ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY 123
Tutorial 7 Memorandum
QUESTION 1
a) The overall reaction can be obtained by adding the two steps together:
- -
CO2 (aq) + OH (aq) → HCO3 (aq)
HCO-3 (aq) + OH- (aq) → CO2-
3 (aq) + H2 O (l)
Total: CO2 (aq) + OH- (aq) + HCO-3 (aq) + OH- (aq) → HCO-3 (aq) + CO2-
3 (aq) + H2 O (l)
Overall reaction: CO2 (aq) + 2OH (aq) → CO2-
-
3 (aq) + H2 O (l)
-
b) Intermediates appear in the mechanism first as products, then as reactants. HCO3 is an
intermediate.
c) Step: Molecularity: Rate law:
-
CO2 (aq) + OH (aq) → HCO-3 (aq) Bimolecular rate1 = k1[CO2][OH- ]
HCO-3 (aq) + OH- (aq) → CO2-
3 (aq) + H2 O (l) Bimolecular rate2 = k2[HCO-3 ][OH- ]
d) Yes, the mechanism is consistent with the actual rate law. The slow step in the mechanism is
the first step with the rate law: rate = k1[CO2][OH- ]. This rate law is the same as the actual rate
law.
QUESTION 2
Approach: First, determine ∆n for the reaction and then calculate Kc using Kp = Kc(RT)∆n.
a) ∆n = Number of product gas moles – Number of reactant gas moles = 2 – 2 = 0
Kc = Kp / (RT)∆n = (49)/[(0.08206) (730.)]0 = 49
b) ∆n = Number of product gas moles – Number of reactant gas moles = 2 – 3 = –1
Kc = Kp / (RT)∆n = (2.5 x 1010)/[(0.08206) (500.)]–1 = 1.02575 x 1012 = 1.0 x 1012
QUESTION 3
a) There is insufficient information to calculate the partial pressures of each gas (T is not given).
There is sufficient information to determine the concentrations and hence Qc. Convert the Kp given
to Kc using Kp = Kc(RT) ∆n. Compare the Qc to the Kc just calculated and make a prediction.
∆n = Number of product gas moles – Number of reactant gas moles = 2 – 2 = 0
Since ∆n = 0, Kp = Kc = 2.825 (note if ∆n had any other value, we could not finish the calculation
without the temperature).
Calculate the initial concentrations (in mol/L) and substitute in the formula for Qc:
[CO2][H2] [0.620/2.00][0.430/2.00]
Qc = = = 3.662 (unrounded) > Kc = 2.825
[CO][H2O] [0.130/2.00][0.560/2.00]
Qc > Kc Thus, the reaction is not at equilibrium and will proceed to the left (towards the reactants).
b) Set up reaction table in terms of concentration:
Concentration (M) CO(g) + H2 O(g) ↔ CO2 (g) + H2 (g)
Initial 0.0650 0.280 0.310 0.215
Change +x +x -x -x
Equilibrium 0.0650 + x 0.280 + x 0.310 - x 0.215 - x
At equilibrium:
[CO2][H2] [0.310 - x][0.215 - x]
Kc = = = 2.825
[CO][H2O] [0.0650 + x][0.280 + x]
Therefor:
1.825x2 + 1.499625x - 0.15235 = 0
Solve for x:
x = 0.0100 M or -0.832 M (second root not chemically possible)
Thus:
x = 0.0100 M
And: [CO] = 0.0650 + 0.0100 = 0.0750 M; [H2O] = 0.280 + 0.0100 = 0.290 M
[CO2] = 0.310 - 0.0100 = 0.300 M; [H2] = 0.215 - 0.0100 = 0.205 M
c) Set up reaction table with initial values being those at equilibrium (part b) plus the adjusted value
for CO. The reaction will proceed to the right to counter the effect of added reactant:
[CO]new = [CO]eq + [CO]added = 0.0750 M + (0.100 mol / 2.00 L) = 0.125 M
Concentration (M) CO(g) + H2 O(g) ↔ CO2 (g) + H2 (g)
Initial 0.125 0.290 0.300 0.205
Change -x -x +x +x
Equilibrium 0.125 - x 0.290 - x 0.300 + x 0.205 + x
At equilibrium:
[CO2][H2] [0.300 + x][0.205 + x]
Kc = = = 2.825
[CO][H2O] [0.125 - x][0.290 - x]
Therefor:
1.825x2 - 1.6775x + 0.04097 = 0
Solve for x:
x = 0.0250 M or 0.894M (second root not chemically possible)
Thus:
x = 0.0250 M
And: [CO] = 0.125 - 0.0250 = 0.0100 M; [H2O] = 0.290 - 0.0250 = 0.265 M
[CO2] = 0.300 + 0.0250 = 0.325 M; [H2] = 0.205 + 0.0250 = 0.230 M
QUESTION 4
a) Compare Qc to Kc and make a prediction.
Calculate the initial concentrations (in mol/L) and substitute in the formula for Qc:
[H2] = nH2 / V = 0.9345 mol / 150 L = 6.23 x 10-3 M
Similarly: [I2] = 4.14 x 10-3 M and [HI] = 2.24 x 10-2 M
[HI]2 [2.24 x 10-2]2
Qc = = = 19.45 (unrounded) < Kc = 54.3
[H2][I2] [6.23 x 10-3][ 4.14 x 10-3]
Qc < Kc Thus, the reaction is not at equilibrium and will proceed to the right (towards the product).
b) Set up reaction table in terms of concentration:
Concentration (M) H2 (g) + I2 (g) ↔ 2HI(g)
Initial 6.23 x 10-3 4.14 x 10-3 2.24 x 10-2
Change -x -x +2x
Equilibrium 6.23 x 10-3 - x 4.14 x 10-3 - x 2.24 x 10-2 + 2x
At equilibrium:
[HI]2 [2.24 x 10-2 + 2x]2
Kc = = = 54.3
[H2][I2] [6.23 x 10-3 - x][ 4.14 x 10-3 - x]
Therefor:
50.3x2 – 0.6527x + 8.983 x 10-4 = 0
Solve for x:
x = 1.141 x 10-2 M or 1.565 x 10-3 M (first root not chemically possible)
Thus:
x = 1.565 x 10-3 M
And: [H2] = 6.23 x 10-3 - 1.565 x 10-3 = 4.67 x 10-3 M;
[I2] = 4.14 x 10-3 - 1.565 x 10-3 = 2.58 x 10-3 M
[HI] = 2.24 x 10-2 + 2(1.565 x 10-3) = 2.55 x 10-2 M
c) ∆nGas = 0; KC = Kp = 54.3
d) 2HI ↔ H2 + I2; KC’ = 1/ KC = 1/54.3
HI ↔ ½ H2 + ½ I2; KC’’ = (KC’)1/2 = (1/54.3)1/2 = 0.136
QUESTION 5
An endothermic reaction can be written as: reactants + heat ↔ products. A rise in temperature
(increase in heat) favours the forward direction of the reaction, i.e., the formation of products and
consumption of reactants. Since K = [products]/[reactants], the addition of heat increases the
numerator and decreases the denominator, making K2 larger than K1.
‘n Endotermiese reaksie kan geskryf word as: reaktante + hitte ↔ produkte. ‘n Styging in temperatuur
(meer hitte) bevoordeel die voorwaartse reaksie, dus die vorming van produkte en verbruik van
reaktante. Aangesien K = [produkte]/[reaktante], sal die toevoeging van hitte die teller laat toeneem
en die noemer laat afneem, wat K2 groter as K1 sal maak.
