IB Mathematics: Analysis and Approaches HL

HL Paper 3 Mock A 2021 – WORKED SOLUTIONS v2

1. [Maximum mark: 25]
(a) (i) f ( −3) = 0, f ( −1) = −1, f (1) = 0, f ( 3) = 1, f ( 5) = 0
u ( x) = x − 3 (u f )( −3) = u ( f ( −3) ) = u ( 0 ) = −3
(u f )( −1) = u ( f ( −1) ) = u ( −1) = − 4
(u f )(1) = u ( f (1) ) = u ( 0 ) = −3
(u f )( 3) = u ( f ( 3) ) = u (1) = −2
(u f )( 5) = u ( f ( 5) ) = u ( 0 ) = −3
The above working is not necessary. It can be reasoned that since the range of f is  −1, 1 then the
range of the composite function u f = u ( f ( x ) ) will be  −1 − 3,1 − 3 =  − 4, − 2 .

(
(ii) u v f = u v ( f ( x ) ) )
Since v ( x ) = 2 x , then the range of v f = v ( f ( x ) ) is 2 ( −1) , 2 (1) =  −2, 2
Thus, the range of u v f will be  −2 − 3, 2 − 3 =  −5, − 1

(
(iii) f v u = f v ( u ( x ) ) )
Since the domain of f is  −3, 5 then the range of v u = v ( u ( x ) ) must be  −3, 5
v ( u ( x ) ) = v ( x − 3) = 2 ( x − 3 ) = 2 x − 6
3 11
2 x − 6 = −3  x = and 2 x − 6 = 5  x =
2 2
 11
3
Thus, the largest possible domain for f v u is  ,  .
2 2 
(b) (i) f is not a one-to-one function. Hence, its inverse will not be a function.
Also, accept reasoning that since a horizontal line crosses the graph of f at more than one point then
the graph of the inverse which is a reflection of f about the y-axis will have a vertical line crossing at
more than one point indicating that one value in the domain (x) produces more than one value in the
range (y). Hence, inverse of f is not a function.
(ii) The domain of f needs to be restricted so that g is a one-to-one function. By inspecting the graph
of f, it can be deduced that the largest possible domain of g is  −1, 3 .

(iii)

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IB Mathematics: Analysis and Approaches HL

HL Paper 3 Mock A 2021 – WORKED SOLUTIONS v2

2x − 5 2x − 5
(c) (i) h ( x ) =  y=
x+d x+d
Switch domain and range, and solve for y:
2y − 5
x=  xy + dx = 2 y − 5  xy − 2 y = −dx − 5  y ( x − 2 ) = −dx − 5
y+d
−dx − 5
Thus, h−1 ( x ) =
x−2

2 x − 5 −dx − 5
(ii) h ( x ) = h−1 ( x )  = ; Thus, d = −2
x+d x−2

2k ( x ) − 5 2 x
(iii) ( h k )( x ) = h ( k ( x ) ) = =  2 x  k ( x ) − 4 x = 2 x  k ( x ) − 5x + 2  k ( x ) − 5
k ( x) − 2 x +1
x+5
2  k ( x) = x + 5  k ( x) =
2

ax + b ax + b
(d) r ( x ) =  y=
cx + d cx + d

ay + b
x=  cxy + dx = ay + b  cxy − ay = − dx + b  y ( cx − a ) = − dx + b
cy + d

− dx + b − dx + b
y=  r −1 ( x ) =
cx − a cx − a

ax + b − dx + b
In order for r ( x ) = r −1 ( x ) then it must be that =
cx + d cx − a

ax + b
Therefore, a function r in the form r ( x ) = is self-inverse if a = − d
cx + d

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IB Mathematics: Analysis and Approaches HL

HL Paper 3 Mock A 2021 – WORKED SOLUTIONS v2

2. [Maximum mark: 30]

(a) k = 0 : curve y = xe x and line y = 0 (x-axis)

intersection: xe x = 0  x = 0 or e x = 0
e x  0, x  , therefore y = xe x and y = 0 intersect only one when x = 0 and y = 0 (at the origin)

(b) k = 1 : line is y = x
find equation of line tangent to y = xe x at ( 0, 0 )
dy dy
= xe x + e x ; at ( 0, 0 ) : = 0 + e0 = 1
dx dx
equation of tangent line is y − 0 = 1 ( x − 0 )  y = x Q.E.D.

(
(c) (i) xe x = kx  x e x − k = 0  x = 0 or x = ln k )
ln k exists when k  0 ; however, when k = 1 , x = ln1 = 0 and there are not two distinct points of intersection
Therefore, there are two distinct points of intersection when k  0, k  1

(
(ii) xe x = kx  x e x − k = 0  x = 0 or x = ln k)
when x = 0, y = 0 ; when x = ln k , y = k ln k
coordinates of points of intersection are ( 0, 0 ) and ( ln k , k ln k )

 ( kx − xe ) dx
ln k
(d) (i) area of A = x
0

( )
( e x − xe ) dx
ln e2
(ii) k = e2 : area of A = 
2 x
0

 e2 x dx −  xe x dx
2 2
area of A =
0 0
2
 e2 x 2  k 1
−  xe x dx
2
= 
 2 0 0
 ln k  0
 xe
x
Find dx by integration by parts:
u = x  du = dx ; dv = e x dx  v = e x

 xe dx = xe x −  e x dx
x

= xex − ex
2
 e2 x 2  2
area of A =   −  xe x − e x 
 2 0 0

=  2e2 − 0 − ( 2e2 − e2 ) − ( 0 − 1) 

= 2e2 − 2e2 + e2 −1
Thus, when k = e2 , area of A = e2 −1

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IB Mathematics: Analysis and Approaches HL

HL Paper 3 Mock A 2021 – WORKED SOLUTIONS v2

+
(iii) k = en , n 
( )
( e x − xe ) dx
ln en
area of A = 
n x
0
n
 en x 2 
= − ( xe x − e x )
 2 0
 n2 
=  en − nen + en  − ( 0 − 0 + 1)
 2 
 n2 
Thus, when k = en , n  +
, area of A = e  − n + 1 − 1
n
Q.E.D.
 2 
dy dy
(e) (i) y = xe x  = xe x + e x = e x ( x + 1)  = 0 at x = −1
dx dx
1  1
y ( −1) = −e−1 = − ; therefore, coordinates of P are  −1, − 
e  e
 1
0−− 
gradient of line = k =
 e = 1  k = 1
0 − ( −1) e e
1 0 1 
(ii) k = : area of enclosed region =   x − xe x  dx
e −1
e 
0
 e−1 x 2 
= − ( xe x − e x )
 2  −1
 1 1 1  1 2 2
= ( 0 − 0 + 1) −  + +  = 1 −  + + 
 2e e e   2e 2e 2e 
5
area = 1 −
2e
(f) since 0  k  1 , then ln k  0 and x = ln k is lower limit of integration

 ( kx − xe ) dx
0
area of B = x
ln k
0
k  k 
B =  x 2 − ( xe x − e x ) = 0 − 0 + e0 −  ( ln k ) − ln k ( eln k ) + eln k 
2

2  ln k 2 
k
= 1 − ( ln k ) − k ln k + k
2

2
k
= 1 − ( ln k ) − 2ln k + 2
2

2  
k ( ln k − 1)2 = ( ln k )2 − 2ln k + 1
= 1 − ( ln k ) − 2ln k + 1 + 1
2

2   
k k
B = 1 − ( ln k − 1) + 1 ; k  0 and ( ln k − 1) + 1  0 , therefore ( ln k − 1) + 1  0
2 2 2

2  2 
k
Thus, B = 1 − ( ln k − 1) + 1  1
2
Q.E.D.
2  

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