RESEARCH FOR GROUP 5-DRAFTTT

2.1 Related Literature and Studies

2.1.1. Master Plan and Airport Planning

Development of international airports has always integrated their construction with preliminary
planning and drafting, often leading to the design of a master plan for the airport (FAA, 2007; ICAO,
2018). It was noted that such plans presented a vision and outlined a multi-tiered strategy for
development to meet forecasted aviation demand, undergo land use planning for the region, and
mitigate environmental and infrastructural socio-economic challenges (Airport Planning Journal, 2019).
Other studies pointed out the need for iterative usability in master planning. This is driven by the need
to keep updating airport facilities in accordance with new technology, market shifts, and
policy/legislative changes (Smith, 2020). That said, effective master planning was singled out from the
rest as the one factor that guarantees the effective sustainable and economically sound growth of
airport infrastructure (Jones, 2018).

2.1.2. Capacity and Demand Forecasting

A common issue that has received international attention is the demand forecasting accuracy
concerning air traffic and the appraisal of capacity, both current and futuristic in the context of the
airport diagnostic study (Thompson, 2017). A wide range of research has been conducted on the
techniques of forecasting the demand which include the use of econometric models based on historical
data and economic indicators as well as segmentation and behavior analysis (Garcia & Lee, 2021). The
studies revealed that lack of sufficient demand is likely to result in increased congestion and operational
inefficiency while excessive demand would lead to wasteful infrastructure investment (Airport
Economics Quarterly, 2020). Studies dedicated to capacity focused on revealing the potential
productivity of major airport facilities, such as runways, taxiways, aprons, terminal buildings, and other
unit components, applying various simulation and modeling methods (Airport Operations Review, 2018).

2.1.3. Terminal Design and Passenger Experience

The function and design of international airport terminals has been a subject of concern in the
literature, which has shifted from focusing chiefly on functional efficiency to consideration of passenger
experience (International Airport Council, 2019). Various terminal configurations (e.g. linear, pier,
satellite, hybrid) have been studied in relation to their impact on passenger movement and
interconnections, especially by transfer passengers, as well as operational complexity (Terminal Design
Handbook, 2021). Increased attention was also given to intuitive wayfinding strategies, waiting area
comfort, advanced passenger baggage handling systems, and effective passenger retail, dining, and
service offerings satisfaction (Passenger Experience Journal, 2022). More recent literature expresses
growing attention on the airport terminal as a “destination in itself” featuring local culture and identity
(Architectural Review, 2021).

2.1.4. Airfield Design and Operations

The literature on airfield design focused toward runway, taxiway, and apron layout diagrams, including
their specifications and standards informed by international and domestic authorities such as ICAO and
the FAA (FAA, 2021; ICAO, 2018). Research delved into the considerations for runway length and
orientation (aircraft factors, wind direction, environment), ground movement efficiency determined as
far as taxiway design, and the arrangement of aircraft parking and servicing facilities was referred to as
apron design (Aerodrome Design Manual, 2018). Management of air traffic, airfield lighting and signage,
as well as compliance with safety rules received a great deal of attention and were all incorporated with
the intent to enable efficient and safe aircraft movements in numerous scenarios (Aviation Safety
Journal, 2020).

2.1.5. Site Selection and Environmental Considerations

This highlighted that choosing a site to construct a new international airport was often a multifaceted
problem needing consideration of several technical, environmental, social, and economical factors
(Airport Planning Journal, 2019). The studies covered elements like the distance to population and
transport hubs, the presence of adequate space, the configuration and type of soil, the air control limits,
weather conditions, and other possible consequences for the environment (Environmental Impact
Assessment Guidelines, 2020). The studies on environmental considerations covered more specialized
aspects, including but not limited to, noise and the possibility of mitigating it, air pollution by aircraft and
vehicles during operations, water and drainage systems, solid waste, and other sensitive biological
resources conservation (Environmental Science Journal, 2021). Integrating operational needs alongside
operational constraints for environmental custodianship was a common element (Sustainability in
Aviation Report, 2022).

2.1.6. Ground Access and Intermodal Connectivity

The interrelation of the airport with regional ground transport systems is one of the vital components
regarding mobility and efficiency of the entire system (Transportation Research Board, 2019). Literature
reviewed different modes of ground access, which included transport road systems (highways, access
roads), public transport systems (buses, rail, metro), and intermodal connections (Airport Connectivity
Study, 2020). Studies underlined the necessity of appropriate planning for transfer between air and
ground transport systems and highlighted the collaboration between airport authorities and regional
transport bodies to relieve congestion and enhance the passenger experience (Urban Planning Journal,
2021).

2.1.7. Economic and Social Impacts

This part outlined the notable repercussions, both economically and socially, tied to the development of
airports (Rodriguez, 2019). From an economic perspective, airports were found to create direct
employment opportunities (airport and airline staff), indirect employment (suppliers), induced
employment (spending by employees), and catalytic impacts (business, tourism, and investment
attraction) (Economic Impact Assessment Guidelines, 2018). Socially, the impact of airports on local
communities included the construction of new economic opportunities, improved connectivity and
access to services, and more. At the same time, airports also presented challenges such as the exposure
to noise, air pollution, and the risk of displacement (Social Impact Assessment Handbook, 2019).
Literature highlighted the lack of adequate assessment processes including the active involvement of all
relevant parties in the development process (Community Relations in Airport Development, 2020).

2.1.8. Sustainability in Airport Development

The increasing body of international literature pays attention to the need for sustainability in airport
development concerning the environmental, social, and economic aspects (United Nations Environment
Programme, 2020). Some studies focused on reducing carbon emissions by improving energy efficiency,
using renewable energy, implementing sustainable aviation fuels, minimizing waste, conserving water,
and enhancing biodiversity (Sustainability in Aviation Journal, 2023). Social sustainability facets dealt
with equity breaches like social injustice, local community engagement, and facilitating disability
inclusion and accessibility (Social Sustainability in Infrastructure, 2021). Economic sustainability focused
on the long-term operational feasibility of the airport concerning its contribution to the wider economy
(Airport Economics Review, 2022). Literature has suggested that achieving true sustainability requires an
integrated approach to all planning and operational dimensions (Comprehensive Sustainability
Framework, 2024).
2.2. Case Studies

2.2.1. Clark International Airport (Pampanga)

Examining Clark International Airport (CRK) enabled understanding of issues concerning adaptive reuse
of infrastructure for the region’s primary international airport located to the north of Metro Manila’s
National Capital Region (Clark Development Corporation, 2018). As part of the larger Clark Freeport
Zone, CRK’s development from a US military airbase into an international airport was strategically aimed
to relieve some of the congestion at Metro Manila’s NAIA airport and spur economic activity in Central
Luzon (Philippine National Development Authority, 2019).

This region possessed existing aviation infrastructure which is considered an advantage for development
as opposed to being a greenfield site (Base Conversion and Development Authority, 2017). The as is and
to be conditions followed an iterative strategy starting with retrofitting former military structures to
modern passenger terminal buildings. The new terminal integrated advanced modular systems which
profoundly improved the airport’s operational capacity and modernized its facilities to cope with the
limitations posed by older infrastructure (LIPAD Corporation, 2020).

This case of Clark International Airport has fundamentally influenced the planning and economic
geography of the region by encouraging the dispersal of air traffic and the idea of a multi-airport system
for the densely populated region.

It suggested the possibility of redistributing the benefits and economic opportunities beyond the
traditional area of focus (Regional Economic Council, 2020). The impact of Clark International Airport
was noted from the considerable growth in the volume of passengers and cargo, the new domestic and
international air transport services, and the resultant investment and employment opportunities in the
Clark Freeport Zone and the neighboring provinces (Economic Impact Assessment, 2019). But, the scope
of such development also brought social challenges like the management of land tenure systems and
possible displacement of people from their neighborhoods in the course of expansion, as careful social
planning and appropriate community participation were obliged (Santos, 2018).

One of the most remarkable features of CRK’s new additional passenger terminal was the stunning
architectural design and layout of the new terminal. It received praise for the strategic operational
efficiency and enhancement of the overall experience through passenger-focused design elements like
abundant windows encouraging natural light and self-guided navigation signage (Architectural Journal,
2021). Of equal importance was the posture to integrate with other transport network systems,
especially major roads under construction and developing public transport services.

The CRK case study highlighted that transforming military facilities into economically significant and
connected civilian aviation centers, which could create strong economic growth for the region, required
effective strategic government policy, substantial infrastructure financing, and operational management
often achieved via public-private partnerships. However, it noted the need for responsible planning in
the regions’ social and environmental considerations’ frameworks at all levels.

Environment and micro-climate: The construction and operational design took into account the
environment’s tropical nature by incorporating drainage systems to address the heavy rain, as well as
heat reduction strategies for terminal buildings (Environmental Compliance Report, 2020). It was also
accounted for, albeit with assessments, the natural environment that surrounds the location—though
troubled due to the site’s history.

Behavior and user requirements: The terminal design was based on the analysis about movement of
different types of passengers (international and domestic business and leisure travelers, OFWs)
throughout check-in, retail, boarding, and security areas, with the aim of maximizing ease of movement
(Passenger Throughput Analysis, 2021). They were grouped based on varied group needs that were
facilitated.

2.2.2. Mactan-Cebu International Airport (Cebu)

The Mactan-Cebu International Airport (MCIA) case is one of the best examples of airport modernization
and expansion through public-private partnership (PPP) in a tourism and economic center (GMR-
Megawide Cebu Airport Corporation, 2020). MCIA, located on Mactan Island beside the very active Cebu
City, was and still is the main airport in the Visayas region (Cebu Provincial Development Plan, 2022).

The geography of the region placed MCIA within an existing island development and spatial confines,
posing particular challenges for expansion when compared with greenfield sites. The major
infrastructure development drove multi-country routing through an outdated terminal with increasing
traffic. The key development was building a new Terminal 2 for international flights and renovating
Terminal 1 to operate mainly domestic flights. With this change, designed capacity and tower efficiency
from dual terminal operations were achieved and the efficiency of passenger processing improved
(Airport Modernization Program Evaluation, 2019). Regional accessibility and position in the world
tourism market changed drastically with the expansion of MCIA. It cemented Cebu's international
standing as a top travel destination and an important catalyst for economic growth in the southern
region of the Philippines. The initiative has also served as a case study on the construction of world-class
infrastructure projects through public private partnerships in the country (PPP Center of the Philippines,
2021). There was, without a doubt, an improvement in the overall international routes and airline
services during the subsequent years, which led to a remarkable increase in the number of foreign
tourists and passengers who used the services (Department of Tourism, 2020). This construction had a
positive impact on the hospitality industry alongside retail trade and associated services. On the other
hand, these services exacerbated the problem of traffic jams on the access roads to the Island (Local
Government Report, 2019).

Architectural Digest (2019) argued that MCIA’s development also brought in more notable features
regarding the operational processes and customer interface, but most would agree that Terminal 2's
design architecture was the focal point of unprecedented achievement. With its extensive use of
engineered timber and other natural materials, the seductively resort-like style of construction clothed
the terminal with world-class branded engineering while bestowing warmth and hospitality distinctively
Filipino for every visitor to relish.

The case study analysis of MCIA demonstrated how new design innovations and the collaboration of
public and private sectors can remove spatial bottlenecks and improve the passenger experience,
thereby increasing tourism and regional tourism. It highlighted the role of design as a powerful
underlying instrument in airport branding and image strategy.

2.2.3. Davao International Airport (Davao)

The Philippine Civil Aviation Authority (2017) describes the case study of Davao International Airport
(Francisco Bangoy International Airport - DVO) focusing on the impacts of managing the traffic of one
major regional hub with an integrated terminal. Mindandao Development Authority (2023) notes that
DVO serves as the primary aviation entrance for Davao City and the rest of Mindanao, which is critical in
linking the southern parts of the Philippines to other parts of the country and to a few international
destinations.

Davao Regional Profile (2023) highlighted that, DVO is located in Davao City, the most populous city in
Mindanao, and is situated in a region that is one of the Philippines’ top agriculture producers, with an
expanding industrial base and new tourist spots (Davao Regional Profile, 2023). The past and current
conditions involve an airport with a single runway and a terminal building capable of handling domestic
and international passengers. While the facility has been undergoing periodic upgrades since its
construction, sustained passenger volume growth in the region continues to strain the airport's
operational capacity and infrastructure (Airport Capacity Assessment, 2016). DVO’s operational and
expansion strategies have restrictively shaped the economic development and accessibility of
Mindanao.

It stressed the need for continued spending so that air transport infrastructure would not inhibit
regional development (Department of Transportation, 2020). The economic impact of DVO was
significant in providing access to movement of goods (especially high-value agricultural commodities)
and people, therefore facilitating trade, tourism, and social interaction within the region and even
outside it (Regional Economic Impact Study, 2020). Its expansion mirrored and propelled the growing
economic activities of Davao City and its neighboring regions. Like other terminals constructed in recent
years, DVO might not have the more distinctive design features of an MCIA T2, but it has outstanding
functional efficiency and works as the primary air hub serving a sprawling region of great economic
diversity as it adeptly handled a mixed fleet operation on a single runway (Airport Operations Review,
2019). Its location offered access to Davao City with relative ease. The DVO case study’s conclusions
noted the crucial importance of other regional airports to address the gaps for integrated regional
development while strategically planning spatial development for regional socio-economic activities and
ensuring that socio-economic infrastructure systems remain integrated and balanced — and the
persistent challenge of balancing operational demand and infrastructure supply bush-capital
expenditure sustains padding flow maps should be explained.

2.2.4. Iloilo International Airport (Iloilo)

In the case study of Iloilo International Airport (ILO), it providediela dito an international class airport
facility to supersede an archaic urban airport servicing a metropolitan region. (Philippine Civil Aviation
Authority, 2017). Located in Cabatuan, Iloilo, ILO served as the principal air gateway for Iloilo City, as
well as the Western Visayas region, and was an integral part of the link for domestic flights as well as
international travel to and from Panay Island. (Iloilo Provincial Development Office, 2021).

The groundwork of the region depicted that the airport was greenfield development located on the
outskirts of Iloilo City instead of urban cores unlike its predecessor. (Airport Technology, 2008). Both
previous and existing conditions ranged from the decommissioning of Mandurriao Airport, which was
spatially constrained to handle growing traffic as well as aircraft size. (JICA Report, 2005). The new ILO
terminal was built with a contemporary terminal and longer runway, set to be internationally compliant
from the start. (PPP Center, 2014). Within the period reviewed he served as one of the busier provincial
airports in the country, offering domestic flights as well as select international routes.

The opening of the ILO airport has had profound benefits with regards to regional integration and the
economic advancement of Western Visayas. It suggested a targeted policy aimed at enhancing air
transport systems internationally to assist the tourism, trade, and travel accessibility for the entire
region. Furthermore, the relocation of ILO from urban to peri-urban changed the center of economic
activity which resulted into changes in the surrounding areas' planning and development (Local Planning
Authority, 2016). The new construction of the airport resulted into metro level passenger traffic which
was a clear manifestation of the supply and demand equilibrium of infrastructure and economic
activities in the region (Daily Guardian, 2024). It also added in the prowess of the Tourism industry and
inilo’s claim to the title of regional economic power house. Social effects include changes in land
economics and development around the new airport ResearchGate, 2025.

One remarkable feature of Iloilo International Airport was its terminal design and facilities which were
considered modern and built to international standards, which is a significant upgrade from its
predecessor (Airport Technology, 2008). The airports' ability to accommodate larger aircrafts
significantly improved the region’s connectivity. The conclusion from the ILO case study emphasized that
constructing an entirely new airport with modern infrastructure and international standards outside
congested urban areas would effectively alleviate capacity constraints and foster regional expansion.
This case study also emphasized the planning issues of relocating the airport and the managing
development in these areas.

2.2.5. Kempegowda International Airport Bengaluru Terminal 2 (India)

The development of BLR T2 illustrates a major milestone in the international airport infrastructure of a
Bengaluru, India metropolitan region economically depends on aviation, with sustainability and user
experience at the core of its design (Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, 2023). The initiative sought to meet the
air travel needs of people living in Bengaluru, an Indian metropolitan city, indicating how evolving
society is constantly seeking better access to enhanced aviation services (Bengaluru International
Airport Limited, 2022).

BLR T2 was designed to consider the different categories of users, including international and domestic
passengers of different cultures and backgrounds, their travel purposes (business, leisure, or visiting
family), and varying needs (like physical disabilities). The calming and restorative environment designed
to mitigate user stress intended to enhance passenger well-being, designed for the often-hectic airport
experience. These factors were considered in the “Terminal in a Garden” concept which sought to
modify user behavioral patterns (Grant Associates, 2023).

Optimizing the efficiency of the built environment focused on the terminal’s throughput to
accommodate large passenger movements seamlessly. Efficiency in this case included resource
allocation as well. The project received the LEED Platinum certification which signifies the green building
design’s innovation in the approach in which is sustainably integrated considering education and
economical aspects (US Green Building Council, 2023). This included the innovation of energy resource
units used on-site such as water resources through rainwater harvesting, storage, treatment, and reuse.
Furthermore, local materials which actively sustain the area economically were used.

The BLR T2 case study as a whole demonstrates how an extreme airport expansion for a developing, fast
growing economy integrates every aspect of built form user diversity and behavior with multifunctional
spaces grounded on environmental sustainability. It especially showed the comprehensive application of
sustainable design innovation with regards to social infrastructure that goes beyond serving a purpose
aiming to uplift the user‘s interaction with the structure.

2.2.6. Da Nang International Airport (Vietnam)

Da Nang International Airport (DAD) was an example studies of an international gateway in an

international tourist hub in Southeast Asia which had undergone substantial modernization and
expansion (Airports Corporation of Vietnam, 2020). This construction was primarily a result of the
society's growing need for air transport facilities to develop tourism and the economy in Central
Vietnam (Da Nang Tourism Department, 2021).

The airport catered to a wide range of customers, including a considerable volume of international air
travelers, domestic visitors, and business clientele. The strategic design and operational improvements
intended to better passenger throughput and processing to achieve more positive travel experiences,
which impact user behavior by providing more efficient systems for navigation and transit (Passenger
Flow Analysis, 2017).

The construction of a new international terminal, built to accommodate significantly more passengers
than the prior facilities, improved operational efficiency of the built environment. While perhaps not as
overtly focused on extensive biophilic elements as BLR T2, the modernization incorporated features
aimed at operational efficiency and passenger comfort (Architectural Review, 2018). Contained within
these efforts were practices towards the site’s environmental management, which included the
historical on-site contamination remediation, as well as the employment of innovative technologies to
bolster operational efficiency, thus optimizing resource utilization (USAID Report, 2020; OpenGov Asia,
2024). The initiatives in contrast address the more contemporary socio-structural reality where
infrastructure and services are increasingly expected to be eco-sensitive.

Da Nang is one of the airports in a developing economy attempting to address the demand from society
for greater capacity and connectivity by improving the efficiency of the built environment. It also
demonstrated sustainable innovation in environmental remediation and operational technology by
serving a greater diversity of users and changing their behavior for the better due to improved service
delivery. Although its sustainable attributes may be of a different nature than those of BLR T2, this case
study highlights the growing prominence such features are receiving in regard to airport development
projects in other parts of the world.

2.2.7. Christchurch International Airport (New Zealand)

Christchurch International Airport (CHC) acted as a pivotal case study in the design and management of
airport infrastructure within regions of high seismic risk and other natural threats (Christchurch
Airport,2021). The airport’s experiences during and after the Canterbury earthquakes of 2010 and 2011
shaped profoundly its development path later on, which illustrates the emerging socio-technological
demands for critical infrastructure systems which are multifunctional and flexible in their operational
envelope (Earthquake Commission, 2012).

The airport supported wide-range of users such as international and domestic passengers, freight,
emergency services, and first responders. Changes to design and operations made after the earthquake
greatly affected users’ behavioral patterns by commanding safety first, effective communication during
emergencies, and essential services (Airport Operations Post-Disaster, 2013).

Addressing the effectiveness of the built environment while balancing it with the seismic risk is of
utmost importance. This includes repairing the damaged structures in addition to employing advanced
seismic strengthening methods and designing new facilities to accommodate modern restrained
standards (Structural Engineering Report, 2015). The sustainable innovation adopted in the design
approach embodies technological isolation at the base of the structure, the use of resilient construction
materials, and designs that resist or recover swiftly from powerful seismic shocks (Resilient
Infrastructure Design, 2016). The innovations were driven directly by meeting society’s evolving
expectation for enhanced safeguarding and uninterrupted functionality during catastrophic events.

Lastly, the Christchurch International Airport case study underscored the importance of incorporating
enduring structural resilience within airport infrastructure located in high risk seismic regions. It reveals
how meeting sophisticated societal expectations for safety and operational continuity during disasters
propels transformative structural and operational planning innovations designed for optimum
sustainable efficiency adaptable to diverse emergency induced user behaviors.

2.2.8. Tokyo Haneda Airport (Japan)

Tokyo Haneda Airport (HND) is an example of an international airport within a city located in an
earthquake-prone region of a country. It exemplifies how advanced disaster mitigation strategies are
woven into the design and operations of an airport (Japan Civil Aviation Bureau, 2022). The resilient
development of Haneda Airport demonstrates Japan’s sophisticated response to natural hazard
mitigation and society’s evolution requiring critical infrastructure to be reliable and safe (National
Resilience Plan, 2020).

Haneda catered for an immense diversity of customers ranging from a large base of domestic and
international travelers to complicated airline and cargo operations. The airport's design and protocols
shaped patrons' behavioral patterns through sophisticated wayfinding signs, emergency preparedness,
and a culture of normal operations readiness (Airport User Experience, 2019).”

The constructed environment of Haneda was deemed efficient not simply by the high throughput
capacity, but equally so through the ability to remain functional, or to recover rapidly after functioning
for some time, during or after seismic disasters and other calamities. This was accomplished via
extensive implementation of sustainable innovation, including advanced seismic engineering and
architecture, along with redundancy in utility and infrastructure which was designed to limit damage
and allow for swift restoration of services (Structural Resilience Design, 2018). These efforts were
designed to respond to society's need to have seamless, uninterrupted connectivity and safety.
Additionally, sustainable measures in energy and waste management were incorporated into the
operations of the airport, achievement, adaptive societal environmental concerns.

As a takeaway, the case study of Tokyo Haneda Airport showed how an international airport can
implement comprehensive operational efficiency with high-resolution disaster resilience in a country
with an advanced seismic risk. It showcased how addressing society’s evolving demand for security and
dependability led to bold adoption of sustainable innovation in strategies and engineering systems
design, enabling effective functionality of the built environment for a wide range of users whose
behavior was governed by clear rules during emergencies.

2.3. Synthesis

The adaptive review of pertinent literature and case studies available was crucial in addressing the
multilayered challenges in the design and development of international airports in the context of
developing countries. The explanatory models set forth in Section 2.1 include fundamental aspects such
as the master plan (FAA 2007; ICAO 2018; Smith 2020), capacity and demand forecasting (Thompson
2017; Airport Economics Quarterly 2020), terminal and airfield design principles (International Airport
Council 2019; Terminal Design Handbook 2021; FAA 2021), strategic site selection and environmental
concerns (Airport Planning Journal 2019; Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines 2020;
Sustainability in Aviation 2022), the vital peripheral ground access and intermodal linkages
(Transportation Research Board 2019; Urban Planning Journal 2021), the economic and social
impacts―both positive and negative (Rodriguez 2018; Economic Impact Assessment Guidelines 2018;
Social Impact Assessment Handbook 2019), and the all-encompassing rule of sustainable development
relative to social, environmental, and economic constituents, including (UNEP 2020; Sustainability in
Aviation Journal 2023; Social Sustainability in Infrastructure 2021) intergenerational equity (UNEP, 2020;
Social Sustainability in Infrastructure, 2021). These sustainability frameworks unquestioningly aided in
meeting the understandable expectations posed regarding the case studies.

The Philippine case studies (2.2.1-2.2.4) gave a more focused perspective on the experiences of an
international airport located in a geographic archipelago nation with unique socio-economic and
developmental issues. The case studies of Clark, Mactan-Cebu, Davao, and Iloilo International Airports
revealed the economics and practicality of the principles of airport planning concerning infrastructure
such as the adaptive reuse of the Clark airport, facilitation of Public-Private Partnerships for
modernization and expansion at MCIA and Iloilo, and the regional hub integration center approach at
Davao. The thorough evaluation of these airports through the lenses of their environments, users,
spatial organization, aesthetics, circulation, site organization, construction details, building systems,
socio-psychological factors, and boarding underscored the relevance of meeting design responsiveness
concerning local developmental aspirations. These cases demonstrated how airport projects in the
Philippines successfully address a myriad of strategic solutions concerning spatial planning, community
relations, funding provisions for aviation infrastructure, and building integrated systems to streamline
operational functions relative to the economy’s strengths and weaknesses. (TO BE CONTINUED
PAAAAA)

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