the cultural, social, and environmental context of a place. He believed that
architecture and urban design should reflect the spirit of the region.

• Human Scale: Correa emphasized the importance of designing spaces at a human

scale. This involved creating environments that are comfortable and accessible for
people, encouraging pedestrian movement and interaction.

• Mixed-Use Development: He advocated for mixed-use developments that integrate

residential, commercial, and recreational spaces. This approach promotes vibrant,
dynamic urban environments.
• Case study of Parel –Mumbai by Charles correa :

• Public Spaces: Correa recognized the significance of public spaces in fostering

community engagement. His designs often incorporated plazas, courtyards, and parks
to serve as communal gathering areas.

• Climate-Responsive Design: Considering India's diverse climate, Correa incorporated

features to make buildings and public spaces more responsive to local weather
conditions, promoting natural ventilation and shading.

• Cultural Sensitivity: He integrated elements of traditional Indian architecture and

design principles into his modernist approach, reflecting a synthesis of the old and the
new.
• Case study of Parel –Mumbai by Charles correa :
• Streets of Mumbai - Some of the general principles of urban design that might be
associated with Correa's philosophy that are applied in the context of Mumbai streets
include.

• Pedestrian-Friendly Design: Creating walkable streets with sidewalks, crosswalks, and

pedestrian zones.

• Mixed Traffic Solutions: Balancing the needs of pedestrians, cyclists, and motorized
vehicles to ensure safe and efficient movement.

• Street Furniture and Landscaping: Incorporating elements like benches, streetlights,

and greenery to enhance the aesthetics and functionality of the streets.

• Placemaking: Focusing on creating distinctive spaces with a sense of identity and

purpose within the urban fabric.

• Accessibility: Ensuring that streets are accessible to people of all abilities.

• Case study of Belapur Housing by Charles correa :
• These principles were reflective of his belief in creating spaces that are rooted in the
local context, respond to human needs, and promote a sense of community. One of
the notable examples of Correa's work that embodies these principles is the Belapur
Housing project in Navi Mumbai, India.

• The cardinal principles of Charles Correa, along with an example from the Belapur
Housing project are :

• Climatic Response: Correa emphasized designing buildings that respond to the local
climate and environmental conditions. In Belapur Housing, the buildings are oriented
to optimize natural ventilation and shading. The use of courtyards and verandas helps
in controlling the indoor climate.
• Case study of Belapur Housing by Charles correa :
• Vernacular Tradition : Correa believed in drawing
inspiration from local architectural traditions and
adapting them to contemporary needs.
• In Belapur Housing, traditional Indian courtyard
housing principles are reinterpreted to create a
sense of community while maintaining privacy.

• Urban Planning as a Framework : Correa

advocated for a strong urban design framework
that guides the development of cities and
neighborhoods.
• Belapur Housing is part of Navi Mumbai, a
satellite city planned by the City and Industrial
Development Corporation (CIDCO), where
Correa's work integrates with the broader urban
plan.
• Case study of Belapur Housing by Charles correa :
• Social Equity and Community Engagement:
Correa stressed the importance of architecture in
fostering social interactions and community
engagement.
• In Belapur Housing, common spaces and shared
facilities encourage social interaction among
residents, contributing to a sense of community.

• Flexibility and Adaptability: Correa believed in designing flexible spaces that could
adapt to changing needs over time. In Belapur Housing, the modular design allows for
future expansions or modifications based on the evolving requirements of the
residents.

• Symbolism and Identity: Correa often integrated cultural symbols and local identity into
his designs. In Belapur Housing, the use of traditional Indian architectural elements and
materials gives the complex a distinct identity rooted in its cultural context.
• Case study of Navi-Mumbai w.r.t to Environmental Factor :
• The urban design of a city significantly influences its overall environment,
encompassing factors such as air quality, green spaces, water management, energy
efficiency, and more. Let's explore the environmental aspects of Navi Mumbai's
urban design:

• Planned Development: Navi Mumbai is a well-planned city developed to decongest

Mumbai. It is divided into sectors with designated land use, including residential,
commercial, and industrial zones. This planning helps in organized growth,
preventing ad-hoc development that can harm the environment.

• Green Spaces and Parks: The city incorporates

numerous parks and open spaces, such as Central
Park in Kharghar and Pandavkada Falls in Kharghar.
These green areas contribute to improved air
quality, biodiversity, and provide recreational spaces
for residents.
• Case study of Navi-Mumbai w.r.t to Environmental Factor :

• Waste Management : The Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation (NMMC) has

implemented waste segregation programs to manage solid waste effectively. The
city is working on sustainable waste management practices to reduce the
environmental impact of landfills.

• Waterfront Development: The city has utilized its coastal location for waterfront
development. The Palm Beach Road is a prime example of this, providing a scenic
route along the waterfront. However, careful planning is needed to balance
development with environmental conservation to avoid negative impacts on coastal
ecosystems.

• Public Transportation: The city has a network of local trains, buses, and taxis,
providing efficient public transportation. The Palm Beach Road also includes
dedicated lanes for buses, encouraging the use of public transport and reducing
individual vehicle emissions.
• Case study of Navi-Mumbai w.r.t to Environmental Factor :
• Environmental Regulations: The city follows environmental regulations to control
industrial emissions and pollution. The presence of the Maharashtra Industrial
Development Corporation (MIDC) in Navi Mumbai ensures that industries adhere to
environmental norms, minimizing their impact on the surrounding environment.

• Mixed-Use Development: Certain sectors in Navi Mumbai incorporate mixed-use

development, combining residential, commercial, and recreational spaces. This
reduces the need for extensive commuting, promoting a more sustainable and
environmentally friendly urban lifestyle.

• Sustainable Infrastructure: Newer developments in Navi Mumbai often incorporate

sustainable building practices, including energy-efficient designs and green building
materials. This focus on sustainable infrastructure helps in reducing the overall
environmental footprint of the city.

• Preservation of Natural Features: Efforts are made to preserve natural features such as
the Parsik Hill range and mangrove areas. This helps maintain ecological balance and
biodiversity within the city.