Current Carbon Emission of India
As of 2024, India's greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are approximately 4.1 billion metric
tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (GtCO₂e) per year. Its per capita GHG emissions are
around 2.8 tCO₂e.
Target by 2050
India has not explicitly set a specific carbon emission target for 2050. However, it has
announced its ambition to achieve net-zero emissions by 2070. In an accelerated
scenario, India could potentially reduce its annual emissions to 0.4 GtCO₂e by 2050.
Steps India is Taking to Achieve Its Goals
Increasing Renewable Energy Capacity:
India aims to increase non-fossil energy capacity to 500 GW by 2030. The country has
made significant progress in the renewable energy market, particularly in solar power
capacity. Renewable capacity addition needs to increase from ten gigawatts (GW) to 40–
50 GW per year.
Reducing Emissions Intensity:
India has committed to reducing the carbon intensity of its economy by 45% by 2030
compared with 2005 levels. The country has already made progress in this area, with its
overall GHG emissions dropping by 7.93% in 2020.
Carbon Market and Trading Schemes:
India is developing a robust National Framework for an Indian Carbon Market (ICM)
through a reliable national carbon credit electronic platform. Under the Perform, Achieve,
and Trade (PAT) scheme, Indian units have saved more than 106 million tonnes of CO₂
emissions since 2015 till June 2024.
Promoting Electric Vehicles (EVs):
Progressive policies are being implemented to help the electrification of mobility. For
example, there is an implicit carbon tax on transportation fuels of $140 to $240/ton
CO₂e. A nationwide rollout of charging infrastructure is also needed.
Adopting New Practices in Agriculture:
Farmers have to adopt new practices for rice cultivation to reduce emissions.
Developing and Implementing New Technologies:
India is exploring technologies like green hydrogen, carbon capture, usage, and storage
(CCUS), and direct air capture. A hydrogen cost reduction and carbon price of $50/ton
CO₂ are needed by 2030 to make green steel competitive.
Battery costs have to decline by 40% by 2030 and green hydrogen by two-thirds by 2035.
Increasing Carbon Sinks:
The Biennial India State of Forest Report 2017 estimated the carbon stock in Indian
forests to be 7,044 million metric tons (Mt) in 2015, increasing to 7,082 Mt in 2017 and
further to 7,204 Mt in 2021.
Current Sustainability Trends in India
India is undergoing a transformative shift towards sustainability, driven by ambitious
goals and innovative technologies. Here are some key trends:
1. Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS):
○ Investment and Innovation: India is investing heavily in CCUS technologies,
aiming to achieve 30 million metric tons (MMT) of carbon capture and
storage capacity by 2030. Companies like Indian Oil Corporation Limited
(IOCL) are developing advanced techniques such as enzyme-solvent fusion
to enhance carbon capture efficiency.
○ Collaboration and Funding: India is part of the Mission Innovation initiative,
collaborating with 24 countries and the EU to advance CCUS technologies.
The Department of Biotechnology (DBT) and Department of Science and
Technology (DST) are actively involved in funding R&D projects.
[Link] Energy and Green Hydrogen:
○ Renewable Energy Goals: India has surpassed its 2030 goal of achieving
40% of installed capacity from renewable energy sources nine years in
advance. The government is promoting offshore wind and battery storage
technologies through viability gap funding.
○ Green Hydrogen: The National Green Hydrogen Mission, with an outlay of
INR19,744 crore (US$2.4 billion), aims to position green hydrogen as a
competitive energy source for hard-to-abate sectors.
[Link] Transportation:
○ Electric Vehicles (EVs): India is promoting EVs through demand-side
incentives, supply-side incentives for EVs and Advanced Chemistry Cell
(ACC) batteries, funding for charging stations, and lower indirect taxes.
Indian Railways is pursuing its ‘Mission 100% Electrification’ plan to achieve
net-zero carbon emissions by 2030.
[Link] Efficiency and Storage:
○ Energy Storage: India plans to build 47 GW/236 GWh of battery storage
capacity by 2031-32, equivalent to installing nearly 80 of the largest battery
storage facilities globally.
○ Emission Trading System (ETS): The government plans to introduce an ETS
through the Carbon Credits Trading Scheme (CCTS), likely following a cap-
and-trade model, to complement the voluntary carbon market.
[Link] Removal and Nature-Based Solutions:
○ Carbon Removal: India is exploring innovative carbon removal methods
such as biochar carbon removal (BCR) and enhanced rock weathering
(ERW), which have co-benefits for agroecology and soil health.
○ Afforestation and Reforestation: India is focusing on afforestation to
enhance forest and vegetation cover, consistent with socio-economic and
ecological considerations.
[Link] and Regulatory Support:
○ Government Initiatives: The government is implementing policies and
regulations to support the energy transition, including production-linked
incentives, viability gap funding, and tax credits. The Ministry of
Environment, Forest and Climate Change has formulated Long-Term Low
Greenhouse Gas Emission Development Strategies (LT-LEDS) to achieve
net-zero by 2070.
Category Points Source Details
2. Why Is Everyone in India Not Aware of Sustainability Issues?
a. Limited Awareness in Certain Sectors
While urban industries and policymakers are highly aware, rural and Tier-2 or Tier-3 cities
remain less informed about sustainability issues.
● Stat Insight: A 2022 study by the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE)
revealed that only 25% of Indians are fully aware of energy efficiency and
sustainability practices, while 55% of rural populations lack detailed knowledge
about such initiatives.
b. Focus on Immediate Financial Priorities
Businesses often prioritize immediate profitability over long-term sustainability
investments.
● According to a survey by KPMG, 62% of Indian companies cite cost constraints as
a significant barrier to adopting sustainable technologies.
c. Insufficient Policy Awareness
While India has policies like the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC), only
30% of industry stakeholders are actively engaged with these policies.
Economic Priorities Over Sustainability
● Poverty and immediate needs:
○ Around 10% of India's population lives below the poverty line (World Bank,
2022), making daily survival and access to basic resources a higher priority
than environmental concerns.
● Industrial focus:
○ India’s rapid industrial growth, with a GDP dependency of 29.9% on
industries (World Bank, 2023), often sidelines sustainability in favor of
economic development.
Low budget allocation:
● The Indian government allocated just ₹3,030 crores (~0.1% of the total budget) for
the Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change in 2023-24, which is
inadequate for large-scale awareness campaigns.
d. Educational Gaps
Sustainability education is still evolving in India. Many engineering and management
professionals are not trained in sustainable practices, leaving gaps in awareness.
Useful Articles
1. Energy Efficiency in Refineries
○ Bureau of Energy Efficiency: [Link]
○ Article: “Energy Efficiency Opportunities in Indian Refineries” (Energy
Journal)
2. Sustainability in Indian Industries
○ Centre for Science and Environment: [Link]
○ Article: “Sustainable Development in Indian Refineries: Challenges and
Opportunities”
3. Government Policies and Programs
○ Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas: [Link]
○ Article: “Net-Zero by 2070: India’s Path to Sustainable Growth” (Economic
Times)
4. Sustainability Trends and Insights
○ International Energy Agency: [Link]
○ Article: “Global Energy Efficiency Progress and Indian Initiatives”
5. Case Studies and Market Insights
○ KPMG: “Sustainability and Profitability in India’s Energy Sector”
○ Link: [Link]
These articles and insights will provide a foundation for understanding market readiness,
sustainability challenges, and opportunities for India's lift-type plug valve project.
What are the current sustainability initiatives in the Indian refinery sector?
1. Net-Zero Goals: Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL) aims to achieve
net-zero operational emissions by 2046, aiming to eliminate
approximately 30.9 million tonnes of CO₂ equivalent emissions
[Link] aligns with India’s Panchamrit Plan, which includes
achieving 500 GW of non-fossil fuel capacity by 2030. IOCL’s strategy
encompasses 100% of Scope 1 and Scope 2 emissions across its 32
refineries, pipelines, and operational facilities, with real-time
monitoring systems ensuring transparency. To further this goal, IOCL is
investing in carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS)
technologies, targeting a capacity of 2 million tonnes annually by 2030
2. Renewable Energy Projects: Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL) has established
25.57 MW of solar power capacity across its refineries, contributing to its
renewable energy portfolio. A key initiative includes a 1.87 MW solar project at the
Paradip refinery, which is expected to generate approximately 2,800 MWh of
electricity annually, reducing CO₂ emissions by around 2,700 tonnes per
year. These projects are part of IOCL’s broader strategy to integrate renewable
energy and reduce its carbon footprint
3. Biofuels and Green Hydrogen:The company is actively expanding its
biofuels portfolio with a focus on ethanol and compressed biogas
(CBG). IOCL's 2G ethanol plant at the Panipat refinery, utilizing rice
straw, has an annual production capacity of 30 million liters of ethanol,
which contributes to a reduction of approximately 3,00,000 tonnes of
CO₂ emissions annually. In the green hydrogen space, IOCL is
developing a facility in Panipat with an intended production capacity of
10 kilotonnes per year, significantly advancing its commitment to
reducing reliance on fossil fuels and promoting sustainable energy
solutions.
4. Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS): Indian Oil Corporation Limited
(IOCL) is investing in innovative carbon capture technologies, including enzyme-
solvent fusion techniques, to significantly enhance carbon capture efficiency
compared to traditional methods. These advanced techniques are projected to
reduce capital expenditure (CapEx) and operational expenditure (OpEx) by over
50%, while also reducing the size of carbon capture plants by over 75%. The
enzyme-solvent fusion technology has demonstrated a carbon removal efficiency
of over 93% during continuous operation, with energy consumption reduced by 45%
compared to traditional solvents like MEA. This technology is expected to capture
95% of CO2 emissions from industrial flue gas, contributing to IOCL's commitment
to the Net Zero Mission.
5. Energy Efficiency Improvements : Refineries have implemented energy
conservation efforts, resulting in an annual savings of approximately 67,000
Standard Refinery Fuel Tonnes. This translates to a 30% reduction in energy
consumption compared to baseline levels. The initiatives include upgrading
infrastructure and processes, which have led to a quantifiable reduction in energy
consumption and emissions. Specifically, the ROI for these energy efficiency
projects is estimated at 15%, indicating a significant financial benefit. Additionally,
the reduction in emissions is equivalent to removing 10,000 cars from the road
annually
6. Sustainable Practices : The sector processes 10,000 tons of waste annually
through waste-to-energy projects, recycles 5,000 tons of plastic waste per year, and
ensures 98% compliance with environmental regulations. These efforts target a
25% reduction in overall waste output and a 20% increase in resource efficiency,
promoting circular economy principles and responsible consumption
7. Electric Vehicle (EV) Infrastructure: IOCL is facilitating the transition to electric
mobility by establishing EV charging stations and promoting blending ethanol with
petrol as a cleaner alternative fuel. Specifically, IOCL aims to set up over 500 EV
charging points across major cities and highways in India, with a goal of providing
10,000 EV charging stations by 2024. This initiative seeks to enhance the
convenience and accessibility of charging infrastructure, thereby alleviating range
anxiety among EV owners. Additionally, IOCL is promoting ethanol blending with
petrol, achieving a record 18.2% blending rate in December 2024. The program
aims to reach a 20% blending rate by 2025-26, which is expected to save India
approximately $4 billion annually in foreign exchange and reduce carbon emissions
Indian Oil's Net-Zero plan by 2046 encompasses several key goals to achieve operational
sustainability and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Here are the main objectives in
more quantifiable and predictive terms:
1. Monitoring and Reporting:
○ IndianOil will implement a transparent accounting system for greenhouse
gas emissions, ensuring consistent monitoring, reporting, and verification of
emissions as part of its decarbonization efforts. This system will adhere to
international standards and provide detailed annual reports on emission
reductions and progress towards net-zero.
2. Investment in Decarbonization:
○ The company plans to invest over ₹2.4 lakh crore (approximately $30 billion)
to implement various low-carbon initiatives, focusing on Scope 1 and Scope
2 emissions. This investment will lead to a reduction of 0.7 billion metric
tonnes of emissions by 2046.
3. Emission Reduction Strategy:
○ IndianOil intends to achieve two-thirds of its emission reductions through
energy efficiency improvements, electrification, and fuel replacement
efforts. The remaining one-third will be mitigated through Carbon Capture
Utilization and Storage (CCUS), nature-based solutions, and the purchase of
carbon credits. Specifically, CCUS projects are expected to capture 25% of
the total emissions, nature-based solutions will account for 5%, and carbon
credits will cover the remaining 3%.
4. Renewable Energy and Green Hydrogen:
○ IndianOil aims to achieve 31 GW of renewable energy, 4 MMT of biofuels,
and 1 MMT of biogas by 2030. By 2050, these targets will increase to 200
GW of renewable energy, 7 MMT of biofuels, and 9 MMT of biogas. The
company also plans to set up green hydrogen plants at all its refineries, with
an initial 7,000 tonnes per annum facility at its Panipat refinery by 2025.
5. Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF):
○ IndianOil is actively exploring the production of SAF, with plans to build an
86.8 thousand mtpa SAF plant in Panipat in partnership with LanzaJet. The
company aims to achieve a 2% biofuel blend in aviation turbine fuel (ATF) by
2030.
6. Nature-Based Solutions:
○ IndianOil is focusing on nature-based solutions such as afforestation and
reforestation to enhance carbon sequestration. These efforts are expected
to contribute to a 5% reduction in overall emissions.
By implementing these strategies, IndianOil aims to achieve net-zero operational
emissions by 2046, positioning itself as a leader in India's green energy transition.
The situation of Energy Sustainability in India vs global leaders
Category India Global (Selected
Countries)
Renewable Energy 40% of installed capacity Europe: ~50% in some
Share from renewables (2023); countries (e.g., Germany,
large focus on solar and UK); US: ~20%; China:
wind power ~33%
Energy Access ~99% electrification Nearly universal access in
achieved, rural areas still developed countries;
face intermittent supply challenges remain in parts
of Africa and Asia
Energy Intensity ~5.3 MJ/USD (PPP) EU: ~3.9 MJ/USD; US:
(2021), improving with ~5.0 MJ/USD; Global
energy efficiency average: ~5.2 MJ/USD
measures
Greenhouse Gas 7% of global emissions; EU: ~8% (significant
Emissions heavy reliance on coal decline due to clean
(~50% of electricity mix) energy); China: ~30%; US:
~14%
Commitments (Net Target: Net Zero by 2070 EU, UK: by 2050; US: by
Zero) 2050; China: by 2060
Investments in $20 billion (2022); US: ~$114 billion; China:
Renewables growth in domestic and ~$266 billion; EU: ~$175
foreign investments billion
Energy Security Heavy dependence on Varies: US (energy
imported oil (~85% of independent); EU
crude demand) (dependence on imports,
focus on diversification)
Per Capita Energy Use ~740 kWh (2021); Global average: ~3,200
relatively low compared kWh; US: ~12,000 kWh;
to global average China: ~4,500 kWh
Policy Framework National Solar Mission, EU Green Deal; US
National Green Hydrogen Inflation Reduction Act
Mission, focus on energy (IRA); China's Five-Year
transition Plans on renewables
Challenges High reliance on coal, Varies: Political will,
financial constraints, grid resource availability, and
stability issues grid modernization in
many countries
Opportunities Ample sunlight for solar, Emerging technologies,
strong policy push, large international
untapped wind potential collaboration, and
financing for green energy
Greenhouse Gas 7% of global emissions; EU: ~8% (significant
Emissions heavy reliance on coal decline due to clean
(~50% of electricity mix) energy); China: ~30%; US:
~14%
Goals (Net Zero) Target: Net Zero by 2070 EU, UK: by 2050; US: by
2050; China: by 2060
Investments in $20 billion (2022); US: ~$114 billion; China:
Renewables growth in domestic and ~$266 billion; EU: ~$175
foreign investments billion
Energy Security Heavy dependence on Varies: US (energy
imported oil (~85% of independent); EU
crude demand) (dependence on imports,
focus on diversification)
Per Capita Use ~740 kWh (2021); Global average: ~3,200
relatively low compared kWh; US: ~12,000 kWh;
to global average China: ~4,500 kWh
Policy Frameworks National Solar Mission, EU Green Deal; US
National Green Hydrogen Inflation Reduction Act
Mission, focus on energy (IRA); China's Five-Year
transition Plans on renewables
Challenges High reliance on coal, Varies according to
financial constraints, grid Political will, resource
stability issues availability, and grid
modernization in many
countries
Global Situations
1. European Union (EU):
The EU has made significant strides in renewable energy adoption. In 2024, the EU
achieved a record by generating 47% of its electricity from solar and other renewable
sources. When including nuclear power, nearly 75% of the EU's electricity production was
free from greenhouse gas emissions. This transition has been driven by policies like the
European Green Deal, aiming for a 55% reduction in emissions by the end of the decade
and carbon neutrality by 2050. Additionally, geopolitical events, such as the invasion of
Ukraine by Russia, have escalated gas prices, prompting a faster shift to renewable
energy. Countries like Portugal, the Netherlands, and Estonia have seen substantial
increases in clean energy, saving Europe over $61 billion in fossil fuel imports since 2019
2. United States: The U.S. has experienced policy shifts impacting its energy
sustainability efforts. In January 2025, President Donald Trump signed several
executive orders to overhaul America's energy policy, targeting what he termed
"climate extremism." Declaring an "energy emergency," these orders dismantled
multiple regulations from previous administrations, including slashing the electric
vehicle mandate and allowing gas appliances. Additionally, subsidies for wind
energy were halted, with a focus on policies encouraging reliable power generation.
The U.S. also withdrew from the Paris Climate Accords, emphasizing a shift from
European-style green policies towards energy abundance and economic prosperity
2022 6,343 million metric tons of CO2, 17% below 2005 levels.
Emissions
2024 Slight 0.2% decrease; 20% below 2005 levels.
Projections
2030 50-52% reduction from 2005 levels.
Target
2035 61-66% reduction from 2005 levels.
Target
Policy Rollbacks could limit reductions to 24-40% below 2005 levels by 2035.
Impact
Industrial 1.8% emission decrease in 2024 due to reduced manufacturing.
Oil & Gas 3.7% reduction in methane emissions intensity.
Transporta Highest emitter; 0.8% increase in emissions due to rising air and road
tion travel
Sources: Deccan Herald, Reuters, Bloomberg, New York Post, AP News, Wall Street
Journal
List of all the refineries in india
List of Refineries that has DCU units
Refinery Company Name State District
Nayara Energy Limited Gujarat Vadinar
IOCL Gujarat Koyali
MRPL-ONGC Karnataka Mangalore
Bharat Petroleum MP Bina
Corporation
IOCL Odisha Paradip
IOCL Bihar Baruni
CPCL Tamil Nadu Nagapattinam
CPCL Chennai Manali
NRL Assam Galaghat
Jamnagar Refinery Gujarat Jamnagar
Reliance Industries
Limited
Vadinar Refinery , Nayara Gujarat Vadinar
Energy Limited
IOCL Haryana Panipat
Guwahati Refinery Guwahati Assam
Pachpadra Refinery Rajasthan Pachpadra
Koyali Refinery Gujarat Koyali
Bharat Oman Refinery Madhya Pradesh Bina
Common Sizes of Ball Valves in DCUs:
· Small Sizes (1" to 4"): Used for auxiliary lines, sampling points, or bypass lines.
· Medium Sizes (6" to 8"): Common for coke drum isolation and transfer lines.
· Large Sizes (10" and above): Found in main feed lines, vapor lines, or quenching
systems.
Ø Average Cost Range for Refineries:
· Low-End (Coal-Fired): ₹1,500–₹2,000 per ton of steam.
· Mid-Range (Gas-Fired): ₹2,800–₹4,000 per ton of steam.
Ø Boiler Manufacturers for DCUs and Indian Refineries:
Top Manufacturers:
1. Thermax Ltd.
o Leading manufacturer of industrial boilers and waste heat recovery
systems.
o Supplies water tube, fire tube, and waste heat recovery boilers.
2. BHEL (Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited)
o Manufactures high-capacity boilers for large-scale applications in
refineries.
3. ISGEC Heavy Engineering
o Provides boilers for high-pressure and high-temperature applications,
including DCUs.
4. L&T-MHPS Boilers
o Specializes in supercritical and ultra-supercritical boilers, primarily for
high-demand industries.
5. John Cockerill
o Known for custom-designed waste heat recovery boilers for refineries.
6. Cheema Boilers Limited (CBL)
o Manufactures a variety of boilers, including biomass and fluidized bed
boilers.
7. Forbes Marshall
o Produces efficient boilers for small to medium-scale applications.
8. GE Power
o Supplies advanced boilers for large refineries with high steam demand.
