ISRO PROPULSION COMPLEX

MAHENDRAGIRI
IN-PLANT TRAINING REPORT

(22-01-2025 to 04-02-2025)

Submitted By

KRISHNARAJAN V (8208E22CSR046)

OF

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
COMPUTER SCIENCE ENGINEERING

E.G.S PILLAY ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(AUTONOMOUS)
NAGAPATTINAM – 611 002

Submitted to

SHRI. S. KRISHNA DIWAKAR, DHH, PPED

Programme Planning & Evaluation Division
Management Systems Area IPRC
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the individuals who have been
instrumental in making my In-plant training at ISRO Propulsion Complex a
rewarding and enriching experience.

I extend my heartfelt thanks to Shri. [Link] Diwakar, DDH, HRDD, for

his continuous support and guidance throughout the training period. His insights
into human resources and organizational dynamics have been invaluable.

A Special Thanks goes to the division heads who played a pivotal role in
shaping my learning journey. [Link] Annie Grace in MTID,[Link]
Sapna in TCEM,[Link] Britto in AIIS,[Link] in
ETID,[Link] in CTIG,[Link] Ratnam in ETIG,[Link]
Chandra in STIG,[Link] in COWAA,[Link] in
CN,[Link] in IES willingness to share knowledge have significantly
contributed to our understanding of computer science and engineering in the
context of space exploration.

I truly grateful for the opportunity to work under their guidance and appreciate
their commitment to fostering a conducive learning environment.

And I would like to express my sincere gratitude to EGS Pillay Engineering

College Management.

1
 ABSTRACT
This report summarizes my in-plant training experience at the ISRO Propulsion
Complex (IPRC) in Mahendragiri, conducted over a period of 10 days. The training
provided valuable insights into various technological and operational aspects of satellite
systems and propulsion technologies integral to India’s space exploration efforts. The
report begins with an overview of satellite technology, discussing its applications,
structural components, power sources, and communication methods, which are vital for
understanding the functionality of modern satellites.

The report also covers the distinctions between Polar Satellite Launch Vehicles (PSLV)
and Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicles (GSLV), highlighting their design,
capabilities, and mission profiles. A section on networking elucidates essential concepts
such as internet architecture, Ethernet, firewalls, and networking protocols (TCP and UDP),
which are critical for data communication in space missions. Additionally, the report delves
into database management, detailing the principles of ACID properties, the differences
between RDBMS, ORDBMS, and OODBMS, and the implementation of RAID for data
redundancy.

Furthermore, the report discusses the Public Financial Management System and its
relevance in project budgeting and resource allocation. An examination of operating
systems, including Linux and Windows, emphasizes their respective roles in supporting
software applications at IPRC. The functionality of Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC)
is also presented, showcasing their application in automating various operational processes.
Additionally, the importance of mail servers in facilitating efficient communication within
the organization is [Link], this report encapsulates my learning experience at
ISRO IPRC, emphasizing the integration of technology and systems that contribute to
India's advancements in aerospace and propulsion technologies.

2
 TABLE OF CONTENT

SNO CONTENT PAGE NO

1 INTRODUCTION 5

2 SATELLITE SYSTEMS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS 8

3 ROCKETS 11

4 SATELLITES 14

5 TEST AND PRODUCTION FACILITIES 17

6 NETWORKING 25

7 DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 30

COWAA
8 35

9 LINUX AND WINDOWS 39

PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER

10 44

MAIL SERVER
11 47

3
 DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM
12 51

13 53
CRYGENIC ENGINE

SEMICRYOGENIC ENGINE 56
14

CONCLUSION 59

4
 INTRODUCTION

In the dynamic field of Space Exploration, where technology and innovation converge,
the significance of Computer Science Engineering is paramount. The in-plant training
program at ISRO Propulsion Complex (IPRC), Mahendragiri, presents a unique opportunity
for computer science students, offering an insightful exploration into the technological
landscape of propulsion systems. Located in the tranquil surroundings of Mahendragiri,
Tamil Nadu, the ISRO Propulsion Complex serves as a hub of excellence in propulsion
technology. As a vital component of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), IPRC
is at the forefront of advancements in rocket propulsion, necessitating the integration of
sophisticated computer systems and software solutions.

The primary objectives of the in-plant training program for computer science students at
IPRC are to provide a comprehensive understanding of software applications in propulsion
technologies. The training aims to enhance knowledge of data acquisition systems,
simulation tools, and software development processes essential for the success of space
missions. By engaging with real-world projects and cutting-edge technologies, students
gain valuable insights into the critical role that computer science plays in enhancing the
efficiency, reliability, and safety of rocket propulsion systems. This experience not only
prepares students for future challenges in aerospace engineering but also fosters a deeper
appreciation for the interdisciplinary nature of space exploration.

5
 ISRO PROPULSION COMPLEX

IPRC

ISRO Propulsion Complex (IPRC) is one of the major research and

development centers under the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). It is
dedicated to the testing, assembly, and integration of liquid propulsion stages for
launch vehicles and satellites. Located at Mahendragiri in Tamil Nadu, India, IPRC
plays a crucial role in advancing propulsion technologies for India's space
exploration endeavors.

IPRC was established in February 2002 with the primary focus on liquid
propulsion stages for launch vehicles and satellites. IPRC is a key center within the
ISRO family, contributing significantly to the development and testing of liquid
propulsion systems. The complex specializes in the testing of liquid propulsion
stages used in ISRO's launch vehicles. This includes testing engines and stages under
simulated conditions to ensure their reliability and performance.

IPRC is involved in the development and integration of liquid propulsion

systems, including cryogenic propulsion systems, which use liquid oxygen and
liquid hydrogen. The complex is equipped with state-of-the-art testing facilities,
including test stands and facilities for high-altitude tests, where engines and stages
undergo rigorous testing to simulate the conditions they will face during actual
launches.

IPRC is engaged in continuous research and development activities to

enhance and innovate liquid propulsion technologies. This includes exploring new
materials, technologies, and processes to improve efficiency and reliability.

6
 The complex has made significant contributions to various ISRO space
missions, ensuring the successful deployment of satellites and launch vehicles. The
complex at Mahendragiri has expansive facilities for the assembly, integration, and
testing of liquid propulsion stages. The location is chosen for its strategic advantage
and environmental considerations. IPRC collaborates with various national and
international institutions, industries, and organizations to exchange knowledge,
expertise, and resources in the field of propulsion.

IPRC is also involved in educational initiatives, providing training and

internship opportunities for students and researchers in the field of aerospace
engineering and propulsion technologies.

7
 [Link] SYSTEMS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS

2.1 FUNCTIONS OF SATELLITES

Satellites are utilized in various fields such as telecommunications, navigation, Earth

monitoring, defense, and space exploration. They support weather forecasting, disaster
management, military surveillance, scientific research, and remote sensing applications,
significantly impacting daily life and technological advancements.

2.2 KEY COMPONENTS OF A SATELLITE

A satellite is composed of multiple subsystems that ensure its stability, communication,

and operational efficiency in space:
• Mission Payload: Includes instruments like cameras, sensors, and antennas for specific
functions.
• Communication Unit: Facilitates data transmission via transponders and antennas.
• Power Supply System: Utilizes solar panels and rechargeable batteries to generate
and store energy.
• Thermal Management System: Protects electronic components from extreme
temperature variations.
• Navigation and Control System: Maintains orbit and orientation using thrusters,
gyroscopes, and reaction wheels.

8
2.3 POWER GENERATION IN SATELLITES

Most satellites depend on solar panels to generate electricity by converting sunlight

into power. Energy is stored in batteries to ensure continuous functionality during
eclipse phases when the satellite is in Earth's shadow, preventing solar energy
absorption.

9
2.4 SATELLITE-BASED COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

Satellites enable global communication through radio wave transmission. The process
involves:
1. Signal Uplink: A ground station sends data to the satellite.
2. Signal Processing: The satellite receives, amplifies, and redirects the signal.
3. Signal Downlink: The modified signal is transmitted back to Earth-based receivers.
This technology powers TV broadcasting, internet services, military operations, disaster
response systems, and global connectivity, ensuring reliable communication across vast
distances.

10
 [Link]

3.1. INTRODUCTION
Rocket propulsion systems are designed to generate thrust by expelling mass at high
velocity, allowing spacecraft and missiles to travel through space and Earth's atmosphere. These
propulsion systems are classified based on their fuel types and operational characteristics. The
four primary types are solid rockets, liquid rockets, cryogenic rockets, and hybrid rockets .

3.2. SOLID ROCKETS

3.2.1 Definition
A solid rocket is a type of rocket engine that uses a solid propellant mixture, consisting of
both fuel and oxidizer, packed into a cylindrical casing. Once ignited, the fuel burns in a
controlled manner to produce thrust.
3.2.2 Characteristics
• Simple design: Lacks moving parts, making it easier to manufacture and operate.
• Stable and storable: Can be stored for long durations without significant degradation.
• High reliability: Less prone to failure compared to liquid propulsion systems.
• Instant ignition: Provides immediate thrust upon ignition.
3.2.3 Composition
• Fuel: Typically a powdered metal such as aluminum.
• Oxidizer: A chemical compound such as ammonium perchlorate or potassium nitrate.
3.2.4 Applications
• Used in military missiles due to rapid response capability.
• Employed as booster rockets in space launch systems like PSLV and GSLV.
• Utilized in fireworks and small-scale propulsion systems.

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3.3 LIQUID ROCKETS
3.3.1 Definition
A liquid rocket engine operates using separate liquid fuel and oxidizer tanks, which are
mixed and combusted in a chamber to generate thrust.
3.3.2 Characteristics
• Complex design: Requires precise engineering for fuel injection and combustion.
• Higher efficiency: Provides greater control over thrust and burn duration.
• Throttle capability: Can be throttled up or down as needed.
• Multiple ignition capability: Can be restarted in space for orbital corrections.
3.3.3 Composition
• Fuel: Commonly uses RP-1 (refined kerosene), liquid hydrogen (LH2), or hydrazine.
• Oxidizer: Uses liquid oxygen (LOX) or nitrogen tetroxide (N2O4).
3.3.4 Applications
• Space launch vehicles such as PSLV, GSLV, and LVM3.
• Spacecraft maneuvering systems used in orbit correction and docking.
• Interplanetary missions, where liquid fuel provides long-duration thrust.
3.4 CRYOGENIC ROCKETS
3.4.1 Definition
A cryogenic rocket engine is a type of liquid rocket that uses cryogenic (extremely low-
temperature) propellants to achieve high efficiency and thrust .
3.4.2 Characteristics
• High efficiency: Provides higher specific impulse compared to conventional liquid
rockets.
• Complex storage and handling: Requires insulated tanks to maintain fuel at ultra-low
temperatures.
• Superior performance: Ideal for heavy-lift launch vehicles and deep-space missions.
3.4.3 Composition
• Fuel: Liquid hydrogen (LH2), stored at -253°C.

12
 • Oxidizer: Liquid oxygen (LOX), stored at -183°C.
3.4.4 Applications
• Used in GSLV’s cryogenic upper stage (C25 and CE-7.5 engines).
• Essential for deep-space exploration due to its high energy efficiency.

3.5. HYBRID ROCKETS

3.5.1 Definition
A hybrid rocket engine combines elements of both solid and liquid propulsion by using solid
fuel and a liquid or gaseous oxidizer.
3.5.2 Characteristics
• Moderate complexity: Simpler than liquid rockets but more controllable than solid
rockets.
• Enhanced safety: Fuel and oxidizer are stored separately, reducing explosion risks.
• Thrust control: Can be throttled or stopped mid-flight, unlike solid rockets.
3.5.3 Composition
• Fuel: Typically a solid polymer like hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB).
• Oxidizer: Liquid or gaseous oxidizers such as liquid oxygen (LOX) or nitrous oxide
(N2O).
3.5.4 Applications
• Employed in experimental and research rockets.
• Considered for future low-cost space missions.
3.5 CONCLUSION
Each type of rocket propulsion system has its own advantages and applications. Solid
rockets provide reliability and storage benefits, liquid rockets offer efficiency and control,
cryogenic rockets achieve high thrust with complex handling, and hybrid rockets balance safety
and versatility. These propulsion systems continue to evolve, playing a critical role in modern
space exploration, military applications, and scientific research.

13
 4. SATELLITES

ISRO has launched a wide range of satellites serving various purposes, including
communication, Earth observation, navigation, weather monitoring, and space exploration. The
INSAT and GSAT series support telecommunication, broadcasting, and internet services, while
the IRS, Cartosat, and RISAT series provide high-resolution imaging for mapping,
agriculture, and defense applications. The NavIC (IRNSS) satellites offer India’s own GPS-like
navigation system, and weather satellites like INSAT-3DR and SCATSAT-1 help in climate
monitoring and disaster management. Additionally, experimental missions like Aryabhata,
Astrosat, and student-built satellites like KalamSAT-V2 demonstrate India's growing expertise
in space technology.
In space exploration, ISRO has achieved significant milestones with missions like
Chandrayaan-1, Chandrayaan-2, and Chandrayaan-3, contributing to lunar research, and
Mangalyaan (Mars Orbiter Mission), which made India the first country to reach Mars in its
first attempt. The Aditya-L1 mission studies the Sun, and upcoming projects like Gaganyaan
aim to send Indian astronauts to space. Future missions, including NISAR (a joint ISRO-NASA
satellite) and space docking experiments, reflect ISRO’s continuous advancements in space
technology, making India a global leader in satellite development and interplanetary
exploration.

4.1 GEO SYNCHRONOUS LAUNCH VEHICLE(GSLV)

The Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) is an important ISRO rocket

used to launch heavy satellites into space. It has three stages, including a solid booster, a
liquid-fueled second stage, and a cryogenic upper stage that improves its power. GSLV has
helped launch communication satellites like GSAT, weather satellites like INSAT-3DR, and
even the Chandrayaan-2 Moon mission. Over time, it has improved and led to the creation of
LVM-3 (formerly GSLV Mk III), which will be used for India's Gaganyaan human
spaceflight mission, making the country more self-reliant in space technology.
14
Fig GSLV III

Fig GSLV II

15
4.2 POLAR SATELLITE LAUNCH VEHICLE
The PSLV is one of ISRO's most reliable launch vehicles, primarily used to
deploy satellites into low Earth orbits and sun-synchronous orbits. It is known for its
high success rate and versatility in launching a variety of payloads.

Aspect PSLV GSLV

Full Form Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle
Designed to launch satellites into
Designed to launch satellites into polar
Purpose geosynchronous transfer orbits (GTO) or
orbits (sun-synchronous orbits).
higher orbits.
Can carry up to 1,750 kg to low Earth
Payload Can carry up to 5,000 kg to low Earth orbit
orbit (LEO) or 1,300 kg to sun-
Capacity synchronous orbit. (LEO) and 2,500 kg to GTO.
Four-stage rocket with alternating solid Three-stage rocket with a combination of
Stages
and liquid fuel stages. solid, liquid, and cryogenic stages.
First Flight 1993 2001
Uses solid and liquid propellants for Uses solid, liquid, and cryogenic
Fuel Type
different stages. propellants.
Primarily for low Earth orbits (LEO) Primarily for geosynchronous orbits and
Orbit Type and polar orbits. higher.
Cryogenic Cryogenic upper stage (uses liquid oxygen
No cryogenic stage.
Engine and liquid hydrogen).

16
 [Link] AND PRODUCTION FACILITIES

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) plays a pivotal role in developing
advanced propulsion systems for space missions. To ensure the efficiency, reliability, and
safety of these systems, extensive testing is conducted at specialized test and production
facilities. The ISRO Propulsion Complex (IPRC) Mahendragiri is one of the premier centers
responsible for testing liquid propulsion engines, cryogenic stages, semi-cryogenic engines,
and upper-stage motors before their deployment in launch vehicles like PSLV, GSLV, and
LVM3.

IPRC is equipped with various state-of-the-art testing facilities, including the Principal Test
Stand, the Semi Cryogenic Integrated Engine Test Facility (SIET), the High Altitude Test
(HAT) facility, Cold Flow Test Facilities, and the Main Engine Test (MET) facility. These
facilities help simulate real-world conditions, such as vacuum environments, extreme
temperatures, and different pressure levels, to assess engine performance under actual space-
like conditions.

Through continuous advancements in programmable logic controllers (PLC), data

acquisition systems, and sensor-based monitoring, ISRO ensures that each propulsion system
meets mission-critical requirements. The integration of automated testing techniques, thrust
measurement systems, and fuel mixture optimization contributes to the success of India's
space exploration programs, including Chandrayaan, Gaganyaan, and future interplanetary
missions.

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5.1 HIGH ALTITUDE TEST

5.1.1 Introduction to High Altitude Testing and Test Facilities

The High Altitude Test (HAT) is a crucial evaluation process conducted at state-of-the-
art test and production facilities to validate the performance of spacecraft engines under
simulated space conditions. These tests are performed at ISRO Propulsion Complex (IPRC)
Mahendragiri, which houses advanced test stands, semi-cryogenic integrated engine test
facilities (SIET), high-altitude test (HAT) facilities, cold flow test facilities, and main
engine test (MET) facilities. These facilities enable comprehensive assessments of liquid
propulsion engines, cryogenic systems, and upper-stage motors before integration into
launch vehicles such as PSLV, GSLV, and LVM3. to evaluate spacecraft engine performance.

These facilities at ISRO Propulsion Complex (IPRC) Mahendragiri are equipped with
advanced testing infrastructure for liquid propulsion engines, cryogenic systems, and
upper-stage motors. conducted to evaluate the performance of spacecraft engines under
simulated space conditions. This test ensures that propulsion systems, including those used in
PSLV, GSLV, and LVM3 launch vehicles, function efficiently in a vacuum-like
environment. At ISRO Propulsion Complex (IPRC) Mahendragiri, liquid propulsion
systems such as cryogenic, semi-cryogenic, and earth-storable propellants are tested.

IPRC primarily focuses on liquid motors and liquid stages, excluding solid motors, which are
tested at SHAR. Cryogenic propellants include liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen, while
semi-cryogenic propellants like kerosene and LPG are earth-storable at temperatures below -
150°C., various rocket engines, such as cryogenic, semi-cryogenic, and liquid propulsion
systems, undergo rigorous testing to validate their reliability and operational efficiency before
being integrated into actual space missions.

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5.1.2. Spacecraft Engines and Liquid Propulsion Systems
Spacecraft engines play a vital role in achieving the necessary thrust to propel rockets
beyond Earth’s atmosphere. In missions like Chandrayaan and Gaganyaan, these engines
operate in a vacuum and use a combination of fuel and oxidizer to generate thrust. The
Chandrayaan lander, for instance, employs 800N thrusters, while the Gaganyaan crew module
utilizes 440N thrusters for precise maneuvering. The engines undergo high-altitude tests to
verify their ability to fire in a vacuum, sustain controlled burns, and execute altitude correction
maneuvers essential for orbital adjustments.

5.1.3. Mixture Ratio, Propellant Flow, and Engine Types

The efficiency of rocket engines depends on the mixture ratio, and different types of liquid
engines operate based on their thrust and propellant composition. The AOS engine is
specifically designed for orbit correction, while upper-stage engines are tested to validate their
performance. Liquid Apogee Motors (LAMs) use hypergolic propellants like monomethyl
hydrazine (MMH) for self-ignition. These engines play a crucial role in launching PSLV,
GSLV, and other vehicles, supporting missions such as resource monitoring (1.5-ton
payloads).the proportion of fuel and oxidizer used. Liquid propulsion engines require precise
control over the flow of oxygen and fuel to maintain optimal combustion. The tank contains
propellant, which is continuously monitored and regulated by the control system. This system
ensures correct pressure (measured in bars) and temperature (measured in Celsius) to facilitate
efficient burning and thrust generation.

5.1.4 Thruster Testing and Satellite Thrust Facility

Thruster testing is an essential part of HAT to evaluate small engines used in satellites for
maneuvering. At ISRO's Satellite Thrust Facility, engineers conduct tests on thrusters that help
19
satellites enter circular orbits and perform altitude corrections after reaching space. These
thrusters are crucial in maintaining a spacecraft’s position and orientation in orbit. During the
test, they are fired in vacuum chambers to assess offset mixing, ignition reliability, and fuel
efficiency.S

5.1.5. Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC), C Programming, and Sensor Monitoring

At IPRC, Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC) are extensively used to automate liquid
stage testing. These PLCs monitor and control sensors, measuring pressure, temperature, and
thrust values. The pressure sensors ensure real-time monitoring of engine operations, and the
collected data helps in accurate performance assessment. to automate testing processes. The
PLC system reads input signals (such as pressure, temperature, and thrust values) and returns
the appropriate output based on predefined logic. The control logic follows:
• Series Logic (AND logic): Ensures multiple conditions are met before executing a
command.
• Parallel Logic (OR logic): Executes a command if at least one condition is satisfied.

At IPRC, the C programming language is used to implement PLC control algorithms. The
system collects data acquisition values from sensors to monitor physical parameters, including
pressure, temperature, and thrust measurement (in Newtons and kilogram-force units).

5.1.6. Indian Satellite Tracking System & Gaganyaan Mission Testing

ISRO’s Indian Satellite Tracking System ensures real-time monitoring of launch vehicles
and spacecraft. During the Gaganyaan mission, thruster testing plays a critical role in ensuring
crew safety. The mission timeline involves:

• 16 minutes to reach orbit.

• 33 minutes for controlled re-entry back to Earth.
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The crew module thrusters are tested for precision in orbit corrections and controlled descent.
The lifetime of these thrusters is determined by their protective coatings, which ensure
durability and efficiency during prolonged space missions.

5.1.7. Role of IPRC in Liquid Stage Testing, Production, and Future Prospects

The High Altitude Test is an indispensable part of ISRO’s mission success. The test and
production facilities at IPRC ensure high precision in manufacturing and validating propulsion
systems. These facilities not only support current launch vehicles like PSLV, GSLV, and
LVM3 but also pave the way for future advancements in cryogenic and semi-cryogenic
technology. of ISRO’s space mission success. By simulating vacuum conditions, evaluating
engine performance, and ensuring precise control through PLC-based automation, IPRC
Mahendragiri plays a crucial role in validating India’s space propulsion systems. The
knowledge gained from these tests directly contributes to the reliability of launch vehicles,
satellites, and crewed missions, reinforcing ISRO’s commitment to advancing space
technology.

5.2 TURBO PUMPS AND TURBINES(TPT)

Turbo pumps play a crucial role in rocket propulsion by ensuring a steady flow of
propellant to the combustion chamber at high pressure. The C25 turbo pump operates at an
impressive speed of 36,000 RPM, delivering the required thrust efficiently. These pumps are
monitored in the control room, where parameters such as speed, power levels, clock cycles,
and storage capacity are continuously observed. Critical measurements include pressure,
temperature, and vibration levels, all of which are managed through Programmable Logic
Controllers (PLC). The PLC system processes digital and analog inputs and outputs, using
21
logical operations like AND and OR gates to automate control mechanisms. The system
generates 4 to 20mA signals, ensuring accurate sensor readings for real-time adjustments.

The turbo pump motor operates with a 1:12 ratio, maintaining optimal performance under
extreme conditions. A pressure measurement of 1 bar equals 15 psi, which is essential for
maintaining stability within the system. The C25 gas bottle, made of titanium alloy,
withstands extreme pressure conditions, with a water calibration test cell rated at 365 bar
ensuring precision in thrust measurements. Various tests, including CE-20 GG test, CE-20
thrust chamber test, CUS steering engine test, CUS injector element test, and CUS injector
lead test, are conducted to validate engine performance. These evaluations ensure that turbo
pumps and turbines operate reliably under spaceflight conditions, contributing to the success
of launch vehicles like PSLV, GSLV, and LVM3.

5.3 PRINCIPAL TEST STAND

The Principal Test Stand at ISRO Propulsion Complex (IPRC) is a critical facility for
evaluating the performance of various liquid propulsion systems under controlled conditions.
This test stand supports semi-cryogenic and cryogenic engine testing, ensuring that the
engines meet the required thrust and efficiency parameters before integration into launch
vehicles like PSLV, GSLV, and LVM3. Among the major testing facilities, the Semi
Cryogenic Integrated Engine Test Facility (SIET), High Altitude Test (HAT) facility, Cold
Flow Test Facility, and Main Engine Test (MET) Facility play significant roles in assessing
propulsion systems. The Principal Test Stand is designed to handle different types of liquid
engines, such as earth-storable, cryogenic, and semi-cryogenic engines, and measures key
parameters like pressure, temperature, and vibration levels during testing.

22
 At this facility, tests are conducted to evaluate the thrust characteristics, combustion
stability, and mixture ratio of engines under simulated launch and space conditions. The
Principal Test Stand ensures the safety and reliability of propulsion systems by subjecting
them to structural and thermal stress tests before their deployment in actual missions. This
rigorous evaluation is essential for engines that operate in vacuum conditions and require
precise thrust vector control for orbital corrections. The facility plays a key role in ISRO’s
launch vehicle development, contributing to the success of future space missions.

5.4 MAIN ENGINE TEST(MET)

The Main Engine Test (MET) Facility at ISRO Propulsion Complex (IPRC),
Mahendragiri, is a crucial infrastructure used for evaluating the performance, efficiency, and
reliability of liquid rocket engines before their integration into launch vehicles. This facility is
primarily designed to test engines operating on cryogenic, semi-cryogenic, and earth-storable
propellants, ensuring that they meet the necessary thrust and combustion requirements for
space missions.

The MET facility conducts rigorous tests on engines under simulated vacuum and
atmospheric conditions to assess their thrust, combustion stability, and propellant flow
characteristics. Various engines, such as the CE-20 cryogenic engine used in GSLV Mk III
(LVM3) and the CUS (Cryogenic Upper Stage) engines, undergo extensive testing here. The
thrust chamber, injector systems, and turbo pumps are carefully analyzed for their structural
integrity, thermal resistance, and efficiency in fuel burning.
A critical aspect of MET is the calibration and monitoring of key parameters, including
pressure, temperature, vibration, and thrust levels. The facility is equipped with high-precision
sensors and data acquisition systems that provide real-time measurements, ensuring that
engines operate within predefined safety margins. The Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)
system automates the testing process by collecting analog and digital input data and
23
controlling key operations based on AND and OR logic circuits.

Among the major tests conducted at the MET facility are:

• CE-20 Gas Generator Test & Thrust Chamber Test: Evaluates the combustion efficiency of
the cryogenic engine gas generator and its ability to sustain controlled burns.
• CUS Steering Engine Test & Injector Element Test: Assesses the injector design, fuel
mixture ratio, and engine steering capabilities.

• Semi-Cryogenic Integrated Engine Test Facility (SIET): Validates the performance of

semi-cryogenic engines that utilize kerosene-based fuel.
The Main Engine Test Facility plays a pivotal role in ensuring the success of India’s launch
vehicles like PSLV, GSLV, and LVM3 by verifying that their propulsion systems meet the
stringent requirements of high-altitude and deep-space missions.

24
 [Link]

Networking at ISRO plays a critical role in ensuring seamless communication

between its various research centers, ground stations, and satellites. It involves
advanced infrastructure such as high-speed internet, Ethernet connections, and secure
networks to handle the massive data generated from space missions, satellite
telemetry, and ground operations.

6.1 INTERNET AND ETHERNET

The internet is the global network of interconnected computers, while Ethernet
is a wired technology commonly used for local area networks (LAN). It ensures stable
and high-speed communication between devices.

25
6.2 FIREWALL AND SOPHOS FIREWALL

outgoing network traffic. The Sophos firewall is an advanced firewall solution

offering robust protection against cyber threats by filtering data and blocking
unauthorized access.

6.3 IP CLUSTER AND DNS

An IP cluster involves multiple servers working together to distribute
A firewall is a security system that monitors and controls incoming and
network traffic evenly, enhancing reliability and performance.
The Domain Name System (DNS) translates domain names into IP addresses,
facilitating easy access to websites.

26
27
6.4 SERVER AND NETWORKING DEVICES
Servers are powerful computers that provide resources, data, and services to
other machines within the network. Common networking devices include routers,
switches, and hubs, which enable efficient data transfer.

28
6.5 NETWORKING PROTOCOLS

Networking protocols, such as TCP/IP and HTTP, govern how data is

transmitted across the network, ensuring that communication between devices is
smooth and reliable.

Networking protocols are rules and standards that govern how data is transmitted over a
network. Two key protocols are TCP and UDP:

1. TCP (Transmission Control Protocol):

o Ensures reliable, ordered, and error-checked data delivery between devices.

o It establishes a connection before data transmission and guarantees that data
packets arrive intact and in the correct sequence.
o Commonly used for applications where accuracy is critical, like web
browsing, email, and file transfers.
2. UDP (User Datagram Protocol):

o A faster, connectionless protocol that sends data without checking for

errors or ensuring order.
o It is more efficient but less reliable, making it ideal for real-time
applications like video streaming, online gaming, and VoIP, where speed is
more important than perfect accuracy.

29
 7 DATA BASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

7.1 DBMS
A Database Management System (DBMS) is software that manages and
controls the storage, retrieval, and manipulation of data in databases .

7.2 ACID Properties

ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) properties are
crucial for ensuring that database transactions are processed reliably and accurately.

30
• Atomicity: Ensures that a transaction is all-or-nothing. If any part of the
transaction fails, the entire transaction is rolled back, leaving the database
unchanged.

• Consistency: Guarantees that a transaction brings the database from one valid state to
another, maintaining the integrity of the database rules, constraints, and relationships.

• Isolation: Ensures that transactions are executed independently of one another. The
operations of one transaction do not interfere with those of another, even if they occur
simultaneously.

• Durability: Ensures that once a transaction is committed, the changes are

permanent, even in the case of a system crash or power failure.

7.3 RDBMS, ORDBMS, and OODBMS

RDBMS (Relational DBMS): Manages structured data with tables and relationships.
ORDBMS (Object-Relational DBMS): Combines features of both relational
databases and object-oriented programming.
OODBMS (Object-Oriented DBMS): Stores data in objects, allowing more complex
data representations.

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 7.4 RAID

RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks) is a data storage technology that uses
multiple hard drives to increase performance and provide fault
tolerance.

Applications of RAID in IPRC

At the ISRO Propulsion Complex (IPRC), RAID technology plays a critical role in
managing vast amounts of mission-critical data. Some key applications include:
• Data Redundancy and Backup: Ensuring continuous availability of test data,
telemetry, and research information by mitigating risks of data loss.
• High-Speed Data Processing: Enhancing performance for large-scale simulations,
engine test results, and real-time monitoring systems.
• Server Reliability: Providing stable and efficient storage solutions for databases,
control systems, and automation processes.
• Mission-Critical Operations: Supporting propulsion testing and analysis with secure
and redundant data storage.

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7.4 Types of RAID:

1. RAID 0 (Striping):

o Data is split across multiple drives, enhancing performance.

o No redundancy, so if one drive fails, all data is lost.

2. RAID 1 (Mirroring):

o Duplicates the same data on two or more disks for redundancy.

o Offers high reliability but reduces storage capacity (because the data is mirrored).

3. RAID 5 (Striping with Parity):

o Data is striped across at least three disks, with one disk used for parity (error checking).
. o Can tolerate the failure of one disk without data loss.

4. RAID 6 (Striping with Double Parity):

o Similar to RAID 5, but includes twparity blocks, allowing for the failure of two disks.

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34
 8. COWAA

A computerized work area in an organization refers to the

digitized environment where computers and software systems are used to streamline
and manage tasks, processes, and operations. It involves the integration of technology
into various functional areas of the organization, enhancing productivity,
communication, and efficiency. Here’s an overview of the key work areas impacted by
computerization in an organization:

8.1 Administrative Tasks:

• Document Management: Digitally storing and organizing documents, reducing the
need for physical files.
• Customer Relationship Management (CRM): Systems like Salesforce and HubSpot
help manage interactions with customers, streamline sales, and improve customer
service. They store customer data, track purchase histories, and help companies predict
customer needs, improving relationships and increasing sales.
• Business Intelligence (BI) and Analytics: Software tools (e.g., Tableau, Power BI)
help businesses analyze data to make informed decisions. These tools allow
organizations to collect, process, and visualize large datasets, providing insights into
business performance, customer trends, and operational efficiency.

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Scheduling and Task Management: Using software tools to manage calendars,
meetings, and deadlines.

[Link] and Accounting:

• Automated Billing & Invoicing: Software systems generate invoices and track
payments.
• Payroll Management: Automating salary calculations, tax deductions, and payment
disbursements.
• Financial Reporting: Tools for real-time financial tracking, budget analysis, and
audit trails.

2. Human Resources (HR):

• Employee Data Management: Systems to store employee details, performance
reviews, and benefits.
• Recruitment: Automated applicant tracking systems and online job applications.
• Training and Development: Online platforms for employee training and skill
development.

3. Sales and Marketing:

• Customer Relationship Management (CRM): Systems to manage customer data,
sales interactions, and service support.
• Digital Marketing: Tools for email campaigns, social media management, and
analytics tracking.

4. Inventory and Supply Chain Management:

• Inventory Tracking: Automated stock control and monitoring of warehouse

operations.
• Order Processing: Software for managing orders, shipping, and logistics
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Supplier Management: Tools for vendor communication, procurement, and contract
management.

5. Networking and IT Infrastructure:

• Networking Systems: Establishing secure networks for data sharing, collaboration,

and communication across the organization.
• IT Support: Automating IT service requests, system updates, and cybersecurity
monitoring.

6. Customer Support:

• Helpdesk Systems: Using ticketing systems to manage customer queries and

technical support.
• Chatbots and AI: Automated systems for customer interactions and query
resolution.

7. Research and Development (R&D):

• Data Analysis and Modelling: Tools for analyzing data, simulating models, and
generating insights for innovation.
• Project Management: Using software to track R&D projects, timelines, and
collaboration across teams.

8. Production and Manufacturing:

• Computer-Aided Design (CAD): Digital systems for designing products and

processes.

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 • Automation and Robotics: Use of computerized machines for assembly lines,
reducing human error and improving efficiency.
Benefits of a Computerized Work Area:

• Increased Efficiency: Automation of repetitive tasks reduces time and error, leading
to faster completion of work.
• Data Accuracy and Access: Digital systems maintain more accurate records and
provide easy access to data in real-time.
• Better Collaboration: Teams can collaborate remotely through networked systems
and cloud platforms.
• Cost Reduction: By automating tasks and optimizing resources, operational costs are
reduced.

In essence, computerizing the work areas in an organization leads to smoother operations,

data-driven decision-making, and an overall increase in productivity.

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 9 LINUX AND WINDOWS

9.1 LINUX
Linux is an open-source operating system that provides flexibility, stability,
and security, making it popular in server environments. Its command-line interface
(CLI) offers more control over system operations.

Key Features of Linux:

• Open-Source Nature: Linux is open-source, which means its source code is freely
available to the public. Users can modify and customize the system to suit their
needs. This openness fosters a large community of developers who contribute to its
growth.

• Stability and Reliability: Linux is known for its stability and reliability, making it
the preferred choice for server systems and applications that require continuous
uptime. It's less prone to system crashes, and updates typically do not disrupt ongoing
operations.

• Security: Linux has a strong focus on security. The system is built around a user
privilege model that limits access and reduces the likelihood of malware and viruses
infecting the system. Regular security patches are issued to maintain a secure
environment.

• Command-Line Interface (CLI): One of Linux's unique strengths is its command-

line interface. The CLI offers users granular control over their system, making it ideal
for advanced users and system administrators. Many operations such as software
installation, file manipulation, and system maintenance can be performed more
efficiently using commands rather than through a graphical interface.
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 • Distributions: Linux comes in various distributions (distros), each designed to suit
different purposes and users. Popular distros include Ubuntu (user-friendly), CentOS
(enterprise), Debian (stable), and Kali Linux (security testing). Each distribution
comes with its own set of default applications and tools but shares the same core
Linux kernel.

• Performance and Efficiency: Linux tends to consume fewer system resources than
Windows, making it ideal for older hardware or systems with limited resources. It
runs efficiently on both personal computers and powerful enterprise servers.

• Package Management: Linux distributions include package management systems

(such as APT, YUM, or Pacman) that help users easily install, update, and remove
software packages from repositories. This centralized management simplifies system
updates.

Usage:

• Servers and Data Centers: Linux dominates server environments due to its stability,
low cost, and high security.

• Embedded Systems: Linux is used in a wide range of embedded systems, including

IoT devices, automotive systems, and network routers.

• Development Environments: Linux is preferred by many developers, particularly

those working on open-source software and systems programming.

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 9.2 WINDOWS

Windows is a user-friendly operating system widely used for personal computers and business
applications. It features a graphical user interface (GUI) and extensive software support.

Key Features of Windows:

• Graphical User Interface (GUI): Windows is known for its intuitive and visually
appealing GUI. The system is designed to be user-friendly, with icons, windows,
and menus that make navigation easy, even for users with little technical
knowledge.

• Software Compatibility: One of the biggest advantages of Windows is its broad

compatibility with a wide range of software applications. Most commercial
software, including productivity tools (e.g., Microsoft Office), design software
(e.g., Adobe Creative Suite), and a vast selection of games, are built to run on
Windows. This extensive software ecosystem makes Windows highly versatile for
different use cases.

• Ease of Use: Windows provides a simple and straightforward user experience,

making it a popular choice for home users, small businesses, and enterprises. With
easy installation processes, automatic updates, and an accessible settings menu,
Windows ensures a smooth experience for users.

• Windows Explorer: The file management system, known as Windows Explorer

(or File Explorer in later versions), provides an easy way to manage files and
folders, including drag-and-drop functionality and the ability to search and
organize files effortlessly.

• Security Features: While historically Windows has been a target for malware and
viruses, modern versions of Windows, like Windows 10 and 11, have introduced
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 several built-in security measures, including Windows Defender antivirus, Secure
Boot, and BitLocker for disk encryption. Frequent security patches are provided
through Windows Update.

• Integration with Microsoft Ecosystem: Windows is tightly integrated with

Microsoft's broader ecosystem, including services like OneDrive (cloud storage),
Microsoft 365 (cloud-based productivity tools), and Xbox Live (for gaming). This
seamless integration adds to its appeal for personal and business users alike.

• Multitasking and Productivity: Windows offers efficient multitasking

capabilities, allowing users to switch between applications easily. With features
like Task View, Snap Assist, and virtual desktops, managing multiple tasks at once
becomes effortless. These features enhance productivity in both personal and
professional settings.

• Gaming and Graphics Support: Windows is the dominant platform for PC

gaming, supporting a vast library of games, gaming peripherals, and graphics
hardware. It also supports DirectX, which provides high-performance graphics and
video rendering for games and other multimedia applications.

• Updates and Patches: Windows provides regular updates to improve system

performance, add new features, and patch security vulnerabilities. The Windows
Update feature automatically installs updates to ensure users stay current with the
latest improvements.

Usage:

• Personal Computers: Windows is most widely used on personal desktops and

laptops. It offers a familiar environment for home users, students, and business
professionals.

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 • Business Environments: Many businesses use Windows for daily operations due
to its compatibility with office software, enterprise management tools, and the
support it provides for enterprise-level IT systems.

• Gaming: Windows is the most popular operating system for PC gamers, with
dedicated support for gaming hardware, high-performance graphics, and exclusive
game titles.

WINDOWS AT IPRC

1. Office Work: Used for administrative tasks, documentation, and emails using
Microsoft Office tools.
2. Design & Simulation Software: Windows is used for design software (e.g.,
AutoCAD) and simulation tools in engineering.
3. Software Development: Windows supports app and software development,
especially with tools like Visual Studio.

LINUX AT IPRC

1. Server & Data Handling: Linux runs on servers and processes large amounts of
mission-critical data.
2. Research & Development: Linux is preferred for coding, running simulations, and
managing space research projects.
3. System Maintenance: Linux is used for secure system management, task
automation, and backend operations.

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 10 PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER(PLC)

A Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) is an industrial digital computer

specifically designed for automation processes in manufacturing, production lines,
and other mechanical systems. It is a robust and reliable device that can withstand
harsh industrial environments, making it an essential component in modern
automation.

10.1 WORKING PRINCIPLE

A PLC continuously scans and executes its program in a cyclic manner known as
the scan cycle. This cycle consists of three main steps:
1. Reading Inputs: The PLC collects data from input devices such as sensors,
switches, and encoders.
2. Processing Logic: The CPU executes the stored program based on the
inputs and determines the appropriate outputs.
3. Updating Outputs: The processed results are sent to output devices like
motors, solenoids, and alarms.

10.2 APPLICATIONS OF PLCS IN IPRC

At the ISRO Propulsion Complex (IPRC), PLCs play a crucial role in various
automation and control systems, including:
• Rocket Engine Testing: Controlling fuel injection, ignition, and monitoring
critical parameters during engine testing.
• Cryogenic Systems: Automating the regulation of cryogenic propellant
handling and storage.
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 • Pressure and Flow Control: Managing gas and liquid flow in propulsion
systems.
• Safety Systems: Ensuring real-time monitoring and automated emergency
shutdown procedures.
• Data Acquisition: Collecting and analyzing performance metrics from
various sensors for efficient decision-making.

ADVANTAGES OF PLCS AT IPRC

• Reliability: Designed for continuous operation in extreme conditions.
• Precision: High accuracy in controlling propulsion system parameters.
• Automation: Reduces human intervention and enhances safety.
• Scalability: Adaptable for future system upgrades and expansions.
• Efficiency: Optimizes resource utilization and reduces operational costs.

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46
 11 MAIL SERVER

A mail server is a system that manages and handles the sending,

receiving, and storage of emails. It consists of various components such as
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) for outgoing mail and POP/IMAP
for incoming mail.

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A mail server is a computer system or software application that sends, receives, and stores
email for users within a network. It plays a crucial role in managing email communication
in both personal and organizational settings. Here’s a more detailed overview:

Functions of a Mail Server:

1. Sending Emails:

o The mail server uses protocols like SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)
to send outgoing emails. When a user sends an email, the mail client
communicates with the mail server, which then forwards the message to the
recipient's mail server.
2. Receiving Emails:

o Incoming emails are handled using protocols such as POP3 (Post Office
Protocol) or IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol).
▪ POP3 downloads emails to the client and may delete them from
the server, while IMAP allows users to access and manage emails
directly on the server, maintaining synchronization across devices.
3. Storing Emails:

o The mail server stores incoming and outgoing emails in user

mailboxes. This allows users to retrieve their emails whenever needed,
regardless of the device they are using.

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 4. Spam Filtering:

o Mail servers often include spam filtering mechanisms to prevent unwanted

emails from reaching users’ inboxes. This is done through various techniques
such as blacklisting, content analysis, and machine learning.
5. Security Features:

o Mail servers implement security measures such as encryption (e.g.,

TLS/SSL) to protect email content during transmission. They may also use
authentication mechanisms to ensure that only authorized users can send or
access emails.

Types of Mail Servers:

1. Incoming Mail Servers:

o Handle the reception of emails and store them for users.

o Example: POP3 or IMAP servers.

2. Outgoing Mail Servers:

o Manage the sending of emails from users to the recipient's mail server.
o Example: SMTP servers.

3. Webmail Servers:

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 o Provide web-based access to email accounts. Users can access their emails
through a web browser without needing a dedicated email client.
o Example: Gmail, Yahoo Mail, [Link].

Examples of Mail Server Software:

• Microsoft Exchange: A widely used enterprise-level mail server that provides

email, calendar, and contact management.
• Postfix: A popular open-source mail transfer agent used for routing and
delivering email.
• Sendmail: One of the oldest mail server software, known for its flexibility and
configurability.
• Zimbra: An open-source email and collaboration platform that includes features
like calendaring and file sharing.

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 12 DATA ACQUSITION SYSTEM

A Data Acquisition System (DAS) is a vital component used in various

fields, including engineering, research, and industrial applications, for the collection,
measurement, and analysis of data from diverse sources. At its core, a DAS consists of
hardware and software that work together to gather information from sensors and
instruments that monitor physical phenomena such as temperature, pressure, voltage, and
flow rates. The system typically includes sensors that convert these physical parameters
into electrical signals, which are then transmitted to an analog-to-digital converter (ADC).
The ADC digitizes the analog signals, enabling them to be processed and analyzed.
Additionally, signal conditioning components like amplifiers and filters are often
employed to enhance the quality and accuracy of the acquired data by minimizing
noise and other interferences

Once the data is digitized, specialized software allows for real-time

visualization, statistical analysis, and storage for future reference. This software
provides user-friendly interfaces for configuring the system, setting parameters, and
generating reports based on the collected data.
Data acquisition systems find applications in laboratory experiments, environmental
monitoring, industrial automation, and control systems, enhancing operational efficiency
and informed decision-making. With the advancement of technology, modern DAS are
increasingly equipped with

51
wireless communication capabilities, enabling remote monitoring and
control, thus broadening their applicability across various sectors. Overall,
DAS plays a crucial role in ensuring accurate data collection and
management, driving innovation and improvements in numerous
industries.

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 13 CRYOGENIC ENGINE

Cryogenic Engine

53
 3.1 ABOUT CRYOGENIC ENGINE

A cryogenic engine is a type of rocket engine that uses cryogenic propellants—

typically liquid oxygen (LOX) as the oxidizer and liquid hydrogen (LH2) as the fuel. These
propellants are stored at extremely low temperatures, usually below
-253°C for liquid hydrogen and -183°C for liquid oxygen, to maintain them in a liquid
state. The primary advantage of cryogenic engines lies in their high efficiency, as they
provide a greater specific impulse compared to conventional rocket engines. This means
that they can generate more thrust per unit of propellant consumed, making them ideal for
launching heavy payloads into space.

The operation of a cryogenic engine involves several critical components, including the
combustion chamber, injector, and nozzle. In the combustion chamber, the liquid hydrogen
and liquid oxygen are mixed and ignited, producing hot gases that expand rapidly. The
injector plays a crucial role in ensuring a uniform and efficient mixing of the propellants.
The nozzle then directs the high-velocity exhaust gases to produce thrust, propelling the
rocket forward.

Cryogenic engines also incorporate advanced technologies to manage the extremely low
temperatures of the propellants and to prevent the formation of ice or gas bubbles that could
disrupt the flow. Additionally, cryogenic systems require complex infrastructure for the
storage and handling of the propellants, as well as sophisticated thermal insulation to
maintain their low temperatures during transport and use.

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 Overall, cryogenic engines have been pivotal in the development of modern space
launch vehicles, enabling significant advancements in space exploration by providing the
necessary thrust and efficiency for missions to low Earth orbit and beyond. Notable
examples of cryogenic engines include those used in the Space Shuttle, the Ariane 5, and
India’s GSLV Mk III (Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle), which showcases the
capabilities and advantages of this cutting-edge technology in the aerospace sector.

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14 SEMICRYOGENIC ENGINE

Semicryogenic Engine

56
 ABOUT SEMI-CRYOGENIC ENGINE

A semi-cryogenic engine is a type of rocket propulsion system that utilizes a

combination of liquid oxygen (LOX) and kerosene (RP-1) as propellants. This innovative
design is characterized by its use of cryogenic oxidizers while employing a non-cryogenic
fuel, making it an efficient and effective choice for various space missions. In a semi-
cryogenic engine, the liquid oxygen is stored at very low temperatures, enabling it to
maintain its liquid state, which increases its density and allows for a more efficient
combustion process. The RP-1 fuel, a refined form of kerosene, is stored at ambient
temperatures, simplifying handling and reducing the complexity of the fuel storage
systems.

One of the primary advantages of semi-cryogenic engines is their enhanced performance

compared to conventional engines that use hypergolic or solid propellants. The
combination of LOX and RP-1 provides a higher specific impulse, meaning that the engine
can produce more thrust per unit of fuel consumed. This efficiency is particularly
beneficial for launch vehicles that must overcome Earth's gravitational pull and reach orbit.
Furthermore, semi- cryogenic engines benefit from the well-established technology and
infrastructure associated with kerosene-based fuels, making them more cost- effective and
easier to implement in various space programs.

Semi-cryogenic engines are particularly valuable in applications requiring high thrust and
efficient fuel usage, such as launching heavy payloads into low Earth

57
 orbit or conducting interplanetary missions. These engines are designed to provide reliable
performance under the extreme conditions of space, ensuring successful mission outcomes.
Notable examples of semi-cryogenic engines
include the Kaveri engine developed by ISRO and the RD-0120 engine used in
the Soviet Union's Energia rocket. Overall, the semi-cryogenic engine represents a significant
advancement in propulsion technology, combining the benefits of cryogenic and non-cryogenic
systems to enhance the capabilities of modern rockets.

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 CONCLUSION

The in-plant training at ISRO Propulsion Complex (IPRC), Mahendragiri, provided an

enriching and insightful experience into the critical technologies that drive India's space
missions. Through exposure to various facets of satellite applications, propulsion systems
like PSLV and GSLV, networking, databases, and control systems such as PLC, I gained a
deeper understanding of the technical intricacies involved in space exploration. The training
offered practical insights into the integration of advanced technologies, including data
management, operating systems, and networking protocols, essential for the successful
execution of ISRO’s space endeavors.

This experience has not only expanded my technical knowledge but also emphasized the
interdisciplinary nature of space technology. The hands-on experience with cutting-edge
systems and real-world applications has strengthened my problem-solving abilities and
enhanced my skills, preparing me for future challenges in the field of computer science
and engineering.
Overall, this training at IPRC has been a valuable opportunity to witness and contribute to
the technological advancements that continue to drive India’s space program toward new
heights.

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