MSTE

F O M U L A S

PRINCE JOHN R. BASUEL

ALGEBRA rth TERM IN THE EXPANSION OF lat b)
n
QUADRATIC FORMULA

X
= - B= B2 4AC
-
nCm :
an-m .
Im
2A
Where : m =
r -
1

n !
ncm =

B2-4AC Discriminant (n-m) ! ·

m !

Note : Roots are e...

SUM OF COEFFICIENTS EXPONENTS
·

Equal if B2 4AC - =
0 SUM OF
Unequal if B2- 4AC
·

> 0
F(1) F(0)
&
-

Imaginary if B2-4AC0 (n + 1)(j + k)

PROPERTIES OF ROOTS

·
Sum of Roots PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHMS

109pX
1
y
=
X , + Xz =

109yXy =
109bX + 109pY
·
Product of Roots
1096 xY =
y 109bX
=
X , Xz

109pb =
1

10961 =
0
ALGEBRA
LAIS OF EXPONENTS MOTION PROBLEMS IORK PROBLEMS

1. (am)n =
amn Distance =
Speed Time Case 1 :
Different Rates

2 .
amxan = am +n
Motion in a water/air current
Job Done = Rate x Time
combined
am =
am
-
n X ↑
velocity of jet/boat Rates
=
Rate 1 ! Rate 2
3
.
Y ↑
an velocity of water/air
X+ y ~ v When Case 2 : Same Rates
4. a
"
=
I going downstream/
With the wind
an X -

y · v When
going upstream/
Job = #of men x of daya

5 (axb)m =
ampm 2 (Job
against the wind Done) #of
.

man-days
=

6 .

(9)m = am
Im Motion in a circle or closed circuit

Opposite Directions
PROPERTIES OF RADICALS
&
slower-faster =
1 circuit
am =
na nax" b = nab
Same
am/n =
namna
Directions
na & d
slower +
=
faster =
1 circuit
(na)" =
a N
b
b
ALGEBRA
SEQUENCED SERIES
CLOCK PROBLEMS
ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION
↑ Space of Hour Hand

An =
am + (n - m)d
12 Spaces of Minute Hand

=na + (n-1)
Minute hand =
X min Sn
Hour hand
min
=

↑ Space of Min . Hand

GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION
60 Spaces of Second Hand

Second Hand =
X seconds
an =
Amun-m
= a (r* 1)
Minute Hand seconds Sn = -

,
Hour Hand
=X seconds r =

60 Where :
(H (w) INFINITE GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION
+

II H- Hour mark
of min . hand
2
# Sn =
di
Il -- angle from
60 2 12 to min hand 1-p
X =

e
H
.

+
11 110

De Moivre's Theorem

(r()" =
rnt
ALGEBRA
HARMONIC PROGRESSION RELATIONSHIP OF AM HM & GM
,
,
·

Sum of first n terms AM x HM =

GM
2

in2a
-

Sn = 1 + 2(n 1)d
-

THEOREM
,

d
REMINDER
= 29 , -d -

If f(x) is divided by (x-r)

,

ARITHMETIC MEAN Remainder is f(r).

n

AM =

Xi
FACTOR THEOREM VARIATION PROBLEMS
i = 1

(X-r)
·
X varies directly as
is a factor of f(x) if y
f(r) =
.
0
X(y"X ky
GEOMETRIC MEAN =

GM =

Xi MIXTURE PROBLEM
·
X varies inversely as y
i =1
X(A %) + y(By) =
(X + y)C % xxy + X =

1
HARMONIC MEAN Where : x initial volume/mass varies jointly as y and
=
·
X 2

HM = N y =
volume/mass to be added
X(yz +X =
kYz
E(xi) A , B, 0 % =% of mixtures
PLANE GEOMETRY CIRCUMSCRIBED
CIRCLE CIRCUMSCRIBING QUADRILATERALS
↓

A TRIANGLE d
r
C

< (2) r
A =
abod
a) by =
c
At = abo A =
rs
A
.

r
4R
aT -
&
T
b

CIRCLE INSCRIBED IN A TRIANGLE

CYCLIC QUADRILATERAL

Sta
W
L &
At =
us
d
A D
=
(s -

a)(s b)(s c)(s d) ·

S
-
- -

C r

p
A =

(ab (d)(ac + ba)(ad + bo)

+
2
&
( t
b M
2 &
- S

d , dz =
ac + bd
PLANE GEOMETRY SOLID GEOMETRY

PRISM CYLINDER
Volume
Volume
ESCRIBED CIRCLE V =
Aph V= Trah
n Surface Area
Surface Area
AB TSA =
2AB + LSA
r TSA =
Zir + Zirh
C
A TRUNCATED PRISM CONE
volume Volume
b
V =
Ahave V= - + rah
At =
r(s a)
-

Surface Area
S =
a + b +C Surface Area
TSA A TSA =
Hr + TrL
Az + LSA
=
2 ,
+

PRISM SPHERE

Volume Volume
V
= Ah V
=
Surface Area
Surface Area
TSA =
AB + LSA
SA = 4 Hr2
SOLID GEOMETRY SPHERICAL ZONE SPHERICAL LUNE
SPHERICAL COMPONENTS
Area

SPHERICAL SEGMENT Tr
A=

900

Area
A =
2πRh
SPHERICAL IEDGE

Volume SPHERICAL CONE

Volume
V =

(39 3) es
+
Volume
V= Tr3
1
Th(3R
=
V
h) , one base
= AR 2700
=

2 Rah
V =

FRUSTUM

volume v
= (A , + A2 + A, A2)

Area TSA =
A, + Az + LSA
 TRIGONOMETRY FUNDAMENTAL
RELATIONS
IDENTITIES

RIGHT TRIANGLE RECIPROCAL SQUARES

B
Sin A / CSCA =Ya cotA "Itan A sinA
=

C
=
= 1 -

cos2A
9
cosA =
b/c SecA =
-b SecA =
1/ COS A
2

c
tanA bla CSCA
A
9/ CotB
1/ Sin coSA
= =
b =
A =
1 + COS2A

2
c2 = a + b2
QUOTIENT
tanzA =
1- cOS 2A
tanA = sin A
1 + COS 2 A
OBLIQUE TRIANGLE
B COS A
Sine Law
C
A Cot A =
COS A
sinAsinB* sinc
A
CO-FUNCTION
C
sin A
°
A b
Cosine Law Sin 190 -8) =
cost
a b+ c
= -
zbcSA
PYTHAGOREAN cos(90"- E) =
sin

SinA + cosA =
1 tan (900) =
cot
&
↑ + tan A =
seCA
1 + cot A =
cScA
TRIGONOMETRY
SUN OF TWO ANGLES DOUBLE ANGLE

Sin (A B)
+ =
sinAcosB + cosAsinB Sin 2A =
2SinAcosA

cos (A + B) =
coSACOSB-sinAsinB COS2A =
COSA-sinA
tan(A + B) = tanA + FanB tan2A =
ztanA
-
1 -

tanAtanB 1-tan A

DIFFERENCE OF TWO ANGLES HALF-ANGLE

sin H
Sin (A-B) =
sinAcosB-cosAsinB = 1-cOSA COSA
= I I+ COSA
2 2 2
2
cos(A-B) =
coSACOSB + sinAsinB

tan(A-B) = tanA-FanB tanA = 11-cosA

# tanAtanB 2
1 + COSA
TRIGONOMETRY
#REA OF TRIANGLE

If Given (s) are :

·
Base and altitude

A
1 bh
=

Two sides & angle

·

A
I absin
=

·
Three Sides (Heron's Formula)

A =
S(S a)(s -
-

b)(s c)
-

S = a + b+ C

·
Three angles and one side

A =
asinB sinc
2 sin A
ECONOMICS
SIMPLE INTEREST
EFFECTIVE RATE, ER ANNUITY

(1 + i)n'
-
-

ER =
interest earned in 1 year F =
A 1
F =
P(1 + rn)
P at the beginning of year i
Note
: - -

r -
simple interest rate/year
(1 r)
ER =
P= A
+
n number of interest period -
> perpetuity
(
per year

ie =
en-1 , continuous Note : i =
interest rate
compounding
COMPOUND INTEREST per payment
n =
no .
of
payment
Fa(l + i)b
a
Fx
-

=
UNIFORM ARITHMETIC GRADIENT

Pert (continuous) (Hi)n i)

F
-n
= - -

-
1 G (+ -
1
F = A +
i j i
Note :
~ - - -

i
= interest rate per interest
Note : G constant change in periodic
period amount

mt- total of interest * <amount after 1st period

n =
no ·
period
for n-years i < interest rate per
payment
r nominal interest rate n' ,
no .
Of payment
 ECONOMICS Identify ifLeap year :
EFFECTIVE RATE OF

Divisible by 4? INTEREST
GEOMETRIC GRADIENT
Yes No
A wh
- =

1 ie
p Normal Year
(i r]
-
= =
+
1+i =
1 -
w
-
Divisible by 100?
Yes No
w = 1 +g
Normal Year
1 + i Divisible by 400? For continuous :

if i 9 Yes No
=

je =
e -

1
P
= Leap Year
Normal Year

Note :
A :amount at the
Use CASH-FLOW DIAGRAM "Payment of 200
end of period
1st
Inflow at the end of
9 "percentage increased a F2
↑ 4000
decrease 3rd yr" destination
n no Of interest period
Y
·

0123 4 5 6 78 & 2 -

"convert F2 4000 (1 + 5 %)
payment all =
y

outflow V
"
North of 4000 origin
into equivalent one F2 3290 81
year?
200 at the 2nd
=

payment then equate

.

i =
5 % "
ECONOMICS
CALTECH FOR GRADIENT SERIES INFLATION RATE

MODE-3-2 Arithmetic i =
real interest rate Fprice =
Pprice (1 + f)n
MODE-3-4 Geometric if =
inflation adjusted rate

X Y CA <
Apps , 8 f
=
inflation rate F =
P(1 + if)"

year amount A I store A (1 + f)n

for 2 for 2
pt B Store B
if = i + f +
if
pt .
>

interest rate becomes if

Xf
P
f(x) pag involved na si

<xi(i
=

inflation
+ i)x

STRAIGHT-LINE METHOD

Where :
f(x) =
At BX Arithmetic Caltech > MODE-3-2

* lyrs) y()
AB*
- FC-SVI
f(x) =
Geometric
BV = FC
O FC
N
>
Xy
SV
>
Apps -
1
ECONOMICS
DECLINING BALANCE A
SERVICE OUTPUT
BYn =

ny
Mode 3-6 (ab EXP) Mode-3-2
A
X (years) y (BV) X (units) y (BV) BV
k= 1 -

Su ,
=
XY
O FC O
FC FC
R SV no ,
of units SV

d =
(n -

1)y ny
-
5) =
Fc(l -

k)
m

DOUBLE DECLINING BALANCE

SUM OF YEARS DIGIT
Mode 3-6 (ab EXP)
MODE-3-3 (Quad) X (years) y (BV)
Check if BVSV
O
X (years) y (BV) FC

O BYx =
xy 9 FC(1 -

2) if By <
SY
FC
R SV BVn
=
SV
n 1
d =
(n -

1)y ny
-

SV
1)y my
+

dn =
(n -
=

BYn =

ny
ECONOMICS CAPITALIZED COST
MACRS Method Note :

RC-SV OM
C =
FC + t If the RC is not
% d. =

! A
(I + i) n 1
- i
given RC =
F
,

% dz
2i (d)
=
-
B
Ac =
F(i + (RC SV) i
-

AC =
C;
+ OM
% dy =

21 -(A + B) C (1 + i) 1 -

.
4 up & down lang
BENEFIT-COST RATIO BCR > 1 continue
then add ,

stored values Present North

Benefit-cost Ratio = Pubenefit 7
Index
& =% dm :
FC Post
m

Rate of Return the yield

Dm = Id BVm =
FC - Dm measures MARR =
i
as a
percentage of investment over

BREAKEVEN ANALYSIS the life of project

. Recovery
1
POR = Annual net profit R P .
.
=

COST =
REVENUE RoR
# mount of Capital Invested
ECONOMICS
PAYOUT PERIOD STOCKS
Case 1 :
Constant annual dividend
Fixed Capital ~
Po
S
d
Annual Net Profit + Annual depreciation >
-

i =

YYYYyyyd Po

Case 2 :
Annual dividend with
BONDS growth rate
~
Po
S

dividend =
idX(b >
-

i
a
=

" +
x g
N

↓n "If FY , Yn are
x = ji +
g)
not given ,
use
Y
"
Cp
Case 3 :
ROR/ CoC raised
.

VY Y
~
Po
d addYd R
>
Po(1 + g)n
-

d
V V VV
VVV
Ch =
Face Value

YFy V
ECONOMICS CAPITALIZED COST
MACRS Method
RC-SV OM
C =
FC + t
% d. =

! A
(I + i) n 1
- i

% dz
2i (d)
=
-
B
Ac =
F(i + (RC SV) i
-

+ OM
% dy
21-(A
=

+ B) C ( + i)n 1 -

.
4 up & down lang
BENEFIT-COST RATIO
then add
stored values Present Worth
Benefit-cost Ratio =

Post
BREAKEVEN ANALYSIS Recovery Period
Rate of Return measures the yield
RP = I
COST =
REVENUE
as a
percentage of investment over
ROR
the life of project
.

POR = Annual net profit

# mount of Capital Invested
ECONOMICS
SINKING FUND METHOD SINKING FUND METHOD

MODE-3-3 (Quad)
-( + i)"
-

FC -

SV = d =
1

-
i X (years) y (BV)
-

O FC
R
- (l + i) m
-

d SV
Dm = =
1
n 1+

SV
i
-

constant dep value

-

M .

BYx =

Xy and w interest rate

SIMPLE DISCOUNT RATE

=,Ii
i =
F -

P
SURVEYING
TOO LONG TOO SHORT Probable Error of the Mean

MEASURE ADD SUBTRACT

10 6745 [(x-* )2
LAYOUT SUBTRACT ADD PEmean =
.

n(n 1)
-

Probable Error of a Single Observation

(correct
Likepe 10 6745 [(x-* )2
PEmean =
.

n(n 1)
-

TAPE CORRECTION

1) Temperature 2) Due to Pull 3) Due to

standard Sag
x((T (p (P =

Po)L 123
C = -

To) =

Cs =

& F
2442
N

C use 11 X
10-6/0C if
=
Cross
Applied
sectional
not given area of tape measured L
n =

supp-suppl
SURVEYING
SIMPLE CURVE SYMMETRICAL PARABOLIC CURVE

Length Curve
of

↓c = RIT

180

External distance

E =

R(sec- 1)
Middle Ordinate

Tangent Distance
M
r(1 COST)
=
-

T
Rtan
=

Degree of Curve
H
=2 (9 ,
+
92) (422
Long Chord
1145 916
D
.

C =
2R
sin R
SURVEYING
UNSYMMETRICAL VERT'L CURVE
SPIRAL CURVE
P = Ls
24R

L3
X =

GRLs

Ls = 0 .
036k3
R

-
= 100 Ts
=+ (ptptal
H
2 (9
=

15 Es =
(R + P)sec) -

R
y =
L -

93(k + (2) =
9 4, + 9242
40RF/Ls)
B 4
,
,
=
TRANSPO
Parabolic Sag Curve
Underpass Sight Distance
If ( >S
For passenger's
comfort :

AS2
L =

200 /H +
Stang) L =
Ak
2

If <S
395

L = 25-200(H StanB) +

If H & & are not given

:

If L > S

27S
L =
AS2 H =
c -
h, the
As 800H
L =
2
122 + 3 55
.

LS

LS 800H
L =
25-
122 + 3 55 .
A
L =
23 -

↓
TRANSPO
Sight Distance Parabolic Summit curve

ya
S = Vt +

2g(f =6)

deceleration :

a
=

g(f= 6) If L > S If <S

L =
AS2 200)n, + nz)
L =
25 -

Braking Time ,
to :
200(n , + n2)2 A

Y
+b =

g(f EG) Note :

If h , and he are not given :

SSD :

< h, =
1 143m
.
or 3 .
751

> nz =
0 15 m
. or 0 .
50
TRANSPO
ACCIDENT RATES Space Mean Speed Design of Pavement

for 100 Million of vehicles Rigid pavement wo dowels

3
A((x109) Id + =

R = Us =

f
ADTXNX 365xL It

Time Mean Speed Rigid pavement w/ dowels

per Million
3N
* (104) [d/t t, =
t = 3
R = 4t =

2f 4f
ADT + Nx 365 N
eedge e center

Rate of flow 9 =
kUs Flexible Pavement
Severity Ratio
Min. Time Headway "/9
f+ i
t =
0
.
564W -r
Spacing of Vehicles "/k fi
SP =

f + i +
p Peak Hour Factor
9/9 max
TRANSPO
Thickness of pavement
in terms of pressure exp.

t =
expansion pressure
pavement density

Stiffness factor of
Pavement

S F . .
=
3 Es

EP
Probability
Permutation Combination Probability
n objects taken rat
Theorem 1
·

Favorable Outcome
:

a time P =

All Possible Outcome

n ! n !
P(n r) =
nPr =
nCr =

! (n-r) !
,

(n-r) ! r
If the
·
probability for an event
Of combinations to is
Theorem 2 .
With alike objects · no .

happen p and the

of n objects taken probability for it to fail

n ! ↑ at a time
,
2 at a time e... is Q ,
then :

until at a time
ni ! nz ! ng !
n

P a
+
=
1
N

Cyclic Permutation 24 -
+ = (n(x)
circle taken X 1
=
·
n objects in a r

at a time .

nPr
(n(r) (r 1) ! -
=

·
n objects in a circle taken all
at a time .

(n-1) !
Probability
Conditional Probability Probability for
complementary Events
u =
1
B occurs given that A

has occurred is P(B A) AC

A
"and "
multiply
"Or
"

add
# or A ' is not event A

The probability that events

P(A) =
1 -

P(A))
A or B will occur is given by

P(AorB) P(A) P(B) P(AorB) Probability Distribution

=
+
Binomial
-

P(x) pX qu X
nCX
=

If A and B are
= - .

mutually exclusive

P(AUB) =
P(A) + P(B)
Probability
Multinomial Probability Distribution Hypergeometric Distribution

n ! k(x .

(N =

k)((n x)
p p ......
-

P P(x)
PgYm
= . · =

X! X2 !.... :Xm !
NCn

Geometric Distribution
-

trial is repeated until a success .

occurs Poisson Probability Distribution
X occurences in an interval
+
P(n) =

qn -p + -
M
P(x) = M e

X !
Negative Binomial Distribution
-

trial is repeated until fixed number of

M is the mean number of
successes occurs .

occurences in an interval .

pk
1
k
P(n) gn
-
-

(n 1)((k 1) p
= . -
. - -

X -

M
2 = < z-score

o
Construction
Concrete Mix Percent Voids Project Scheduling
Volume of Concrete 1. Early start date (ES) - earliest time to
V/voids
% Voids =
start.
Vloose 2. Early finish date (EF) - (EF = ES + d)
↓ loose =
labs + Vvoids 3. Late finish date
4. Late start date (LS) - (LS = LF - d)

Bulk Unit Weight Water-Cement Ratio

Larger EF is the ES of the next activity.
Smaller LS is the LF of the previous activity.
IN
Wbulk =

1. Total Float (TF)

V loose Ratio =
Iwater
TF = LF = ES - d
IN cement 2. Free Float
FF = ES(following) - ES(this activity)
Absolute Unit Weight 3. Interfering Float
IF = TF - FF
W
Wabs = SG (Wwater)
↓ loose

Number of Edges of regular

polyhedron E = nF
2
Analytic Geometry
of Ellipse
Ellipse Properties

.
1
a = bi + c . P=
5 zaz +b
2
2 .
e =
c d
6 .
=
a
&
E
.
3 =
C
. LR =
7 2b2
b
A
. Area= Tab
4

Standard Equations

(x-h) ly- horizontal

(x-h (y= vertical

Analytic Geometry
Distance Formula Standard Equations Angle Between Lines

) + (yz Point-Slope Form

d (Xz y )z - tan" (m,) tan" (m2)
=
-

X =
= -

, ,

y y, m(X Xi)
- =
-

Slope of the line Parallel if m m2

=
* ,

*
Perpendicular if m,me
= 1

Ya
rise
m =
_ Slope-interceptForm
run
Distance from a
point
y =
mx + b
to a Line
Formula
Midpoint
& (X Y1) to Ax + By c 0
Two-point
+ =

X , + Xz form ,
X =

2
Yz Y , -

b =
Ax , + By ,
+C

y y,
)
=

(X
=

X,
Y
-

2
=
y, + yz A2+ B
X2 =
X
,

2
InterceptForm distance between parallel
Gen . Egn :
lines

+y =
1
d
Cz -
C
Ax + By + c 0
=
=

A + B2
Analytic Geomery
CONIC SECTIONS
Equations of a circle Parabola

Center at C(h , k)

(x -

n)2 + (y k)= =
= r2

Center at origin
=

x + yz =
r2

General Form opening...

Eccentricity of conic 2

(X h)
- =
49(y k) -

upward
X + y2 + Dx + Ey + F =
0 e = + fz f3
(X- h) 2 downward
=

49(y- k)
=
= -

di da de
Center :
(n , K) (y- k)2 =
49(X- h) to the right
N Ofe :

n = -
D k = - E e =
0 circle (y k)2
-
= -

49(X h)
-
+o the left

2 2 e= 1 parabola
e< 1 ellipse (h , k) vertex of parabola
e1 hyperbola
Integral Calculus
Integral Calculus
Wallis Formula

= sin * cost d -[m-1) (m (zor1)In-1)(n-3)

S :. S
=
3) ... ...
(2or1
=
=

(m + n) (m + n 2) -
... (zor1)
8

d = #
man are even
2

2 =
/ otherwise
Polar Coordinates
Su f(0)
[Mode 6]
=

# rea of Integration

oug
<
1. Plot

Rectangular Horizontal Strip .

2 Draw Curve

f(XR X) dy ~
XR
7 S
A =
.
3 Integrate
-

iii
an
IRAD Model

Vertical Strip # do

yz
((yu y1)dx
ax
A = -
Integral Calculus
Length of Polar Curve

(Polar Coordinates)

S
/A
=

Length of Arc

S
( (a
=

jy /9
=

+
Integral Calculus
VOLUME OF SOLIDS OF REVOLUTION

π((XR
2

V = -

xi) dy

V =

π)(yua -

y(z) dy
Integral Calculus

Y =

2π) xc(yu =

y + )dx

V =

2n yc(XR -

xz)dy
Integral Calculus
SURFACE AREA OF REVOLUTION CENTROIDS BY INTEGRATION
·
From Y-axis (XG)

Using Horizontal Strip

Axo
= ((X -

xz)oy
Xc =
XR + XL
Using Vertical Strip
2

y =
yu + yz Axo =

(*2x(yu
XI
-

yz)dx
2

From X-AXis (Y6)

Using Horizontal Strip Using Vertical Strip

( y(XR =(Yu
-

A ye = -

x)ay Aye -

Yz)dx
Integral Calculus MOMENT OF INERTIA
AREA ·

About X-aXIS .
POLAR MOMENT
OF INERTIA

((yn
Horizontal Strip
A
yz)ax
=
-

(x =

jy2(Xm -

Xz)dy j =

frdA
#
(Y(XR x)
=
=

Vertical
Strip
MOTIONS

= ((yi y()dx
i
PAPPUS THEOREN
a =
f(t)
Ax + By +C
About y-axis
R
·

fadt
= ,

v =

A2 + B2 Horizontal Strip

= ((XR Sydt
i S
x2)dy
=

V =
2πRA
Vertical
Strip
*

f -x
-
(x =
(yu y , )dx
-

Xi
Differential Calculus
L'Hopital's Rule CALTECH FOR MAXIMA/
IND DERIVATIVE MINIMA

Ximf(x =im f d
- =

f(x) dx 7 A Point y'y "Opens

dx = -

A
X =

max O-down

Slope of a curve 2
a f(x)
-

X =
B
7 B min

inflection
O

+0
t up

slope y dy 0 --

= =

dX 3 B A
=
y "ex = A
B A
Slope of Polar Curves
-

slope =
dy dy/d
_ MOTION/FLOI RATES
dxdx/dt
S =
f(t) a =
d
=
S w =
d
X =
rCOSE Y =
dS d th &t

y rCOS dE Q dV =
= =
a =

dt
d th
Differential Calculus
Differential Equations
Separation of Variables

If M(x y)dx
,
+ N(X
, y)dy = 0

I M(X)dX(N(y) dy-
f(y)

Elimination of Arbitrary Constants

No . of constants = No .
of differentiation
Additional Formulas
KEPLER'S THIRD LAW PERIOD OF COMPASS RULE
OSCILLATION
Period Radisa
C
=
Lat/ Dep
Th
V
/ Zit Error Perimeter
=
T =

T2
10009( Dist .
"
= Lat + Dep 2
r
.

CAPITALIZED COST * corrected values

WN/ PERPETUAL LIFE AVERAGE SPACE

A G
HEADWAY (SPACINE
p = +
i i2 1
S =

PERIOD OF REVOLUTION
TO OTHER OBJECTS AVERAGE HEADWAY

T = dR ↑ Us-Average
GM kUs Mean Speed