BS 18: 1987

UDC 1669 :620.1 72.241 + 629.7.02-034

@ British Standards Inctitution. No part of this publication may be photocopied or otherwise reproduced without the prior permission in writing of ES1

British Standard Method for

a Tensile testing of metals
(including aerospace materials)
’.

Méthode d’essai en traction des métaux (y compris les matériaux pour l’aérospatiale)

Zugprüfung an Metallen (einschließlichsolcher für die Luft- und Raumfahrt)

British Standards Institution

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 BSI BSWLB 87 l b 2 4 b b î 0073396 O W

I BS18: 1987

Foreword O

This British Standard, which has been prepared under the

direction of the Iron and Steel and the Non-ferrous Metals
Standards Committee, is a revision of BS 18 : Part 1 : 1970
and Parts 2 to 4 : 1971, which are withdrawn. It also
incorporates requirements for tensile tests previously given
in Section one of Part 1 of British Standard 4A4 : 1966
which i s being deleted by amendment.

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No new major concepts have been introduced. The
appropriate tensile properties have been referred to
throughout as strengths rather than stresses. Implicit in
these strength definitions is the knowledge that multiaxial
loading and/or the presence of notches can change the
values of the applied stress a t which yield and rupture may
occur in a particular material. However, consideration of
established and accepted testing practices now in common
use, as well as the outcome of the recent work of the
International Organization for Standardization (ISO),
indicated a sufficient degree of commonality in application
e
to different product forms to allow the standard to revert
to one Part. This change has been facilitated by the
elimination of the need to determine the K-value (apparent
elastic compliance) of the tensile testing system. This has
followed a corresponding action in international standards.
Attention is drawn to the fact that in IS0 6892 there is no
definition of extension and that the definition given for
elongation differs from that in BS 18.
Procedures relating to tensile testing of metals a t room
temperature are described. Testing a t elevated temperatures
i s described in BS 3688 and British Standard 4A4 : Part 1 :
Section two : 1967.
Details of procedures that may be specifically applicable
to particular metals and alloys are not described.
Provision i s not made for testing some forms of product
such as very thin foil or products of asymmetrical shape
for which demands for accurate measurement of strength
are often very limited. Although the procedures described
in this standard might be applied to such products, the O
values obtained would not necessarily be recommended or
chosen for use as a basis for acceptance test purposes.
The opportunity has been taken to clarify the significance
of some features from earlier Parts of BS 18. Also the
greater importance of using unmachined test pieces
including those ‘as cast’ in view of economic considerations
has been recognized by the committee. Requirements for
tolerances upon measurement of cross-sectionalarea
have been introduced to eliminate any uncertainty
regarding the validity of tests carried out on such specimens.
Features t h a t require a decision based fundamentally upon
metallurgical considerations, e.g. the position in a product
from which a test piece is selected, haue been eliminated
from this edition.
Testing of metals and alloys complying with the aerospace
series of British Standards calls for a small number of
special requirements; these requirements have been
incorporated into this revision of BS 18 and are referred to
in relevant clauses as category 2 requirements.

Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself

O
confer immunity from legal obligations.

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 Contents

Page

Foreword Inside front cover

Committees responsible Back cover

Method
1 Scope
2 Definitions
3 Symbols and designations
4 Principle
5 Apparatus
6 Shape and dimensions of test piece
7 Preparation of t e s t pieces
8 Determination of original cross-sectional
area ( S o ) 7
9 Accuracy of testing equipment 7
10 Temperature of test 8
11 Test procedure 8
12 Test report 10

Appendices
A Verification of permanent set strength by
proving tests 11
B Proving tests for proof strength 11

Tables
1 Symbols and designations 4
2 Preferred dimensions of circular cross section
machined test pieces 6
3 Preferred dimensions of rectangular section
test pieces 6
4 Grading of extensometers 8
5 Rate of stressing 8
6 Measurement of gauge iengths for the
determination of percentage elongation 10

Figures
1 Force/extension diagrams illustrating yield 12
2 Force/extension diagram illustrating tensile
strength 12
3 Force/extension diagrams illustrating proof
strength extension values 13
4 Force/extension diagram illustrating
permanent set strength 13
5 Force/extension diagram illustrating proof
strength (non-proportionalextension) 13
6 Four-point method for the determination of
proof strength 14
7 Round and flat test pieces 14
8 Test pieces from tube before and after fracture 15
9 Grip for thin t e s t pieces 16

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 B S I BS*3â 8 7 H 3624667 0073398 4

BS 1 8 : 1987

Method

1 Scope 2.3.2 percentage permanent elongation. The increase in

the original gauge length of a test piece after removal of a
This British Standard describes the method of tensile specified stress (see 2.6.81,expressed as a percentage of the
testing of metallic materials a t room temperature to original gauge length (,Lo),
determine the following properties: yield strength; proof 2.3.3 percentage elongation after fracture (A). The
strength; tensile strength; elongation; reduction of area. permanent elongation of the gauge length after fracture
It incorporates procedures for materials complying with (Lu - L o ) ,expressed as a percentage of the original gauge
the aerospace series of British Standards. Appendices A length ( L o ) .
and B describe proving tests for the verification of NOTE. In the case of proportional t e s t pieces, if the original gauge
permanent set strength and proof strength. This standard length i s other than 5.65 d S 0 * (where So i s the original cross-
is not applicable to steel wire. sectional area of the parallel length), the symbol A should be
supplemented by an index indicating the coefficient of
NOTE 1. Steel wire is a major metallurgical product for which
proportionality (k)used, for example, A 1 1 i s the percentage
tensile and other mechanical tests are normally demanded. The
elongation on a gauge length (Lo)of 11.3 $So.
relevant requirements, many of which are specific to steel wire,
are described in BS 4545. In the case of non-proportional test pieces, the symbol A should be
supplemented by an index indicating the original gauge length used
NOTE 2. The t i t l e s of the publications referred to in this standard expressed in millimetres, for example, A80 mm is the percentage
are listed on the inside back cover. elongation on a gauge length (Lo)of 80 mm.
2.3.4 percentage total elongation a t fracture (At).The
total elongation (elastic elongation plus plastic elongation)
2 Definitions of the gauge length a t the moment of fracture, expressed
as a percentage of the original gauge length ( L o ) .
For the purposes of this British Standard the following
definitions apply.
2.3.5 coefficient of proportionality ( k ) .The ratio of the
original gauge length ( L o )divided by the square root of the
original cross-sectional area (So1.
2.1 Terms relating to test pieces
2.1.1 test piece. The portion of the test sample on which
the tensile t e s t is carried out. 2.4 Terms relating to extension

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2.1.2 proportional test pieces. Test pieces with gauge 2.4.1 extension. The increase of the extensometer gauge
lengths having a specified relationship to the square root length (Le) in excess of i t s original length a t any moment
of the cross-sectional area. during the test.
NOTE. As proportionality i s related only to cross-sectional area and 2.4.2 percentage yield point extension (Lüders extension)
the specimen gauge length and not to the overall geometry a '

( A e ) . The extension between the start of yielding giving

proportional t e s t piece may have a cross section o f any shape.
localized deformation and the commencement of
2.1.3 non-proportional t e s t pieces. Test pieces the gauge homogeneous deformation giving smooth work hardening.
length of which does not have any specified relationship NOTE. It can be measured from the forcelextension diagram as
to the square root of the cross-sectional area. shown in figure 1, or from a stress-strain diagram.
It i s expressed as a percentage of the extensometer gauge
2.2 Terms relating to t e s t piece gauge length length (Le).
2.2.1 gauge length. Length of the cylindrical or prismatic 2.4.3 percentage permanent extension. The increase in the
portion of the t e s t piece defined and used for measurement extensometer gauge length of a t e s t piece after the removal
of elongation or extension. of a specified stress, expressed as a percentage of the
2.2.2 original gauge length ( L o ) ,The test piece gauge extensometer gauge length ( L e ) (see 2.6.8).
length before the application of force. 2.4.4 strain. The ratio of extension to original length
2.2.3 final gauge length (Lu). The t e s t piece gauge length expressed either as a decimal value or as a percentage.
after rupture, the pieces having been carefully fitted
together so that their axes are aligned. 2.5 Reduction of area
2.2.4 extensometer gauge length (Le). The length of the 2.5.1 percentage reduction of area (Z).
The maximum
parallel portion of the t e s t piece used for the measurement change in cross-sectionalarea (So - Su) that occurs during
of extension by means of an extensometer. (This length the test, expressed as a percentage of the original cross-
may differ from Lo and i s of any value greater than the sectional area (So).
width ( b ) or diameter ( d o r D ) of the t e s t piece but less
than i t s overall parallel length (Lc).) 2.6 Terms relating to stress
2.6.1 stress. The force a t any moment during the t e s t
2.3 Terms relating to elongation divided by the original cross-sectionalarea (So) of the
2.3.1 elongation. The increase in the original gauge length test piece.
( L o ) a t the conclusion of the test.

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 ~-
~~
B S I BSaL8
_ ~ _ 87 162Libb7 0073377 b
BS 18 : 1987

2.6.2 tensile strength (Rm). Th stress corresponding to 2.7 Materials

the maximum force (see figure 2). 2.7.1 category 1. Materials tested in accordance with
2.6.3 yield strength (Re). The stress a t the point reached standards other than the aerospace series of British
during the test when plastic deformation occurs without Standards.
any increase in the force, in material exhibiting a yield 2.7.2 category 2. Materials tested in accordance with the
phenomenon. aerospace series of British Standards.
N O T E , A distinction is made between upper and lower yield
strength values as described in 2.6.4 and 2.6.5 respectively.
2.6.4 upper yield strength re^ 1. The value of stress a t the 3 Symbols and designations
moment when the first decrease in force a t yield is observed
(see figure 1). The symbols and designations used for the purposes of a
2.6.5 lower yield strength ( R e J . The lowest value of tensile t e s t shall be as given in table 1 and shown in
stress during plastic yielding, ignoring any transient effects figures 1 to 8.
(see figure 11.
2.6.6 proof strength (non-proportionalextension) ( R p1.
The stress a t which a non-proportionalextension (plastic 4 Principle
extension only) is equal to a specified percentage of the
extensometer gauge length ( L e ) (see figure 3(a) and The t e s t consists of straining a test piece, by tensile force,
figure 5). The symbol used is followed by a suffix giving generally to fracture, and recording the relationship
the prescribed percentage of the extensometer gauge length, between force and extension, for the purpose of determining
for example Rp0.2. one or more of the tensile properties given in clause 1.
2.6.7 proof strength (total extension) (Rtl. The stress a t
which the total extension (elastic extension plus plastic
extension) is equal to a specified percentage of the 5 Apparatus
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extensometer gauge length ( L e ) (see figure 3(b)). The

symbol used is followed by a suffix giving the prescribed 5.1 Tensile testing machine, with a force range suitable for
percentage of the extensometer gauge length, for example the material being tested, calibrated in accordance
ßt0.5. with 9.1 and 9.2.
2.6.8 permanent set strength The stress a t which, 5.2 Extensometer, complying with 9.3, for extension
after removal of force, a specified permanent extension measurements.
or elongation, expressed respectively as a percentage of 5.3 Wedge grips, screwed or shouldered holders, or other
the extensometer gauge length ( L e ) or the original gauge positive means of holding the test piece (see figure 9) in
length ( L o )has not heen exceeded (see figure 4 and such a way that the load is applied axially.
z-peridix A). The symbol used is followed by a suffix
N O T E 1. Wires should be held using gripping arrangements that
$\lina the specified percentage of the gauge length, minimize the likelihood of failure of the test piece in or adjacent
for example Rr0.2. to the grips.
2.6.9 Young's modulus of elasticity. The ratio of stress to NOTE 2. The efficiency of the gripping surfaces may be improved,
strain during the elastic behaviour of the test piece. if desired, by fine serrations.

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 B S I BS*KL8 87 W Lb2qbb9 0073400 9 W
BS 18: 1987

Table 1. Symbols and designations

Symbol Unit Designation

Test piece dimensions

a mm Thickness of a flat test piece or wall thickness of a tube
b mm Width of the parallel length of a flat test piece or average width of the longitudinal strip
taken from a tube or width of flat wire
d mm Diameter of the parallel length of a circular t e s t piece, or diameter of round wire or
internal diameter of a tube
D mm External diameter of a tube
k - Coefficient of proportionality
L O mm Original gauge length
Lc mm Parallel length
Le mm Extensometer gauge length
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Lt mm Total length of t e s t piece

LU mm Final gauge length after fracture
r mm Transition radius
SO mm2 Original cross-sectionalarea of the parallel length
SU mm2 Minimum cross-sectionalarea after fracture

Tensile properties
A* % Percentage elongation after fracture
At % Percentage total elongation a t fracture
Ae % Percentage yield point extension
Re Nimm2 Yield strength
ReH N/mm2 Upper yield strength
Re i Nimm2 Lower yield strength
Rm Nimm2 Tensile strength
ßP Nimm2 Proof strength (non-proportional extension)
Rr Nimm2 Permanent set strength
Rt Nimm2 Proof strength (total extension)
Z % Percentage reduction of area

See 2.3.3.
NOTE. N/mmz = MPa.

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 BS 18 : 1987

6 Shape and dimensionsof test piece 6.2 Proportional test pieces (see 2.1.2)
For propofiional test pieces t h e relationsJp between gauge
6.1 General length and cross-sectional area is given by: .
NOTE 1. The shape and dimensions of t e s t pieces are dependent on Lo = k J S o
the form and dimensions of the products of which the tensile NOTE 1. By international agreement this relationship has been
properties are fo be determined. It is not possible to specify a single established as Lo = 5.65 d S o .
standard tensile test piece because of the wide variety of forms and
dimensions. The original gauge length shall be not less than 20 mm and
NOTE 2, The test piece is usually obtained by machining a sample when the cross-sectional area is too small for this
from the product or a blank or casting. However, products of requirement to be met a multiple value of k shall be used
constant cross section (e.g. sections, bars, wires, tubes) and also (e.g, k = 11.3).
cast test bars (e.9. malleable cast iron, white cast iron, non-ferrous
alloys) may be subjected to t e s t without being machined.
Test pieces of circular cross section shall have the specified
relationship between Lo and So, but preferred dimensions
Foc the purposes of this standard two types of test piece, are given in table 2.
proportional and non-proportionalare specified.
NOTE 2. Where k = 5.65 the value of La= 5d.
All test pieces of circular cross section, whether machined
The following dimensions and tolerances shall apply to all
0 or unmachined, shall be regarded as, and tested as,
proportional test pieces (see 2.1.2) unless otherwise proportional test pieces:
(a) The minimum parallel length (L,) shall equal 5.5 x
specified in the relevant product standard.
Test pieces of rectangular section shall be regarded as the nominal diameter ( d ) ;
non-proportionaltest pieces (see 2.1.31 unless the gauge (b) The tolerance on diameter shall be f 0.5 % for
length has the relationship to the cross-sectional area category 1 materials and f 0.25 % for category 2
specified for proportional test pieces. Test pieces of square materials;
cross section shall be regarded as rectangular test pieces in (c) The minimum transition radius ( r )shall be
which the width i s equal t o the thickness. approximately equal t o or greater than the nominal
NOTE 3. Requirements for proportional and non-proportional test diameter (4;
pieces are given in 6.2 and 6.3,and the shapes and dimensions of (d) The parallel length shall not vary in diameter by
test pleces taken from wires and tubes are specified in 6.4 and 6.5.
more than 0.03 mm;
NOTE 4. This standard does not specify the size and shape of test
pieces to be used for specific types of metallic products. The (e) The gripped ends of a machined test piece of
relevant product standard and/or inspection procedure should circular cross section shall be co-axial with the parallel
specify, where necessary, the type of tensile test piece to be used. portion within a tolerance of 0.03 mm.
NOTE 3. I f a gauge length of 5.65 dSois used, the calculated
values of Lo may be rounded off to the nearest multiple of 5 mm
provided that the difference between the calculated and marked
gauge length is less than 10 % of Lo.

Table 2. Preferred dimensions of circular cross section machined test pieces (see figure 7)

Nominal Nominal Original Minimum Minimum Tolerance on diameter

diameter crus-sectional gauge length parallel length transition
area radius Category 1 Category 2
(see 2.7.1) (see 2.7.2)
d
._
SO I Lo = 5 . 6 5 d S 0 L, = 5.5d r

mm mm2 mm mm mm mm mm
22.56 400 113 124 23.5 fO.11 f 0.06
15.96 200 80 88 15 f 0.08 f 0.04
13.82 150 69 76 13 . f 0.07 f 0.04
1 1.28 1O0 56 62 IO * 0.06 * 0.03
10.00 78.5 50 55 9 f 0.05 f 0.03
7.98 50 40 44 8 f 0.04 f 0.02
5.64 25 28 31 6 f 0.03 f 0.02
5.00 19.6 25 28 6 0.03 f 0.02
3.99 12.5 20 22 4 f 0.02 f 0.01

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 -

BSI BS*lô ô7 Lb24bbî 0073402 2

BS 18 : 1987

6.3 Non-proportional test pieces 6.5 Test pieces from tubes

NOTE 1. Use of non-proportional t e s t pieces may be required by
6.5.1 General. The t e s t piece shall consist of one of the
standards for metallurgical products. They may also be used for
convenience when it is required to maintain a constant gauge length following:
between specimens of differing cross-sectional area or where it is (a) a length of tube;
impractical to maintain a specified relationship between the gauge
length and the cross-sectional area. (b) a longitudinal or transverse strip cut from the tube
and having the full thickness of the tube wall (figure 8);
Non-proportional t e s t pieces shall have the following
dimensions and tolerances, but preferred dimensions of t e s t (c) a t e s t piece of circular cross section machined from
pieces of rectangular cross section are given in table 3. the wall of the tube.
(a) The original gauge length ( L o )shall equal a t least 6.5.2 Length of tube. Where the test piece consists of a
4 x the nominal width ( b ) . length of tube, the elongation after fracture shall be
(b) The minimum transition radius shall be 25 mm or determined on an original gauge length ( L o )of 50 mm or
on a gauge length of 5.65 /, So if required by the product
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2 x the nominal width (61,whichever is the least.

standard.
(c) The minimum parallel length shall be L o +-.b2 NOTE. It should preferably be plugged a t both ends to prevent
collapse.
(d) The tolerance on gauge length ( L o )shall be f 1 %.
The free length between each plug and the nearest gauge
NOTE 2. A test piece may also consist of a strip with parallel sides
marks shall exceed D/4. in cases of dispute, the value D
when specified by the product standard. For products of width
equal to or less than 20 mm, the width of the t e s t piece may be the shall be used.
same as that of the product. 6.5.3 Longitudinal or transverse strip. For t e s t pieces
NOTE 3. In the case of a parallel sided test piece less than 20 mm taken from longitudinal or transverse strips of tube, the
wide, and unless otherwise specified in the product standard, the elongation after fracture shall be determined on an
original gauge length ( L o )should be equal to 50 mm. For this type
of test piece, the free length between the grips should be not less
appropriate original gauge length ( L o )selected from the
than 1.5 X L o . values given in table 3 or on a gauge length of 5.65JS0
if required by the product standard.
6.4 Test pieces from bars and sections of diameter or The parallel length ( L c ) shall not be flattened.
thickness less than 4 mm and non-ferrous wires of diameter NOTE I . The ends may be flattened for gripping in the testing
or thickness less than 6 mm machine.
NOTE 1. The t e s t piece i s generally a parallel-sidedunmachined NOTE 2. Special precautions should be taken when straightening
portion of the product. any test pieces taken from transverse sections of tubes. Such
sections are normally taken from large diameter tubes to conserve
The original gauge length ( L o )shall be either 200 F 2 mm material.
or 100 F 1 mm unless specified otherwise in the product
standard. The distance between the grips of the machine 6.5.4 Machined circular test piece from a cross section of
shall be a t least L o +. 50 mm, ¡.e. 250 mm and 150 mm, the tube wall. The position in the tube from which the test
respectively, except in the case of wires where this distance sample i s taken shall be as given in the product standard.
may be equal to Lo. The dimensions of the circular test piece shall comply
with 6.2 but preferred dimensions are given in table 2.
NOTE 2. In cases where the percentage elongation after fracture i s
not to be determined, a distance between the grips of a t least
50 mm should be used.

Table 3. Preferred dimensions of rectangular section t e s t pieces (see figure 7 )

Nominal Max imum Original Minimum Approximate Minimum

width variation gauge length transition total length parallel length
in width radius b
b Lo r Lt Lo+-
2

mm mm mm mm mm mm
50 o. 1 200 25 450 225
20 o. 1 200 25 450 210
25 o. 1 1O0 25 300 112.5
20 o. 1 80 25 250 90
12.5 0.03 50 25 200 56.25
6 0.03 25 12 1O0 28
3 0.03 12.5 6 50 14

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 _ _
BSI
~- BS*LB
_ _
i37 m 3 b i 4 b b ï 0073403 4
~ _ _ _ _ ~ ~ = _ = = _ _ _

BS 18: 1987

7 Preparation of test pieces 8.2 Unmachined test pieces from flats

In the case of test pieces prepared from flat products whose
7.1 Machined test pieces width is the same as that of the product, calculate the
Circular and rectangular machined test pieces shall original cross-sectionalarea ( S o )from the average of three
incorporate a transition curve between the gripped ends measurements of both the thickness and the width taken
and the parallel length. The dimensions of this transition a t approximately equidistant positions.
radius are important and shall comply with 6.2 and shall
be as given in tables 2 and 3. 8.3 Tubes
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NOTE. The gripped eBds should be of a shape to suit the grips of In the case of a length of tube, calculate the original cross-
the testing machine. sectional area ( S o )using the following equation:
So=na(D-a)
7.2 Unmachined test pieces
where
When the test piece consists of an unmachined length of
D i s the nominal external diameter of the tube;
the product or of an unmachined or an as-cast test bar,
the free length between the,grips shali be a minimum of a is the thickness of the tube wall.

O 1.5 x the gauge length (.Lo).

NOTE, i f a product is delivered coiled, care should be taken when
For t e s t pieces consisting of a longitudinal strip, calculate
the original C~oss-sectiOnaiarea SO using either the
straightening the sample required for the t e s t piece to avoid following equation, or one that gives a more accurate result.
affecting the properties determined in the subsequent test.

7.3 Separation of test piece from test sample

= ab Ir' 6D
h2
u

(D- 2 a ) l
1

NOTE 1. The method employed in fabricating the test piece from where
the test sample should minimize deformation and heating of that a i s the thickness of the tube wall;
part of the test piece to be used for measurements.
b i s the average width of the longitudinal strip;
Any areas of t e s t pieces that have been hardened during
'their preparation by flame cutting, shearing or blanking D is the nominal external diameter of the tube.
shall be removed by machining. Caiculate the original cross-sectionalarea (So) of a test
For routine testing of sheet and strip, t e s t pieces may be piece consisting of a transverse strip taken from a tube
produced by blanking, but in cases of dispute the tests shall using the following equation:
always be carried out on machined test pieces. So = ab
NOTE 2. Care is especially necessary when measurement of the where
proof strength or permanent set strength i s to be made. The best a is the thickness of the tube wall;
method of cutting i s usually by sawing. If the test piece is sheared
or flame-cut, adequate allowance on dimensions should be allowed b i s the average width of a transverse strip taken from a

*
for subsequent machining. tube.
NOTE 3. For relativeiy thin materials which would deform in
machining, it is recommended that strips of identical width are cut 8.4 Tolerance on measurement of cross-sectionalarea of
and assembled into a bundle with intermediate layers of paper
castings
which i s resistant to the cutting oil. It is recommended that each
small bundle of strips i s assembled with a thicker strip on each side, Determine the transverse cross-sectionalarea of cast
before machining to the final dimensions of the t e s t piece. specimens by direct measurement and calculation to
an accuracy of 1 %. *
8 Determination of original cross-sectional
area (Soi 9 Accuracy of testing equipment
8.1 General 9.1 General
Calculate the cross-sectionalarea from measurements of the The calibration of measuring apparatus shall be traceable to
appropriate dimensions in a t least two positions with an the National Physical Laboratory either directly or
error of: indirectly through a hierarchical chain such as that provided
(a) for category 1 materials, not more than f 0.5 % or by the British Calibration Service in accordance with the
0.01 mm in each dimension, whichever is the greater; accuracy demanded by the test. This includes automatic
equipment used for the determination of any one of the
(b) for category 2 materials, not more than i 0.2 % or
parameters described in clause 11. The performance of
0.005 mm whichever is the greater.
automatic equipment shall be validated by manual methods
NOTE 1. For t e s t pieces of circular cross section complying with
the tolerances given in table 2 the nominal dimensions may be used
at appropriate periods.
for calculation of the cross-sectional area.
NOTE 2. For unmachined bar or any specimen that is uniformly
parallel, the cross-sectionalarea may be obtained by dividing the
mass of the test piece by the product of i t s original length and the
density of the material, provided the density of the material is
known t o within an accuracy of t 1 %.

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 I

B S I BSsl18 87 W L b 2 4 b b î 0073404 b '

BS 18 : 1987

9.2 Testing machine Test continuously or with interruptions depending upon

The testing machine shall be calibrated in accordance with the tensile properties to be determined.
BS 1610 : Part 1 and maintained to grade 1.0 requirements When measurements of extension are required, fit an
or better unless otherwise specified in the material extensometer to the t e s t piece a t the start of the test.
specification. NOTE 1. The extensometer i s generally removed when sufficient
NOTE. If the machine is to be used for the determination of proof data have been acquired, after the onset of plastic deformation and
strengths, verification of each force range should extend to the before the test piece is strained to fracture.
lower limit of verification in accordance with BS 1610 : Part 1. Record force and/or extension data either manually or
automatically.
9.3 Extensometers NOTE 2. The functions described in this clause may be effected by
Extensometers shall be calibrated in accordance with a suitably programmed computer thus obviating the need to plot a
BS 3846 and depending on the property to be determined, force/extension diagram for each test.
shall be as given in table 4.
11.2 Determination of yield strength
11.2.1 General. When determining both the upper yield
Table 4. Grading of extensometers
strength, ReH , and the lower yield strength, ReL, during
Property Minimum the same test, follow the procedure for determining the
grade lower yield strength.
Determine yield strength visually, or by a force/extension
For testing of category 1 materials diagram (see figure 1).
Measurement of values of strength up to NOTE. When recording a force/extension diagram, it is permissible
to record displacement from the crosshead motion.
and including 0.1 % proof strength
Values of strength above 0.1 % proof 11.2.2 Upper yield strength re^). When determining
strength upper yield strength, ensure that the rate of stressing in
the elastic range is within the limits stated in table 5.
--``,,`,,`,,,`,``,`,``,``,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Values of yield strength

Fix the rate of stressing by regulating it in the elastic range,
% elongation a t fracture the controls of the machine not being further adjusted
until the upper yield strength is determined.
For testing of category 2 materials
Measurement of values of strength up to
and including 0.2 % proof strength I Table 5. Rate of stressing I
Values of strength above 0.2 % proof
Nominal value of Rate of stressing
strength Young's modulus -
% elongation a t fracture of elasticity Min. Max.

GN/m2 (N/mm2)vnin-' (N/mm2)*min-'

(kN/mm21
IO Temperature of test Up to and
including 150 69 600
Conduct the tests a t room temperature ( I O O C to 30 "CI.
When the product specification demands more stringent
conditions tests shall be made a t a temperature of 23 f 5 "C.
NOTE 1. For tests a t elevated temperature reference should be
made to BS 3688 : Part 1, or to British Standard 4A4 : Part 1 :
Section Two for category 2 material. 11.2.3 Lower yieldstrength (ReL). When determining the
lower yield strength only: ensure that the raje of straining
NOTE 2. Temperature should be monitored with a measuring
instrument of demonstrable traceability, e.g. a thermometer of the parallel length of the t e s t piece during plastic
manufactured in accordance with BS 593 and marked accordingly. deformation is between O.O15/min and 0.15/min. On open
loop machines this rate cannot be regulated directly;.
ensure that it is fixed by regulating the rate of stressing
11 Test procedure just before yield begins, the controls of the machine not
being further adjusted until completion of yield.
11.1 General Ensure that the rate of stressing in the elastic range in no
Insert a t e s t piece in the grips of a suitable tensile testing case exceeds the maximum rate given in table 5,
machine and apply an increasing force to strain the test
piece.

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 BS 18: 1987

11.3 Determination of proof strength (non-propoi ional 11.3.3 Proof strength (total extension). D termine the
extension) (R,) and proof strength, (total extension) ( R t ) proof strength (total extension) from the force/extension
diagram (see figure 3(b)) by drawing a line parallel to the
11.3.1 General
y-axis of the diagram and distant from it by the required
[Link] For category 1 materials in the plastic range of total extension. Calculate the required proof strength from
proof strength determination, ensure that the rate of the force a t which the extensometer indicates the total
straining of the parallel length of the test piece is no extension required.
greater than 0.1 5/min. On open loop machines this rate
cannot be regulated directly; onsure that it is fixed by 11.4 Determination of tensile strength (R,)
regulating the rate of stressing just before plastic deform-
Calculate the tensile strength by dividing the maximum
ation begins. force by the original cross-sectionalarea ( S o )of the test
Ensure that the rate of stressing in the elastic range in no piece (see figure 2). In the plastic range, after the
case exceeds the maximum rate given in table 5. determination of yield strength or proof strength, the speed
[Link] For category 2 materials in the plastic range of of separation of the crossheads of the machine may be
proof strength determination the rate of straining o f the increased; however, ensure that the speed of testing does
parallel length of the t e s t piece shall be between 0.001/min not in any case exceed 0.5 x (L,) mm per minute.
and 0.005/mina NOTE 1. For parallel sided test pieces i, is the total length minus
the length in grips.
11.3.2 Proof strength (non-proportional extension).
NOTE 2. If the t e s t does not include the determination of a yield
Determine the proof strength (non-proportionalextension) strength (or proof strength) the speed of testing throughout the
from the force/extension diagram (see figure 3(a)) by test may reach 0.5 X (L,) mm per minute.
drawing a line parallel to the straight portion and a t a
distance from this equivalent t o the prescribed non-
proportional percentage, e.g. 0.2 %. The point a t which 11.5 Determination of percentage elongation after fracture
this line intersects the curve gives the force corresponding Calculate the percentage elongation after fracture (A) in
to the desired proof strength (non-proportionalextension). accordance with the following equation:
Obtain the required proof strength by dividing this force
by the original cross-sectionalarea of the test piece.
L O
Accurately draw the force/extension diagram either by an
--``,,`,,`,,,`,``,`,``,``,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

automatic recording device or manual method. where

NOTE 1. It is recommended that the reliability of proof strength Lu is the final gauge length;
determinations is checked using the following method. Since the Lo is the original gauge length.
Young's modulus of elasticity for material to a given specification
i s nearly constant, the theoretical extension for any given increment To determine the final gauge length, fit the broken pieces
of stress within the limit of proportionality may be calculated. of the test piece carefully together so that their axes lie on
If the corresponding striins are calculated for two or three a straight line, and so that there is proper contact between
ir-rernents of stress a t an early stage of the elastic portion of the
test it is possible to vert,y that the t e s t is proceeding satisfactorily the broken parts of the test piece when measuring the final
by comparing the calcilrated strain values with those actually being gauge length.
obtained. NOTE 1. This is parficularly important in the case of fest pieces
NOTE 2. If the straight portion of the force/extension diagram is having a short gauge length and for materials having low elongation
not clearly defined, so that the parallel line cannot be drawn with values.
sufficient precision, the following procedure should be adopted Equipment for the measurement of elongation shall be
(see figure 5).
capable of measuring the distance between gauge marks,
When the presumed proof strength has been exceeded, reduce the
both before testing and after fracture with the precision
force to a value equal to about 10 % of the force obtained. Then
increase the force again until it exceeds the value obtained given in table 6.
originally. When force elongation data have been plotted a NOTE 2. If the machines used are capable of measuring elongation
hysteresis loop will be obtained. To determine the desired proof automatically, gauge marks are unnecessary. The elongation
strength, draw a line through the hysteresis loop. Draw another line measured is the total elongation; it is therefore necessary to deduct
parallel to the first, a t a distance from the origin of the curve, the elastic elongation in order to obtain the percentage elongation
measured along the abscissa, equal to the prescribed value of the after fracture unless the machine does it automatically.
non-proportional extension. The intecsection of this parallet line
and the force/extension curve gives the force corresponding to the
proof strength. The required proof strength i s obtained by dividing
this force by the original cross-sectional area of the t e s t piece.
NOTE 3. If it is desired only to prove compliance with proof
strength requirements, the method described in appendix B, which
does not necessitate the plotting of a forcelextension diagram,
may be used,

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 BSI BS*L8 87 m 1 b 2 4 b b î 007340b T m
BS 18: 1987

11.6 Reduction of area (Z)

Table 6. Measurement of gauge lengths for the Calculate the percentage reduction of area (Z)
in
determination of percentage elongation
accordance with the following equation:
so - s u
Original
gauge length
Minimum specified
percentage elongation
Accuracy of
measurement
z= -
LO A required SO
~ ~~

where
mm % mm So i s the original cross-sectionalarea;
12.5 up to and Up to and including 5 f 0.05 Su i s the minimum cross-sectionalarea after fracture.
including 25 Over 5 up to and For specimens of circular cross section use the average of
including 10 f 0.1 two diametral measurements taken a t right angles to each
Over 10 f 0.25 other.

Over 25 Up to and including 5 f 0.1

up to and Over 5 up to and
including 10 f 0.25
12 Test report
including 50
f 0.5
The test report shall include the following information:
Over 50 Up to and including 5 f 0.25 (a) a reference to this British Standard ¡.e. BS 18 : 1987;
Over 5 f 0.5 (b) the material being tested and any relevant
identifying marks and numbers;
NOTE 1. This measurement i s valid in principle only if the (cl the type (proportional or non-proportional)and
fracture i s within the original gauge marks and the distance
between the fracture and the nearest gauge mark i s not less
major dimensions of the test piece;
than one-fifth of the original gauge length. In acceptance (d) if appropriate, the gauge length used or the
testing however, the t e s t results are regarded as valid, coefficient of proportionality when this differs from
irrespective of the position of the fracture, within or outside 5.65;
the original gauge marks, provided that the minimum
elongation specified has been obtained. (e) details of appropriate test piece dimensions given in
NOTE 2. When an extensometer i s used to measure the table 1 and required tensile property values calculated
elongation after fracture the extensometer gauge length as described in clauses 6 , 8 and 11 and appendices A
(i,)has to be equal to the original gauge length ( L o ) . and B.
NOTE 3. It should be noted that comparisons are valid only NOTE. When t e s t s in accordance with this standard have been
when the gauge length and the area of the cross section are required by a product standard which specifies the provision of a
the same or when the coefficient of proportionality ( k ) i s manufacturer's t e s t certificate, a separate report on tensile tests
the same. in accordance with ES 18 i s not normally required.
NOTE 4. When elongation has been determined on a gauge
length not related to the cross-sectional area (e.g. as given in
table 3). the equivalent elongation on a gauge length of
5.65 J S , may be obtained, if permitted by the product
standard, by means of the conversion procedure in
ES 3894 : Part 1 for carbon and low alloy steels and
ES 3894 : Part 2 for austenitic steels.

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 BS 18: 1987

Appendices

Appendix A. VerificaLm of permanent set CF)

NOTE 2. For any given material -x -
-e
e
strength by proving tests (see 2.6.8and ;O
(¡.e. Young's modulus of elasticity) is nearly constant
figure 4) and obtaining the normal value is a check on the conditions
o f the test.
A.l Apply the force corresponding to the small tensioning (CIIncrease force until recorded extension is ex f g
stress, stated in the standard for the material, to the test (CJ)
piece. Increase the force to raise the stress to the specified (where - (CF)- X I .
value and maintain it for 10 s to 15 s. Then reduce the
force below the initial tensioning stress and finally increase (d) Increase force until recorded extension is ey + g
the force to i t s specified value again. (CT)
(where -- Y).
A.2 Verify that the extensometer gauge length (fe),has (CF)
not acquired a permanent extension greater than the NOTE3. If the force (OG)is above the lower limit ( O J ) and
specified percentage or that the original gauge length ( L o ) force (OH)i s below the upper limit (OT)of the material
specification, the material is deemed Satisfactory in respect of
has not acquired a permanentelongation greater than the proof strength.
specified percentage, as appropriate.
An approximate proof strength value (OP) may be
obtained by using the equation:
(OP)= (OJ) + f
Appendix B. Proving tests for proof strength
{(OG)- (OJìI X ((OT)
- (OJì)
where f =
B.l General {(OG)- (OJ))+ {(OTì- (OH))

As an alternative to the preparation of a force/extension

diagram, when permitted by the reievant testing procedure B.3 Three-point method
or specification, one of the following methods may be

--``,,`,,`,,,`,``,`,``,``,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
employed. If it is desired merely to verify that the material will
withstand the specified minimum proof strength, apply
the four-point method with the omission of operation (d).
B.2 Four-point method NOTE. If the stress corresponding t o the force ( O G ) recorded a t
operation (c) i s not less than the specified minimum value, the
material is deemed satisfactory in respect of proof strength.
The four-point method of approximate determination of
proof strength has the advantage of rapidity. Referring to
figure 6, CB i s a force/extension curve, and MN is a line
drawn parallel to the line of proportionality CE a t a BA Alternative three-point method
distance g from it, where g i s equal to the specified non-
proportional extension. Although the procedure given in B.3 is suitable for tensile
machines of the indicating type, it may present some
(OJ) and ( O T ) represent the lower and upper limits
difficulty with machines of the lever type where it is
respectively of the specified proof strength range. If no
necessary to maintain the beam in a horizontal position.
upper limit is specified and a numerical value of the proof
With the latter type of machine, therefore, the following
strength is required, assume an arbitrary top limit.
alternative procedure may be adopted.
The sequence of operations is as follows.
After proceeding as described in (a) and (b) of the four-
(a) Apply a very small tensioning force (OC) and set point method (see B.2), increase the force until the stress
extensometer to zero. in the test piece is equal to the specified minimum proof
(b) Increase force to a value (OF) where F lies on the strength.
straight portion of the force/extension line and ( C F ) is a NOTE. If the extensometer reading is not greater than ex + g,
convenient fraction of (CJ) and (CT). Record the material i s deemed satisfactory in respect of proof strength.
extension e.
(Cd (CT)
NOTE i. ( C F ) = - = -
X Y
x and y preferably being whole numbers.

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 BS 18: '1987

I
I I
I I

-/ Extension - . 4 Extension
Ae Ae

Figure 1. Force/extension diagrams illustrating yield

Ex tension

Figure 2. Force/extensiondiagram illustrating:

tensile strength

--``,,`,,`,,,`,``,`,``,``,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

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 ~~~
BSI B S * 1 8 87 1624b69 0073409
- __ 5
BS 18 : 1987

RP
aJ
L
U
O
u
L
U O
U

I
4 Extension O Extension
I
Non-proportional extension
(a) Non-proportional extension (b) Total extension

Figure 3, Force/extensiondiagrams illustrating proof strength extension values

RP u
L
OI
L

Prescribed permanent extension

O/ I Extension

Figure 4. Force/extensiondiagram illustrating Specified non-propor tionai extension

permanent set strength
Figure 5. Force/extension diagram illustrating
proof strength (non-proportional extension)

--``,,`,,`,,,`,``,`,``,``,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

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 BSI BS*38 87 m 3 b 2 4 b b ï O073430 3 m
BS 18 : 1987

E N ,Upper proof strength limit

T

H
P
G proof strength limi
J

8
L
O
U

C
M
O
Extension

Figure 6. Four-point method for the determination of proof strength

SU
/

LU

Figure 7. Round and flat test pieces

--``,,`,,`,,,`,``,`,``,``,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

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 BS 18 : 1987

so\ I 1" I

LU

r r

I I

Lt

LU
--``,,`,,`,,,`,``,`,``,``,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Figure 8. Test pieces from tube before and after fracture

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15
 BSI B S * l d 8 7 S l b 2 4 b b ï 0073432 5
BS 18 : 1987

Discs t o be easy fit in fork ends

Figure 9. Grip for thin test pieces

--``,,`,,`,,,`,``,`,``,``,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

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 Publications referred to
BS 593 Specification for laboratory thermometers
BS 1610 Materials testing machines and force verification equipment
Part 1 Specification for the grading of the forces applied by materials testing machines
BS 3688 Methods for mechanical testing of metals at elevated temperatures
Part 1 Tensile testing
BS 3846 Methods for calibration and grading of extensometers for testing of metais
BS 3894 Method for converting elongation values for steel
Part 1 Carbon and low alloy steels
Part 2 Method of conversion for application t o austenitic steels
BS 4W5* Methods for mechanical testing of steel wire
British Standard 4A4 Specification for test pieces and t e s t methods for metallic materials f o r aircraft
-
Part 1 : Section Two. Tensile tests elevated temperature. Metric units
I S 0 6892* Metallic materials - tensile testing
--``,,`,,`,,,`,``,`,``,``,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

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 B S I BS*18 87 m l b 2 4 b b 9 0073414 9 =
BS 18: 1987
This British Standard, having been prepared under the direction of reproduced in any form without the prior permission in writing of
the Iron and Steel and the Non-ferrous Metals Standards BSI. This does not preclude the free use, in the course of
Committee, was published under the authority of the Board of BSI implementing the standard, of necessary details such as symbols and
and comes into effect on 30 June 1987, size, type or grade designations. Enquiries should be addressed to
the Publications Manager, BSI, Linford Wood, Milton Keynes
O British Standards Institution, 1987 MK14 6LE. The number for telephone enquiries is O908 220022
First published June 1904 and for telex 825777.
First revision June 1907 Contract requirements. A British Standard does not purport to
Second revision November 1910 include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British
Third revision December 1938 Standards are responsible for their correct application.
Fourth revision May 1950
Fifth revision December 1956
Revision o f British Standards. British Standards are revised, when
Sixth revision October 1962
necessary. by the issue either of amendments or of revised editions.
Seventh revision, Part 1, February 1970
It is important that users of British Standards should ascertain that
Seventh revision, Parts 2, 3 and 4 July 1971
they are in possession of the latest amendments or editions.
Eighth revision June 1987.
ISBN O 580 15916 7 Automatic updating service. BSI piovides an economic, individual
and automatic standards updating service called PLUS. Details are
avairable from BSI Enquiry Section a t Milton Keynes, telephone
British Standards Institution. Incorporated by Royal Charter, BSI i s 0908 221166, telex 825777.
the independent national body for the preparation of British
Standards. I t is the UK member of the international Organization Information on all BSI publications i s in the BSI Catalogue,
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Committce o f the International Electrotechnical Commission. subscribing members of BSI and gives details of new publications,
In addition to the preparation and promulgation of standards, BSI revisions, amendments and withdrawn standards. Any person who,
offers specialist services including the provision of information when making use of a British Standard, encounters an inaccuracy or
through the BSI Library and Standardline Database; Technical Help ambiguity, is requested to notify BSI without delay in order that
to Exporters; and other services. Advice can be obtained from the the matter may be investigated and appropriate action taken.
Enquiry Section, BSI, Milton Keynes MK14 6LE. telephone
’ 0908 221 166, telex 825777.
Copyright. Users of British Standards are reminded that copyright The following BSI references relate t o the wark on this standard:
subsists in all BSI publications. No part of this publication may be Committee reference ISMINFMI4 Draft for comment 85/42664 DC

Committees responsible for this British Startdad.

The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted by the Iron Ministry of Defence
and Steel Standards Committee (ISM/-) and Non-ferrous Metals Society of British Aerospace Companies Limited
Standards Committee (NFM/-) to Technical Committee Welding Institute
ISMINFM14. upon which the following bodies Were represented: The following bodies were also represented inthe drafting of the
Aluminium Federation standard, through subcommittees and panels:
British Gas pic Association of Consulting Scientists
British Non-ferrous Metals Federation
BCIRA
British Railways Board British Industrial Fasteners Federation
British Steel Industry
Civil Aviation Authority (Airworthiness Rivision)
Copper Development Association
Department of Trade and Industry (National Measurement
Department of Trade and Industry (National Engineering
Accreditation Service)
Laboratory)
Institute of Sheet Metal Engineering
Department of Trade and Industry (National Physical Laboratory)
Light Metal Founders, Association
ERA Technology Ltd.
Magnesium Industry Council
GAMBICA (BEAMA Ltd.)
Process Plant Association

Amendments issued since publication

Amd. No. Date of issue Text affected

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British Standards Institution . 2 Park Street London W1A 2BS . Telephone 01-629 9000 Telex 266933

8708-7 -2k- B ISMINFM14

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