STM 006
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01 ANALYTICAL CHEMISTS
CHEMICAL ENGINEERS
FORENSIC EXAMINERS
POLICE OFFICERS
LABORATORY TECHNICIANS
CHEMISTRY TEACHERS
01
CHEMICAL ENGINEERS
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTS
CHEMICAL ENGINEERS
FORENSIC EXAMINERS
Apply principles of chemistry to design,
develop, and optimize processes for large-
scale manufacturing. They are involved in
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the production of chemicals, fuels,
pharmaceuticals, and other products. LABORATORY TECHNICIANS
CHEMISTRY TEACHERS
02
FORENSIC EXAMINERS
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTS
CHEMICAL ENGINEERS
FORENSIC EXAMINERS
Use chemistry to analyze evidence in
criminal investigations. They might
examine substances like blood, drugs, or
POLICE OFFICERS
chemicals to provide insights into crime
scenes. LABORATORY TECHNICIANS
CHEMISTRY TEACHERS
03
CHEMISTRY TEACHERS
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTS
CHEMICAL ENGINEERS
FORENSIC EXAMINERS
Educate students about the principles of
chemistry. They play a crucial role in
imparting knowledge and fostering an
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understanding of the subject, inspiring
future scientists and professionals. LABORATORY TECHNICIANS
CHEMISTRY TEACHERS
04
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTS
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTS
CHEMICAL ENGINEERS
FORENSIC EXAMINERS
Focus on analyzing substances to
determine their composition and
properties. They often work with various POLICE OFFICERS
instruments and techniques to identify and
quantify different components in a given
sample. LABORATORY TECHNICIANS
CHEMISTRY TEACHERS
05 LABORATORY
TECHNICIANS
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTS
CHEMICAL ENGINEERS
FORENSIC EXAMINERS
Assist scientists and researchers by
performing routine tasks in laboratories.
They may conduct experiments, prepare
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samples, and operate laboratory
equipment. LABORATORY TECHNICIANS
CHEMISTRY TEACHERS
06 POLICE OFFICERS
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTS
CHEMICAL ENGINEERS
FORENSIC EXAMINERS
While not traditionally thought of as
chemists, they may rely on chemical
analysis in crime scene investigations.
POLICE OFFICERS
They work with forensic examiners to
gather and interpret evidence. LABORATORY TECHNICIANS
CHEMISTRY TEACHERS
MODULE 3
DESCRIBING AND
DIFFERENTIATING THE
TYPES OF
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, you should be
able to:
1. To explain the different types of
Intermolecular Forces, and
2. To predict intermolecular forces possible
for a molecule.
the attractive and repulsive
forces that arise between the
molecules of a substance.
It occurs when the partial
charges formed within one
molecule are attracted to an
opposite partial charge in a
nearby molecule. Polar
molecules align so that the
positive end of one molecule
interacts with the negative end
of another molecule.
The London dispersion
force is a temporary
attractive force that results
when the electrons in two
adjacent atoms occupy
positions that make the
atoms form temporary
dipoles.
This force is sometimes called
an induced dipole-induced
dipole attraction. London
forces are the attractive
forces that cause nonpolar
substances to condense to
liquids and to freeze into
solids when the temperature
is lowered sufficiently.
Polar molecules occur when
there is an electronegativity
difference between the bonded
atoms.
Nonpolar molecules occur when
electrons are shared equal
between atoms of a diatomic
molecule or when polar bonds in
a larger molecule cancel each
other out.
A hydrogen bond is the attractive
force between the hydrogen
attached to an electronegative
atom of one molecule and an
electronegative atom of a different
molecule. Usually the
electronegative atom is oxygen,
nitrogen, or fluorine, which has a
partial negative charge.
Properties like melting and boiling points are a
measure of how strong the attractive forces are
between individual atoms or molecules. (We call
these intermolecular forces – forces between
molecules, as opposed to intramolecular forces –
forces within a molecule. ) It all flows from this
general principle: as bonds become more
polarized, the charges on the atoms become
greater, which leads to greater intermolecular
attractions, which leads to higher boiling points.
Ionic are interactions between charged atoms or
molecules (“ions”).
Positively charged ions, such as Na(+) , Li(+), and
Ca(2+), are termed CATIONS.
Negatively charged ions, such as Cl(–), Br(–), HO(–)
are called ANIONS.
The attractive forces between oppositely charged
ions is described by Coulomb’s Law, in which the
force increases with charge and decreases as the
distance between these ions is increased.
ACTIVITY 3.1
Indicate the strongest IMF
holding together
thousands of molecules of
the following. Then
indicate what type of
bonding is holding the
atoms together in one
molecule of the following.
NOTE – if the molecule is
an ionic compound, then
there is no IMF, the ions
are all held together by
ionic bonds.
MODULE 4
DESCRIBING THE
PROPERTIES OF
LIQUIDS
The LIQUID state of matter is an intermediate
phase between solid and gas. Like the particles
of a solid, particles in a liquid are subject to
intermolecular attraction; however, liquid
particles have more space between them, so
they are not fixed in position. The attraction
between the particles in a liquid keeps the
volume of the liquid constant.
PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS
Evaporation is the process of
changing from a liquid or solid
state into vapor (like fog, mist, or
steam).
The boiling point of a substance is the
temperature at which the vapor
pressure of a liquid equals the pressure
surrounding the liquid and the liquid
changes into a vapor.
PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS
A liquid in a partial vacuum has a
lower boiling point than when that
liquid is at atmospheric pressure.
Vapor pressure is a measure of the
tendency of a material to change into
the gaseous or vapor state, and it
increases with temperature.
SURFACE TENSION
Surface tension could be
defined as the property of
the surface of a liquid that
allows it to resist an
external force, due to the
cohesive nature of the
water molecules.
Insects that walk on water
are using surface tension.
The large surface area of
their feet allows their weight
to be distributed in such a
way that the water’s surface
tension can overcome the
force of the insect’s body,
allowing them to float and
glide on the water.
ACTIVITY 4
TRUE OR FALSE. Write TRUE if the statement is correct, otherwise FALSE.
1. Intermolecular forces play a crucial role in determining the boiling point of a liquid.
2. The surface tension of a liquid is a property that arises from the cohesive forces between
its molecules.
3. Liquids generally have a definite shape and volume.
4. The strength of intermolecular forces in a liquid is directly proportional to its vapor
pressure.
5. The freezing point of a liquid is determined by the balance between its kinetic and
potential energy.
6. The density of a liquid is a property that depends solely on its temperature.
7. Evaporation is a process in which molecules in the liquid state gain enough energy to
become a gas.
8. Water boils at 100˚F.
9. When liquid boils it turn into gas through the process of condensation.
10. If the pressure on the surface of water is reduced, the boiling point will be lower.
