SALALE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF NATURAL SCIENCE
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE
COURSE TITLE: SELECTED TOPICS IN COMPUTER SCIENCE
COURSE CODE: CoSc4132
INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT
Name ID Number
1. AJEBA DERESA BEJIGA…………...…….RU/2394/14
Submitted To: Mr. Mesfin A.
Submission Date May, 2, 2025
Salale, Fiche Ethiopia
Geographic Information System (GIS): Definition, Types, and Applications
1. Introduction
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have revolutionized the way spatial data is captured,
analyzed, and utilized. As a powerful tool that integrates hardware, software, and data, GIS
provides solutions across multiple sectors including urban planning, agriculture, public health,
transportation, and environmental management. The growing relevance of GIS is attributed to its
ability to visualize complex data relationships and patterns, which supports efficient decision-
making processes [1].
2. Definition of GIS is defined as a computer-based tool that allows users to capture, store,
manipulate, analyze, manage, and present spatial or geographic data. GIS integrates location data
(where things are) with descriptive information (what things are like there), enabling in-depth
analysis and visualization of spatial relationships and trends [2].
3. Types of GIS
GIS can be classified based on various criteria, including its function, purpose, and user
interaction. Below are the major types of GIS:
I. Desktop GIS refer to standalone applications that run on personal computers. They offer
comprehensive tools for data analysis, map creation, and spatial modeling. Examples include
ArcGIS Desktop and QGIS.
II. Web GIS was accessed through web browsers and allows users to view, analyze, and share
GIS data online. This type of GIS supports collaboration and is ideal for public access and
government services. Examples include ArcGIS Online and Google Maps.
III. Mobile GIS applications run on smartphones and tablets, enabling field data collection, real-
time updates, and location-based services. These systems are often used in surveying,
disaster response, and environmental monitoring.
IV. Enterprise GIS integrate GIS capabilities into a broader organizational system. It allows
multiple users to access and manage GIS data across departments and often supports large-
scale data management and business workflows.
V. Cloud GIS leverages cloud computing platforms for GIS services, offering scalability,
storage, and computing power without the need for extensive hardware. It facilitates data
sharing and access from any location.
4. GIS Application: Urban Planning and Land Use Management
One of the most significant applications of GIS is in urban planning and land use management.
GIS tools are widely employed to support city planners, developers, and government authorities
in managing the growth and sustainability of urban environments.
4.1 Overview
Urban planning requires a comprehensive understanding of land use, population density,
infrastructure, natural resources, and zoning regulations. GIS enables planners to overlay
multiple data layers to identify optimal areas for development, analyze traffic patterns, assess
environmental impacts, and simulate future growth [3].
4.2 Functions of GIS in Urban Planning
a) Data Integration and Visualization
GIS can integrate satellite imagery, cadastral maps, zoning plans, and socio-economic data to
produce detailed, interactive maps. These visualizations help planners understand the current
state of urban areas and communicate plans effectively to stakeholders [4].
b) Site Selection and Suitability Analysis
GIS tools assess the suitability of land for residential, commercial, industrial, or recreational use.
Criteria such as soil type, proximity to infrastructure, environmental hazards, and legal
constraints are analyzed to identify optimal locations.
c) Land Use Monitoring and Change Detection
Planners use GIS to monitor land use changes over time, such as urban sprawl, deforestation, or
industrial growth. Change detection functions allow authorities to track unauthorized
development and assess the impact of policy decisions.
d) Transportation and Infrastructure Planning
GIS assists in designing transportation networks by analyzing traffic flow, road conditions, and
public transit availability. It helps optimize routes, plan new roads, and evaluate the
environmental impact of infrastructure projects.
e) Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
GIS supports EIA by overlaying planned development areas with environmental data layers like
flood zones, wetlands, or endangered species habitats. This ensures that planning decisions
consider ecological sustainability.
f) Public Participation and Decision Support
Web GIS platforms facilitate public involvement by providing accessible planning maps and
tools. Citizens can view proposals, submit feedback, and participate in decision-making
processes.
g) Emergency Planning and Risk Management
GIS helps urban planners develop disaster preparedness strategies by identifying high-risk zones
(e.g., flood-prone areas, earthquake zones) and planning evacuation routes and emergency
services deployment.
5. Conclusion
GIS has become an indispensable tool in modern urban planning and land use management. Its
ability to manage and interpret spatial data enables better decision-making, sustainable
development, and enhanced public engagement. As cities continue to grow, the role of GIS will
expand, shaping smarter, more efficient, and environmentally conscious urban spaces.
References
[1] P. A. &. M. R. A. Burrough, Principles of Geographical Information Systems. Oxford
University Press., 2018.
[2] P. A. G. M. F. M. D. J. &. R. D. W. Longley, "Geographic Information Systems and Science
(4th ed.). Wiley," 2015.
[3] "google," 9 4 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.esri.com/en-us/what-is-gis/overview.
[Accessed 29 4 2025].
[4] "google," 23 6 2023. [Online]. Available:
https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/geographic-information-system-gis.
[Accessed 30 4 2025].
