1.
Matrix
A matrix is a rectangular arrangement of numbers, symbols, or expressions in rows and
columns.
It is usually written inside square brackets [ ] or parentheses ( ).
2. Order of a Matrix
The order (or size) of a matrix is written as m × n, where:
m = number of rows
n = number of columns
Example:
A matrix with 2 rows and 3 columns has order 2 × 3.
3. Elements of a Matrix
Each number or item in a matrix is called an element.
The element at the position in row i and column j is denoted by aᵢⱼ.
4. Row Matrix
A matrix with only one row is called a row matrix.
5. Column Matrix
A matrix with only one column is called a column matrix.
6. Square Matrix
A matrix that has the same number of rows and columns is called a square matrix.
7. Diagonal Matrix
A square matrix in which all elements except the elements on the main diagonal are zero.
8. Scalar Matrix
A diagonal matrix where all diagonal elements are equal.
9. Identity Matrix (Unit Matrix)
A square matrix where all diagonal elements are 1 and all other elements are 0.
10. Zero Matrix (Null Matrix)
A matrix in which all elements are zero.
11. Transpose of a Matrix
If we interchange rows and columns of a matrix, the new matrix is called the transpose,
denoted by Aᵀ.
12. Equal Matrices
Two matrices are equal if:
They have the same order, and
Their corresponding elements are equa
1. Circle
A circle is the set of all points in a plane that are at a fixed distance (called the radius) from a
fixed point (called the center).
2. Center
The center of a circle is the fixed point from which all points on the circle are equally distant.
3. Radius
The radius is the distance from the center of the circle to any point on the circle.
It is half the length of the diameter.
4. Diameter
The diameter is a straight line passing through the center of the circle and touching two points
on the circle.
Diameter = 2 × Radius.
5. Circumference
The circumference is the total distance around the circle (its boundary).
Formula:
Circumference = 2πr2\pi r2πr (where rrr = radius)
6. Chord
A chord is a straight line connecting any two points on the circle.
The longest chord of a circle is the diameter.
7. Arc
An arc is a part of the circumference of a circle.
Example: Like a "curved line" between two points on the circle.
8. Segment
A segment is the region between a chord and the corresponding arc.
Minor Segment: Smaller area
Major Segment: Larger area
9. Sector
A sector is the region between two radii and the arc.
It looks like a "pizza slice" or "fan-shaped" area.
10. Tangent
A tangent is a straight line that touches the circle at exactly one point without crossing it.
11. Secant
A secant is a straight line that cuts the circle at two points
Sphere
A sphere is a three-dimensional solid where every point on the surface is at the same distance
from a fixed point called the center.
It looks like a ball.
