Well Intervention Pressure Control

Prepared by: Prof. DSc. Dževad Hadžihafizović (DEng)

Sarajevo 2025
 BOP used

Through XT

Work Over Well Intervention

(Pressure Control) – 3 Barriers
(Well Control) – 2 Barriers
 Well Control Event/ Incident
Impact of a Well Control Incident:
• Human Impact
• Environmental Impact
• Asset impact
• Over regulations
• Business disruptions
• Local and Public Image Impact

Attending the IWCF Well Control course will help to:

• Deepen theoretical and practical understanding of how to manage well site operations
and maintain well control at all times.
• Maintain trust of stack holders
• Avoid over regulations
• Raising the competence
• Act as an induction for new recruited staff and giving them the information they need to
work in the different positions.
 Who shuts in the well and is responsible for safe working if a problem occurs
during an intervention operation?
 The operator of the intervention equipment
 For smooth and safe-running of a job;
 Hold a pre-job safety meeting with all personnel involved
 Make sure that all personnel know what to do if a problem should arise
 Only use tested, inspected and well-maintained equipment
 If a well-control incident occurs;
 The well-team, well foreman (operator’s representative) and foreman hold a pre-job meeting
to allocate roles and responsibilities for the shut-in and for controlling the well if an incident
should occur.
 For good kick-off (toolbox) meeting;
 Get everyone involved to attend the meeting and go through plans, ask for feedback and
comments, modify the plan if necessary and make sure that everyone understands in properly
 If a problem has occurred with a well and it has been shut in;
 State the problem on paper, give possible causes, and hold a meeting with all parties involved.
State the action to be taken (draw up a plan) if any, and then ask the onshore support team to
comment on your conclusion or intended action
 What are the reasons for holding meeting prior to any operation?
 Define rules and responsibilities
 Discuss well control incident detail
 Well control actions and the forward plan are fully discussed by all involved in the operation
 Causes of Unplanned Well Inflow
• Wells inflow when the reservoir pressure exceeds the wellbore (bottomhole)
pressure.

• Some of the most common causes of kicks include:

– Not keeping the hole full (Loss of Hydrostatic Pressure)

– Lost circulation

– Swabbing

– Underbalanced pressures
Loss of Hydrostatic Pressure
• Hydrostatic pressure is the number one defense against kicks.

• When tripping out of the hole, a volume (of steel) is being removed from the
well.

• As the steel is removed, the fluid level & hydrostatic pressure in the well drops.

• If the hydrostatic pressure drops below the reservoir pressure, the exposed zone
will flow. Therefore it is extremely important to fill the hole with fluid while
tripping out of the hole.

• The volume of fluid needed to fill the well should be equivalent to the volume of
steel (tubing) pulled out of the well.
Losses
• Loss of circulation leads to a drop of both the fluid level and hydrostatic pressure in a well

• Losses can occur in any formation zone.

• Losses can occur in one zone while another zone is producing

• Three main causes of lost circulation are:

1. Excessive pressure overbalance
− when wellbore pressures exceed the fracture pressure
2. Excessive surge pressure
− increase in bottomhole pressure caused by the downward movement of the work string
− minimized by monitoring trip speed and return fluid volumes while running in the well
3. Poor formation integrity
− use of a bridging agent to plug off the troublesome formation
Swabbing
• Swabbing is caused by the upward movement of pipe in a well and results in a decrease in
bottomhole pressure.
• A live production well has a lot of sand and scale in the casing below the perforation
s. There are several hundred feet of open perforations and zones are at a much lower
pressure than the others are. A work string is to be run through the completion to
clean out the well to TD. Which of the following statement is true?
a. The Thief zone (S) may stop proper circulation back to surface.

b. Reverse circulation is best when there is a thief zone.

c. A high pump rate will be required to overcome any losses into the thief zone (S)

d. It may be necessary to use a fluid containing LCM (lost circulation material). Such as sized salt
particles, to stop the losses into the thief zone

e. The circulation system will have to permit pumping down the work string/completion annulus
and the completion/casing annulus at the same time to have enough flow rates to overcome any
losses into the thief zone
 Completion Operations
Outlines
I. Overview
II. Introduction to Well Control
III. Introduction to Barriers
IV. Risk Management
V. Circulating System
VI. Testing
VII. Influx Characteristics & Behavior
VIII.Shut In Procedures
IX. Well Control Methods
X. Contingency Planning
• Hydrostatic Pressure:
HP is the pressure developed by column of fluid at given TVD.
“Hydro” means fluid & “static” means stationary. HP is pressure created by
stationary column of fluid.

Hydrostatic Pressure, psi = Density, ppg X 0.052 X True Vertical Depth, ft

Pressure Gradient, psi/ft = Fluid Density, ppg X 0.052

Pressure Gradient, psi/ft = Specific Gravity x 0.433

High bottom hole temperatures could affect the hydrostatic pressure

gradients resulting in???
• Formation Pressure:
 The formation pressure is defined as the pressure at which a
fluid or gas exists in the pores of a permeable rock. This is also
called pore pressure, OR, The pressure within the pore spaces
of the formation rock.
 Formation pressures are normally classified into three groups:
1. Normal Pressure
 If the fluid in the pores is subject to hydrostatic pressure only.
Normal pressure is between 0.433 and 0.465 psi/ft.
2. Subnormal Formation Pressures
 Subnormal pressures are below 0.433 psi/ft.
 If pore fluids are free to move, or escape, the grains lose some of
their support and move closer together. This process is called
compaction.
• Formation Pressure:
 Formation pressures are normally classified into three groups:
3. Abnormal Formation Pressure
 If the resulting formation pressures are above 0.465 psi/ft
they are said to be abnormal.
 The formation pressure is greater than normal formation
pressure, this can be caused by:
1. Compaction of the formation containing the fluid.
2. Folding, faulting,...etc.

• Fracture Pressure
 Definition: The maximum amount of pressure a formation can
withstand before the formation breaks down as a fracture is
initiated, followed by loss of fluid, also defined as Formation
breakdown pressure.
 PRESSURE BASIC & BASIS
1. Fundamentals of Fluids & Pressure
Pressure is defined as Force per unit area exerted by fluid i.e.
Pressure = Force ÷ Area
Using  concept, the formula can be changed:
Force = Pressure × Area
Area = Force ÷ Pressure
2. Basic laws of physics concerning fluids & gas
– Liquids are not compressible
– Gases are compressible
– Liquids & gases are both FLUIDS
– Pressure in a fluid is transmitted equally in all directions.

Define
a. Fluid gradient b. Specific gravity c. Hydrostatic pressure
 PRESSURE BASIC & BASIS
3. Fresh Water
Fresh water weighs the same per unit volume anywhere in
the world that is why it’s called “Universal Fluid”& used as
STANDARD for comparison with other fluid.

Fresh Water Facts:

• Density of 8.33 lbs/gal
• PG of 0.433 psi/ft
• SG of 1
• API 10º

4. Specific Gravity (SG)

The ratio of the density of a substance compared to density

of another substance which is used as the standard (Fresh
Water).
 PRESSURE BASIC & BASIS
5. API Gravity
API gravity is another value used to express relative wt of fluids
& was introduced by American Petroleum Institute to
standardized the wt of fluids at base temperature of 60º F. Water
as standard fluid had been assigned the value of 10º API gravity.

To convert API gravity to SG, the following formula is used.

SG = 141.5 ÷ (131.5 + APIº)

6. Gas Correction Factor

Refer to “Gas Correction Factor” table. To find the GCF of 0.6
gravity at 7500 ft simply look down at 7500 ft column & move
horizontal to 0.6 gravity column & find the CGF.
 PRESSURE BASIC & BASIS
7. Case Study
What is the differential pressure in psi exists between the tubing &
annulus at the SSD assembly located at 8960 ft MD (8200 ft TVD) in
the tubing?

Available Information:
• The tubing/casing annulus is filled with 9.2 ppg brine full.
• The well is S/I at surface with CITHP of 600 psi.
• There is a gas cap of 0.6 SG gas down to 4000 ft fluid level
• 32° API oil from fluid level’ to 12000 ft.
 9. Volume
Find annular volume above packer in bbl
of the following well.
3½”, 9.2 ppf Tubing:
9⅝”, 47 ppf Casing:
9750 ft MD (9120 ft TVD) Packer:

Annulus Fluid Capacity between 9-5/8” x 3-1/2” Tubing

Casing ppf ft3/Lin.ft Lin.ft/ft3 Bbl/Lin.ft Lin.ft/Bbl

9⅝” 29.30 0.3607 2.7723 0.0642 15.5763

9⅝” 36.00 0.3468 2.8835 0.0618 16.1812
9⅝” 43.50 0.3308 3.0229 0.0589 16.9779
9⅝” 47.00 0.3237 3.0892 0.0577 17.3310
9⅝” 53.50 0.3100 3.2258 0.0552 18.1159

= 0.0577 x 9750
= 562.6 bbls
 PRESSURE BASIC & BASIS

10. Well Pressure

Well Data: Well Depth: 9150 ft MD (7900 ft TVD)

Formation PG: 0.570 psi/ft

Gas PG: 0.08 psi/ft

1. Find Well BHP:

2. Find Maximum Surface Pressure:

3. Working Pressure for Wellhead Equipment:

4. Find the Kill Fluid Density:

 WHP Equipment Rating, psi

0 - 1500 3K

1501 - 3500 5K

3501 - 7500 10 K

7501 - 12500 15 K

Test Pressure = 1.5 working pressure

 PRESSURE BASIC & BASIS
11. Pumping
Given Data: Casing Capacity: 0.04049 bbl/ft

Tubing Displ. Cap: 0.00829 bbl/ft

Tubing Capacity : 0.01190 bbl/ft
Pump Displacement: 0.0899 bb/stroke
Tubing Shoe @: 9000 ft MD (7800 ft TVD)

1. How many strokes to displace Tubing String?

2. How many strokes to displace the Entire Wellbore?

 PRESSURE BASIC & BASIS
12. Pumping Time

Given Data: Tubing Depth: 8750 ft MD (8125 ft TVD)

Tubing Capacity: 0.00387 bbl/ft
Annular Capacity: 0.00970 bbl/ft
Pump Rate: 1.25 bpm

1. Calculate the time to pump bottoms up ( Forward Circulation ).

2. Calculate the time for complete circulation.

 Completion Operations
Outlines
I. Overview
II. Introduction to Well Control
III. Introduction to Barriers
IV. Risk Management
V. Circulating System
VI. Testing
VII. Influx Characteristics & Behavior
VIII.Shut In Procedures
IX. Well Control Methods
X. Contingency Planning
• Barrier Theory
 Barrier Definition: any device, fluid or substance that prevents the flow of well
bore fluids.
→ It may be Mechanical or fluid.
→ Located down hole (mechanical plugs, columns of fluid), or topside (valves, plugs).

 Well barriers: are envelopes of one or more dependent well barrier elements to
prevent fluids or gases from flowing unintentionally from a formation, into another
formation or back to surface.
 Well Barrier Element: is defined as a component part of a well designed to
prevent fluids or gases from flowing unintentionally from a formation, into another
formation or to escape at surface.
 Independent barriers: means each barrier shall be able to be closed and contain
the well bore fluids by its own control system irrespective of any power failure.
 Overbalance: Greater pressure than formation pressure
 Underbalance: Less pressure than formation pressure
 Inflow Test: Bleed pressure from above & monitor build-up
 Positive Plug: Hold pressure from up & down
• Barrier Theory
 Minimum Barrier Requirements
A. A minimum of two independent and tested barriers shall be
available at all times to prevent flow to the environment.
B. As far as possible the barriers should be tested in the
direction of flow of the well.
C. The barriers must be capable of being operated
independently of each other.
D. If one barrier fails it must be possible to put compensatory
measures into effect immediately. During this phase, efforts
to re-establish the barrier and return the well to double
barrier protection, are the only type of work permitted.
E. In principle, tested and approved barriers shall not have a
leak rate greater than 0, before any work is conducted.
F. The owner of the well may accept deviation of the test from
this requirement in certain circumstances.
• A Xmas tree is to be changed out on a production well. A deep-set
positive plug has been set in the tailpipe below the packer. A second
plug will be set in the tubing hanger before the tree can be removed.
What is the correct first action to take before setting the second plug?
a. Inflow test the deep-set plug
b. Pressure up on the tubing to test the deep-set plug.
c. Pressure up on the annulus to test the deep-set plug from
below.
d. If the wellhead pressure is not rising, the second plug can be
run immediately.
• A newly completed well has a sliding sleeve (SSD) just above the
packer. The sleeve has just been closed with the tubing full of diesel
and the annulus full of brine. The tubing is open to the perforation.
How should the SSD be tested to ensure it is closed?
a. Flow the well
b. Pressure up the annulus
c. Bleed down the annulus
d. Bleed down the tubing
• Barrier Envelope:
 A "Well Barrier Envelope" is defined as a combination of one
or more Well Barrier Elements that together constitute a
method of containment of fluids within a well that prevents
uncontrolled flow of fluids into another formation, or, to
escape at surface.
 “Envelope” is a concept that is utilized in considering a barrier
as part of a total system that involves pressure or fluids.
 The barrier itself (e.g. a wireline BOP) will not be of much
help if the complete system is not intact (Xmas tree,
completion string, extension tubing).
 Wells in which the oil has to be lifted or pumped out (i.e.
artificial lift pumps, rod pumps) need the same control barriers
as wells in which the oil flows out of its own accord.
 Example of Barrier Envelope
PACKER/TUBING ENVELOPE
Barrier elements include:
 Casing below Packer
 Packer
 Tubing
 Tubing Hanger
 Xmas Tree

PRODUCTION CASING ENVELOPE

Barrier elements include:
 Production Casing

 Side Outlets Valves

 Tubing Hanger

 Packer
A. Pressure has been observed in the
completion annulus. If the DHSV
is closed and the wellhead pressure
bled off, the annulus pressure falls
with it. A leak at which two barrier
elements could cause this?

B. There is a leak at the flange

between the tubing hanger spool
and the Xmas tree. What can be
closed to stop this leak?

C. There is a leak at the packer. What

initially prevents the wellbore
fluids from reaching the production
casing?
• Barrier Classification:
 Primary Pressure Control (Used during normal operations)
 Primary pressure control is the system, which provides the first line of defense
from an uncontrolled well flow, e.g. mud column.
 This is the first object that prevents flow from a source.
 Its function to prevent unintentional flow to the environment or other formations.
 It differs according to well servicing intervention method.
 Secondary Pressure Control (support of normal operations as contingency)
 Secondary pressure control is the system, which provides the second line of
defense, in the event that primary well control cannot be properly maintained.
 Secondary barriers are brought into action if primary barrier should fail.
 The secondary barrier is to prevent unintentional flow if the primary barrier fails.
This is generally provided by the BOP system.
 Tertiary Pressure Control (Used in emergencies)
 It is not always available but may be an additional third and final line of defense in
the event that secondary well control cannot be properly maintained.
• Barriers
 Sequence of Barrier Operation
 The primary barrier is the first line of defense and on live Wells is
usually in continuous operation.
 If there is a failure or potential failure of the primary barrier, the
secondary barrier is brought into operation.
 The tertiary barrier is the last line of defense and it usually cut the
Wireline or pipe, and is the last resort.
 In live well interventions, it is not generally necessary to provide kill
facilities unless there is higher risk due to extreme high pressure or
the presence of high concentrations of H2S.
• Barriers
 Sequence of Barrier Operation (Slick Line)
• Barriers
 Sequence of Barrier Operation (Slick Line)
A. Primary
• Stuffing box and lubricator system.
• Check valve if WL breaks and is ejected from the lubricator.
• X/T valves when installing or removing tools from, the lubricator.
B. Secondary
• WL BOP rams/valve which can close and seal around the wire.
• Xmas tree Swab valve, if the wire is broken and ejected.
C. Tertiary
• Wireline cutting valve (Usually UMV designed to cut wire)
• BOP/Shear Seal Valve installed directly on top of the Xmas Tree.

 The valve used to cut wireline should be UMV for two reasons:
• If the lower master is used and damaged, it requires the well to be
plugged before repair.
• If the swab is used and damaged the well cannot be used for production
as there is no longer double barrier protection from the production fluid.
• Barriers
 Sequence of Barrier Operation (Braided Line)
• Barriers
 Sequence of Barrier Operation (Braided Line)
A. Primary
• Grease head seal and lubricator system.
• Check valve if the wire breaks and is ejected from the lubricator.
• Xmas tree valves when installing into, or removing tools from, the riser.
B. Secondary
• Two Wireline BOP rams (in conjunction with a grease pump) that can
close and seal around the wire.
• Xmas tree swab valve, if the wire is broken and ejected.
C. Tertiary
• Wireline cutting valve (usually UMV designed for Wire cutting).
• Shear/seal valve or BOP installed directly onto the top of the Xmas tree.
• In general, tertiary barriers are rarely used unless a heavy-duty Wireline
operation is being carried out.
• Barriers
 Sequence of Barrier Operation (Coiled Tubing)
• Barriers
 Sequence of Barrier Operation (Coiled Tubing)
 External pressure control is provided by:
A. Primary
• Stripper.
• Xmas tree valves when installing into, or removing tools from, the riser.
B. Secondary
• BOP.
C. Tertiary
• Shear/seal BOP mounted directly on top of the Xmas tree.
• Barriers
 Sequence of Barrier Operation (Coiled Tubing)
 Internal pressure control is provided by:
A. Primary
• Two check-valves in the BHA.
• Some well interventions are conducted without BHA check valves as it
is necessary to reverse circulate. In these cases the primary inside well
control is the BOP shear rams and a shear/seal BOP becomes the
secondary.
B. Secondary
• Shear and Blind rams incorporated within the BOP.
C. Tertiary
• Shear/seal BOP mounted directly on top of the Xmas tree.
 Barrier Types
1. Mechanical Barrier:

stops well flow by closing off the flow route

Must be “Tested From Direction of Flow”
1.1 Closed Type
Must be “Leak Tight”
1.2 Closeable Type API leakage criteria “400 cc/min or 900 scf/hr”

2. Hydrostatic Barrier
Liquids with about 200 psi over balance higher than formation
pressure and lower than Fracture pressure

 Liquids may be used as barriers so long as they are controllable and

monitorable
 Must be diligently monitored for a period of time to Ensure Thermal
Expansion & Contraction Effects Have Ceased.
 MECHANICAL BARRIER
CLOSED TYPE CLOSABLE TYPE
Stuffing Box BOP
Grease Injection Head Annular Preventer
Stripper Xmas Tree
BHA Check Valve Subsurface Safety Valve
HYDROSTATIC BARRIER
Drilling Fluids Fresh Water
Completion Fluid Salt Water
OTHER BARRIER EXAMPLES
WL Plugs Ice Plugs
Bridge Plugs Overbalanced Fluid

• It is good practice to have more than one barrier always available

• we can combine (use mixture of) mechanical and fluid barriers in the same
well
• Fluid barrier is always primary barrier
 Tubing Plugs
Tubing plugs can be divided into four categories:

• Plugs which hold pressure from below - pump through plug (check valves)
• Plugs which hold pressure from above - test plug (standing valve)
• Plugs which hold pressure from both directions (positive plug)
• Plugs which hold pressure to set values - pump out plugs (shear plugs)

You should
• Check that the pressure ratting is correct.
• Check that the contingency exists if solids might settle on the plug top.
• Check that the plug is holding pressure after setting.
 Tubing Plugs
1. Blanking Plugs (wire line plugs): run on wire line & set in a
nipple. They seal off in a nipple & hold pressure from both
directions (positive plug). Either one trip or two trips.
2. Pump Open Plug: The inside of the plug shears when pre-
determined pressure is applied from top of the plug (positive plugs
with a limited pressure rating.)
3. Pump Out Plug: Similar in principle to pump open plugs but
shears off & drops down hole
4. Pressure cycle plug: Require pressure above the plug to be
cycled a fixed no. of times before the plug opens.
5. Ice Plug: Wrapping the equipment to be frozen in a coil through
which chemicals like glycol are passed after being cooled to a
predetermined temperature by liquid nitrogen.
6. Bridge Plug: Used to shut-off water producing zones by setting in
casing and capping it with cement (expandable plug).
7. Pump-through Plugs: Hold pressure from below but allow
pumping if the need arises.
8. Back Pressure Valves (one-way or two-way valve): It is a check
valve where fluid can pass through it with 1 psi ∆P and it is set in
tubing hanger threaded profile.
• Barriers
 Principles of Fluid barriers
 For a fluid to be suitable for use as a barrier, the following conditions
must be satisfied:
• Correct specification
• Testing
• Observation.
 Correct specification means that the fluid has the correct specific
gravity.
 Testing refers to monitoring the specifications when the fluid is being
weighed and pumped.
 Observation means that the well should be monitored for a period in
order to satisfy ourselves that the pumped fluid is stabilizing it.
 Simply, we should select the correct kill fluid (weight and
specifications) to minimize formation overpressure & ensure
formation fluid compatibility
 Completion Operations
Outlines
I. Overview
II. Introduction to Well Control
III. Introduction to Barriers
IV. Risk Management
V. Circulating System
VI. Testing
VII. Influx Characteristics & Behavior
VIII.Shut In Procedures
IX. Well Control Methods
X. Contingency Planning
• Risk Assessment (All involved parties)
 RA process involves:
• Identifying and ranking risk events, developing mitigation options to
minimize probability and severity of outcome, and providing contingency
procedures that can be implemented if the events occur.
• The risk events are then re-ranked assuming that mitigations and
contingencies (M &C) have been applied, which will show whether the
M&C have changed these risks to an acceptable level.

• Role of Risk Assessment

 Occurrence of well control events is an ever-present risk in oil industry.
 In many cases, it is not possible to completely eliminate these risks, so
they must be managed to an acceptable level in terms of HSE impact
and financial losses.
 Completion Operations
Outlines
I. Overview
II. Introduction to Well Control
III. Introduction to Barriers
IV. Risk Management
V. Circulating System
VI. Testing
VII. Influx Characteristics & Behavior
VIII.Shut In Procedures
IX. Well Control Methods
X. Contingency Planning
• Circulating System
 Friction pressures act in the opposite direction to flow. It helps
determine how fast fluid can move through the well
 Friction pressure is affected by the fluid viscosity, the flow area, and
the flow rate.
 The pressure on the pump is actually the amount of friction that must
be overcome to move fluid throughout the wellbore at a given flow
rate.
 Completion Operations
Outlines
I. Overview
II. Introduction to Well Control
III. Introduction to Barriers
IV. Risk Management
V. Circulating System
VI. Testing
VII. Influx Characteristics & Behavior
VIII.Shut In Procedures
IX. Well Control Methods
X. Contingency Planning
• Testing Barriers
 A) Mechanical Barrier
 Pressure tested in the direction of flow from well is required
 If this cannot be realistically achieved, barrier can be pressure tested
not in the direction of flow from well

 Hydrostatic Barrier
 Required to be monitored and maintainable to qualify as a barrier.
 Some stable fluids may qualify as a barrier without maintenance ( e.g.
Water)
• Testing Barriers
Documentation of leak and function testing of well barriers
• All well integrity tests shall be documented and accepted by an
authorized person.
• The chart and the test documentation should contain
o type of test,
o test pressure,
o test fluid,
o system or components tested,
o estimated volume of system pressurized,
o volume pumped and bled back,
o time and date.

• What are items needed to document a barrier?

a. Pressure rating
b. Sign off
c. Fluid weight
d. Fluid viscosity
e. Joint operation manual
• Mechanical Barriers
 Barriers should normally be tested for both inflow and pressure
integrity.
 This condition can be achieved by direct application of pressure
(pressure testing) and measuring its seal tightness or by decreasing
the hydrostatic pressure on the downstream side of the “seal” (Inflow
testing) and measuring its effectiveness. Both are pressure testing in
the direction of flow.
 Function testing of well barriers:
• after installation, after having been subjected to abnormal loads, after
repairs, routinely
• Permanent & temporary ????
• Mechanical Barriers
 Pressure Integrity Test
• Pressure testing of a barrier is performed by increasing the pressure to a
value higher than that on the lower side of the barrier. We then observe
the pressure for a period of time in order to detect any leaks.
• The point of pressure tests is that they should reflect the lowest and
maximum expected pressure in the phase concerned.

 Inflow Testing Procedure

• An inflow test is performed by reducing the hydrostatic head above the
item to be tested by circulating to a lighter fluid.
• The barrier is closed and the section downstream the barrier is bled
down. The bled down section of the tubing or flow line is then closed
against a tested barrier. The pressure in the section will be monitored for
any pressure increase. If no pressure increase is monitored the barrier is
successfully tested.
• What item of equipment should be pressure tested before we rig up
intervention equipment?
a. Xmas tree
b. Tubing hanger
c. Packer
d. Annulus
• Tree gate valves can be primary barrier?
a. True
b. False

• A low pressure and high pressure leak test are normally performed for
component that is to be or may be exposed to well pressure. Which one of
the following statement is correct?
a. If no leaks are visible on the equipment, the test is OK.
b. The acceptance criteria should be found in relevant documentation (well program,
API, NORSOK, or manufacturer recommendations).
c. 10% pressure drop is inside the acceptance criteria.
d. 25% pressure drop is inside the acceptance criteria.
e. 5% pressure drop is inside the acceptance criteria.
 Completion Operations
Outlines
I. Overview
II. Introduction to Well Control
III. Introduction to Barriers
IV. Risk Management
V. Circulating System
VI. Testing
VII. Influx Characteristics & Behavior
VIII.Shut In Procedures
IX. Well Control Methods
X. Contingency Planning
• Well influx can consist of gas, water, oil, or any combination of these media.

• Gas Expansion, Uncontrolled, Well Open

− If the volume of gas doubles, the pressure is reduced by half in the bubble
(Boyles Law, P1V1 = P2V2).

• Gas Migration, Well Shut In

− Pressure in actual bubble is usually at formation pressure.
• Which of the following indicates that a gas cap may be forming in a live well that has
just been shut in at the tree?
a. Initial SIWHP slowly falls.
b. Initial SIWHP slowly rises.
c. Initial SIWHP remains steady.
d. Annulus pressure slowly falls.
e. Annulus pressure slowly rises.
f. Annulus pressure remains steady.

• When shutting in a producing well, there will be rapid increase in pressure displayed
on X/T gauge. Which one of the following is correct?
a. The increase is mainly caused by gas migration.
b. The increase is mainly caused by temperature increase.
c. The increase is mainly caused by cross flow in the reservoir.
d. The increase is mainly caused by temperature decrease.
e. The increase is mainly caused by pressure build-up from the reservoir.
 Completion Operations
Outlines
I. Overview
II. Introduction to Well Control
III. Introduction to Barriers
IV. Risk Management
V. Circulating System
VI. Testing
VII. Influx Characteristics & Behavior
VIII.Shut In Procedures
IX. Well Control Methods
X. Contingency Planning
• Shutting-in Xmas Trees
 Correct shutting in
 During well operations, the local hydraulic pump is connected to
the DHSV and the hydraulically actuated master valve. This
pump must be monitored continuously during the operation.

 When valves in the Xmas tree are being opened, we must first
make sure that the pressure across the valves has been equalized.
If we forget to do so, the valve may become “pressure locked”.

 When the well is to be shut in, this is done by first closing the
valves on the line in the direction of the X/T; wing, UMV, and
finally the DHSV.
• Shutting-in Xmas Trees
 When we open a valve that is pressurized on only one side;
 The valve may suffer damage
 The valve will suffer a strong hydraulic shock
 There will be high probability of pressure lock
 The mechanical force required to turn handle can damage or break the stem
 The high differential pressure disables the gate movement when opening
 The sudden pressure surge on opening can damage piping equipment downstream.

 When we shut down a well at the Xmas tree;

 Close the Swab valve while counting turns if you need to shut in after pulling out of
the hole with the intervention tool string
 Counting the turns as the valve is opened or closed can show any obstructions in front
of the valve.
 The lower master valve is normally not in use
 The wing valve closes off all flow from the well
 The valves may be damaged if they are closed against a wireline, tubing, etc.
 The upper master valve is normally utilized
 Swab valve can be used to cut Slickline & Some master valves can be used to cut
Slickline
 After closing, a manual valve handle should be backed out by part of a turn
 Completion Operations
Outlines
I. Overview
II. Introduction to Well Control
III. Introduction to Barriers
IV. Risk Management
V. Circulating System
VI. Testing
VII. Influx Characteristics & Behavior
VIII.Shut In Procedures
IX. Well Control Methods
X. Contingency Planning
 The objective of the various kill methods is to circulate out any
invading fluid and circulate a satisfactory weight of kill mud into the
well without allowing further fluid into the hole.
 Ideally this should be done with the minimum of damage to the well.
 On killing, we may have loss from one zone while we continue to
produce from another. This may require the temporary shut-in of the
“thief” zone (with LCM) in order to permit circulation or reverse
circulation.
 METHODS OF KILLING A PRODUCTION
WELL
• BULLHEADING (one or double TBG capacity, problem or
emergency)

• FORWARD CIRCULATION (little application)

• REVERSE CIRCULATION (planned killing)

• LUBRICATE AND BLEED (impossible to bull head)

 BULLHEADING
ADVANTAGES:

• Quick and easy method especially in smaller tubing sizes

• No hydrocarbons brought to surface

DISADVANTAGES:

• Scale or contaminants in the tubing are pumped against the

formation

• Low formation fracture pressures may be exceeded causing

accidental fractures

• Gas may slip up the tubing if the pump rate is not sufficient for
larger tubing sizes
 Method involves pumping kill fluid directly into tubing to force tubing
contents back into formation.
 Preferred when reverse circulation is not possible (stuck closed sliding
sleeve or insufficient information is available to calculate a reverse-
circulation kill).
 Used only if there is no sand or scale (perforations open)
 Used only if it does not causes any appreciable damage to formation (it is
likely to have formation damage)
 Cannot be used if there is blockage (stuck plug in tail pipe or severely
collapsed casing above perforations) or tight formation preventing bull
heading.
Note: DHSV with serious leak in control line is not a blockage
 Calculation must be made for Max allowable surface pressure and tubing
burst pressure.
 Pump rates must be restricted to keep pressure below fracture point.
 A live well is to be killed by bull heading. Which of these factors limit
the maximum allowable surface pressure?
a. Completion size.
b. Maximum pump speed.
c. SIWHP.
d. Maximum safe working pressure of the surface equipment.
e. Completion burst limits.
f. DHSV operating pressure.
g. Possible formation fracture.

 The stack configuration is 5000 psi working pressure. The wellhead

pressure during a test is 4860 psi. the well needs to be killed using
bullheading method. The formation is tight. Is the stack pressure rating
sufficient?
a. The bullheading can’t be performed with this stack pressure rating
b. The stack is sufficient within 10% overpressure limit
c. The stack is sufficient within 5000 psi working pressure
d. The stack pressure rating is irrelevant for the situation
 FORWARD CIRCULATION
ADVANTAGES :

• Little or no damage to the formation by foreign fluids or

contaminants from the tubing or annulus

DISADVANTAGES :

• Less safe as hydrocarbons are brought up through the hanger

spool outlets and disposal is more difficult

• Gas and oil will mix with the packer fluid due to gravitation
requiring special handling equipment

• High circulation pressures on the annulus

• No advantage at all over reverse circulation

 REVERSE CIRCULATION
Advantages
• It utilizes natural U tubing effect resulting in lower circulating
pressures.
• Lesser chances of mixing as gas & oil are lighter and remain above
the completion fluid while reverse circulation.
• More predictable as every thing comes out in order.
• Little risk of accidentally fracturing formation like in Bullheading.
• Little or no damage to formation by contaminants from tubing or
annulus.
• The surface pressure is kept low
• The production tubing and annulus end up with pure killing fluid
• All wells can normally be killed using this method.
Disadvantages
• Slower than Bullheading
• We have to utilize wireline
 REVERSE CIRCULATION
DIFFERENT STAGES

INITIAL STAGE GAS OUT OIL OUT ANN FULL OF KILL FL KILL FL AT SURFACE

GAS
 It is important to install a wire line set plug
OIL
below packer to isolate formation from
PACKER
completion & kill fluid.
KILL
 In case plug is not installed, maintain 200 psi
extra pressure from surface through choke.
 Q. NO. 1
Find SITHP and SICP at different stages of reverse circulation.
Draw Tubing and Casing pressure graphs.
Tubing Capacity = 0.01458 bbl/ft Annulus Capacity = 0.0252 bbl/ft
Gas = 2000 ft, 0.04 psi/ft Oil = 4000 ft, 0.38 psi/ft
SSD = 6000 ft Pump output = 0.0157 bbl/stroke
Packer fluid = 0.6 psi/ft Kill fluid = 0.5 psi/ft

Gas 2000 ft, Kill fluid

0.04 psi/ft 0.5 psi/ft

Oil 4000 ft,

0.38 psi/ft

SSD Packer fluid

6000 ft 0.6 psi/ft

STAGE-1 STAGE-2 STAGE-3 STAGE-4

INITIAL STAGE GAS OUT OIL OUT ANN FULL OF KILL FLUID
 OUT (Assuming Formation is initially balanced by Brine)

IN
Formation Pressure = BHP
= 6000x0.6 = 3600 psi

Initial Tubing Pressure

= Formation Pressure – Tubing Hyd Pr
= 6000x.6 – (2000x.04 + 4000x.38)
= 3600 – (80 + 1520)
GAS = 2000 psi
OIL
Initial Casing Pressure
PACKER
KILL = 0 psi
STAGE-1
INITIAL STAGE
 •Tubing Pressure when gas is out
OUT
= Formation Pr – Tubing Hyd. Pr
IN = 6000x.6 – (4000x.38 + 2000x.6)
= 880 psi
• Kill fluid Vol Pumped in = GAS Vol out
= 2000x.01458
= 29.16 Bbls
•Kill fluid height = Kill fluid vol / Ann vol
= 29.16 / .0252 = 1157 ft
GAS •Completion fluid ht = 6000 – 1157 = 4843 ft
OIL
PACKER •Casing Pressure when gas is out
KILL = Formation Pr – Casing Hyd. Pr
= 3600 – (1157x.5 + 4843x.6)
STAGE-2
GAS OUT
= 115.7 psi
 •Tubing Pr when brine at surface
OUT
= Formation Pr – Tubing Hyd. Pr
IN = 6000x.6 – 6000x.6
= 0 psi
•Kill fluid Vol Pumped in = Tubing vol
= 6000x.01458
= 87.48 Bbls
•Kill fluid height = Kill fluid vol / Ann vol
= 87.48 / .0252 = 3471 ft
GAS •Completion fluid ht = 6000 – 3471 = 2529 ft
OIL
PACKER •Casing Pr when brine at surface
KILL = Formation Pr – Casing Hyd. Pr
= 3600 – (3471x.5 + 2529x.6)
STAGE-3
OIL OUT = 347 psi
 OUT •Tubing Pr when kill fluid enters tubing
= Formation Pr – Tubing Hyd. Pr
IN = 6000x.6 – 6000x.6
= 0 psi
•Kill Fluid Vol Pumped in = Annulus Vol
= 6000x.0252
= 151.2 Bbls
•Casing Pr when kill fluid enters tubing
= Formation Pr – Casing Hyd. Pr
GAS = 3600 – 6000x.5
OIL = 600 psi
PACKER
KILL

STAGE-4
ANN FULL OF KILL FLUID
 Q. NO. 2
The well in the schematic is vertical and has a constant ID/OD. Friction
pressure losses and any fluid losses to the formation are ignored. An
overbalance of 200 psi is held over formation pressure at all times during the
well kill.
Using the following data and reverse circulation kill graph, answer the
questions below. THP = 1965 psi
• Tubing Data :
CHP = 0 psi
Size 3 ½” in KILL = 0.52 psi/ft
Weight 10.3 lbs/ft.
IN
Capacity = 0.0083 bbl/ft BRINE = 0.49 psi/ft
DHSV @ 1800 ft
• Casing Data:
Size 7 in GAS = 0.12 psi/ft
Gas/Oil Contact
Weight 29 lbs/ft
@ 4000 ft
Annulus Capacity = 0.0252 bbl/ft OIL = 0.35 psi/ft
• Gradients
Brine in annulus = 0.49 psi/ft Form Grad = 0.48 psi/ft SSD @ 7450 ft
Kill fluid = 0.52 psi/ft GAS
Gas in tubing = 0.12 psi/ft PACKER @ 7500 ft
OIL
Oil in tubing/casing = 0.35 psi/ft Top of Perf @ 7700 ft BRINE
Formation Gradient = 0.48 psi/ft KILL
Pump out put = 0.0899 bbl/stroke
SITHP = 1965 psi SICHP = 0 psi
Transition from gas to oil = 4000 ft Packer depth = 7500 ft
Sliding Side Door depth = 7450 ft Top of perforation = 7700 ft
 FIGURE (A) FIGURE (B) FIGURE (C) FIGURE (D) FIGURE (E)
INITIAL STAGE GAS OUT OIL OUT KILL FLUID HEAVIER ANNULUS FULL
THP = 1965 psi THAN BRINE BY 200 psi OF KILL FLUID
CHP = 0 (Casing pr down from 200 to 0)
KILL = 0.52 psi/ft IN
BRINE = 0.49 psi/ft DHSV @ 1800 ft
GAS = 0.12 psi/ft 200 psi overbalance is held
Gas/Oil Contact
OIL = 0.35 psi/ft @ 4000 ft Kill fluid is heavier than brine
Form Grad = 0.48 psi/ft SSD @ 7450 ft
GAS
PACKER @ 7500 ft
OIL
Top of Perf @ 7700 ft BRINE
KILL
2165 psi (A) TUBING PRESSURE
CASING PRESSURE

P Kill fluid heavier

R than brine by 200 psi
E Gas is out
S Annulus full
S
of kill fluid
U (B) Oil is out
R
E (C) (D) (E)
(psi)
(F)

TOTAL VOLUME PUMPED (Bbls)

Position A B C D E F
Volume pumped (bbls) 0 33 62 170 188 250

THP (psi) 2165 685 200 200 200 0

CHP (psi) 200 162 128 0 0 0

 Q. NO. 3
Figure below shows a reverse circulation kill graph that has been
generated for a constant ID/OD tubing containing gas and oil with a
heavy completion fluid in the annulus. The kill fluid is lighter density
than the fluid installed in the annulus on completion.
2367 (A)

Tubing pressure Casing pressure

800 psi
P Oil is out
R (E)
E
S 571 psi (D)
S Annulus full
U of Kill fluid
R
E
(psi)

(B) (C) (F)

0 284 389 500 700 1200
VOLUME PUMPED (bbls)
 (Completion fluid is heavier)

GAS
OIL
PACKER
KILL

INITIAL GAS GOING OUT OIL OUT KILL ENTERS TBG KILL AT SURFACE
(A) (B) (D) (E) (F)

2367 (A) Casing pressure Casing Pressure is

maximum as annulus is
Tubing pressure lightest at this point
P 800 psi
R
Oil is out
(E)
E
S 571 psi (D)
S Annulus full
U
R
of Kill fluid
E
(psi)
(B) (C) (F)
0 284 389 500 700 1200
VOLUME PUMPED (bbls)
 TUBING PRESSURE CURVE
A-B Completion fluid replaces gas from tubing. Tubing pressure decreases.
• Completion fluids is heavy, tubing pressure becomes 0 at B even before all gas
is out of tubing. At B, tubing hydrostatic equals formation pore pressure.
• Further as completion fluid displaces tubing fluid, tubing pressure continues
to remains 0 as after B nothing is left on the tubing gauge to reduce.

CASING PRESSURE CURVE

0-C Casing pressure remains 0 due to heavy fluid in the annulus.
C-D Casing pressure shows increase due to
– Decrease in annulus hydrostatic pressure due to lighter kill fluid .
• At D, oil is out of the tubing and completion fluid has reached the surface.
D-E Casing pressure continues to increase but at a lesser rate due to
– Decrease in annulus hydrostatic pressure due to lighter kill fluid
• At E, completion fluid is completely displaced from annulus to tubing.
• Tubing is maximum heavy & annulus is lightest. Casing pressure is
maximum.
E-F Casing pressure starts to decrease due to
– Decrease in tubing hydrostatic as lighter kill fluid displaces heavier completion
fluid.
.At F, kill fluid reaches surface. Same fluid in tubing & annulus, casing
pressure = 0.
 LUBRICATE & BLEED
ADVANTAGES:

• Only method which can be employed under extreme

circumstances

DISADVANTAGES:

• Very slow
 LUBRICATE & BLEED
ALTERNATE CYCLING
KILL FLUID PUMPED IN
GAS BLED OUT

Circulating device
(closed)

GAS
OIL
PACKER
KILL
• Bleed-off/lubrication
 Bleed-off/lubrication is a method that can be used when:
• circulation is impossible (we cannot enter the well as a
result of a restriction)
• Bullheading cannot be employed as it would result in
excessive topside pressures.
 Lubrication & Bleeding involves pumping kill fluid into
tubing, allowing it to lubricate down and bleeding gas out
through choke.
 The process is repeated several times till gas is out and tubing
pressure becomes 0
 Tubing hydrostatic pressure is increased due to pumping kill
fluid and then BHP is maintained by reducing the tubing
pressure through choke.
 Since the gas necessarily has to migrate through each injection
of kill fluid sufficient time must be allowed for this to happen
before we bleed off again and inject a new “pill” of kill fluid.
 Killing a well by the lubrication method may take several days.
 Completion Operations
Outlines
I. Overview
II. Introduction to Well Control
III. Introduction to Barriers
IV. Risk Management
V. Circulating System
VI. Testing
VII. Influx Characteristics & Behavior
VIII.Shut In Procedures
IX. Well Control Methods
X. Contingency Planning
• Surface Problems
1. Bleeding off gas (Joule-Thomson Effect)
 When we have flow through a pipe or a valve we may find that the
temperature of the flowing medium is lower than the ambient
temperature. The difference between the ambient temperature and the
temperature of the flow is known as the Joule-Thomson Effect.
 When gas pressure falls (through a pipeline or across a valve) the gas
expands and loses energy. If the expansion of the gas takes place with
constant enthalpy (H) where;
H = U (internal energy) + PV (pressure x volume) = constant
some of the energy will manifest itself as a reduction in temperature due
to the lower pressure.
 Normally, temperature falls by about half a degree Celsius per bar of
pressure drop, i.e. 100 bar pressure drop will produce a 50 degree fall
in temperature (23 F/ 10 psi)
 Bleeding off gas at low temperature, with a large pressure drop and
low outlet pressure may result in brittle fracture in pipelines and other
equipment. Stainless steel may suffer from brittle fracture at
temperatures as “high” as -20 C.
• Surface Problems
2. Blockages in the well
2.1 Blockage mechanisms in wells
• Formation sand (from sand-producing wells)
• Scale
• Mechanical blockages (collapsed casing, jammed valves & downhole strings)
2.2 Removing blockages
• There are normally two ways of doing this: By mechanical methods or By
means of chemicals
• Mechanical methods require the use of intervention equipment such as
wireline, coiled tubing (jarring or milling).
• Chemical methods involve pumping chemicals down to the region of the
restriction. We allow the chemicals to react for a while, and produce them by
the same route up again. In order to prevent the process from becoming
unstable, it may be necessary to add more chemicals at the surface before the
original chemicals enter the process.

The flow rate from a naturally flowing production well has been slowly and steadily
reducing. It has been checked that the tree valves and the DHSV are all fully open. It is
though that there may be a blockage forming in the well bore. What is the first correct
action to take?
• Hydrate Formation
• Hydrate Formation
 Conditions under which hydrates form
1. Presence of free water
2. Presence of light gas molecules
3. Relatively high pressure
4. Relatively low temperature.

 Hydrates consist of water in a crystal lattice structure mixed with light

gas components.
 Hydrates do not require a pressure drop to form. However, the
refrigeration effect from a small pressure drop, such as a stuffing box
leak, may be sufficient to produce optimum pressure and temperature
conditions for hydrate formation.
 Hydrates can form under flowing or static conditions.
 The first indication of them forming in the tubing or annular flow
string is a drop in flowing wellhead pressure followed by an initially
slow then progressively rapid drop in wellhead flowing temperature.
• Hydrate Formation
 Methods of removing hydrates
1. Pressure reduction (lower pressure)
 In a well in which a hydrate plug has formed, reducing pressure can be risky.
If the hydrate plug slips and there is gas between the plug and the surface
system, the plug may shoot through the Xmas tree topside and cause a
blowout.
 If we have hydrates in a pipeline or vessel, the pressure must be reduced by
an equal amount on both sides of the plug in order to prevent it from moving
as it melts.
2. Temperature rise
 We raise the temperature while maintaining constant pressure. The heat will
break up the lattice structure in the plug.
3. Use of inhibitor
 Methanol, glycol and salt can all dissolve hydrates. When these substances
come into contact with hydrates, the equilibrium curve in the area of contact
will change, but at the same time, the inhibitory effect will be used up.
 If the effect is to be maintained while the hydrates are being dissolved,
inhibitor must be added either continuously or batch-wise.
• The 4 things required for hydrate formation are:
1. Water, methanol, high temperature, low pressure
2. Drill water, barite, diesel, pressure
3. Water, gas, high temperature, low pressure
4. Gas, water, high pressure, low temperature

• True or False?
1. Hydrates are likely to form at emergency blow-down lines.
2. Hydrates are likely to form at pressure relief valves.
3. Hydrates can only form in the presence of free (liquid) water.
4. Hydrates can damage well bore and intervention equipment.
5. Hydrates may cause damage if they become free with a high differential pressure.
6. Injecting brine into the flow stream can reduce the formation of hydrates.
7. Temperature below freezing point of water (0 ◦C) is necessary for hydrates
formation?
8. Hydrates are less likely to form if injecting Glycol
9. For the same pressure, hydrates melt at the same temperature as they formed
10. Hydrates are common downstream of chokes
11. Hydrates will form at low rather than high pressures
• Which of the following measures can prevent or remove hydrates?
a. Rapid bleed-off of gas from the topside system
b. Use of water/glycol mixture during pressure testing
c. Pressure testing up to close-in pressure
d. Raising the temperature of the equipment used
e. Injecting methanol into the equipment.
f. Pull out of the well and fill the topside equipment with diesel oil
g. Check for the presence of external ice in order to locate the hydrates
h. Close BOP, bleed pressure above it, open connection above BOP and remove the hydrates
i. Try to warm up the hydrates using a high-pressure steamer
j. Work the string up and down while you bleed off the surface pressure.
Day 1

Completion Equipment

Outlines
I. Blowout Preventers
II. Completion Equipment
 Day 1

• Blowout Preventers
 General Blowout Preventer Stack Specifications
 New API metal rings are to be used each time a flange is assembled
or a connection is broken. Flange grooves should be well cleaned and
dry.
 API RX or BX rings are required. Use of API R rings will not be
permitted.
 All preventer packing elements and gaskets are visually inspected at
the time of installation and rejected if they aren't satisfactory
 In operating side valves, the inside valves are considered master
valves and would normally never be opened or closed when there is
pressure unless the outside valve is closed.
 Preventer assemblies will be dismantled periodically between wells to
inspect for internal erosion or corrosion and to check flange bolts.
 All testing shall be done with clear water.
Day 1

Flanges &Ring Gaskets

 Day 1

Flanges and Sealing Rings

The most common flange types are
•API 6B Rate work pressure 2,000-5,000 psi
•API 6BX Rate work pressure 10,000-2,0000 psi

Flanges type API 6B Use Sealing Rings API type R or API type RX
Flanges type API 6BX Use Sealing Rings API type BX

• Type RX and BX gaskets provide a pressure energized seal but are not
interchangeable.
• It is recommended that a new gasket be used each time the joint is made up.
 Day 1

Type R and RX
6B Flanges Are of The Ring Joint Type and Are Not Designed for Face-to-Face
Makeup. The Connection Makeup Bolting Force Reacts on The Ring Gasket.

6B Flange

Type BX Rings
6BX Flanges Are Designed for Face-to-Face Makeup. The Connection
Makeup Bolting Force Reacts Primarily on the Raised Face of The Flange.

6BX Flange
Day 1

Well Completion

Outlines
I. Blowout Preventers
II. Completion Equipment
Day 1

Components of a Typical Well

Wing valve Pressure gauge

Choke Tee
Master valve
Casing valve
To production
equipment Tubing head
Casing head

Tubing

Casing
Packer

Perforations
 Day 1

• Completion Equipment
 Xmas tree
 The Xmas tree is an item of safety equipment placed on top of wellhead.
 The purpose of the X/T is to control the flow of hydrocarbons from the
well and to allow access to the well during the operational phase. We
call the Xmas tree a safety barrier.
 The following valves are normally installed on the Xmas tree:
Manual operated master valve
• This is located closest to the wellhead and is the backup valve for
the Hydraulic master valve (NOT working valve)
• It is normally impossible to cut wire lines with manually operated
valves. The torque required would be so high that parts of the valve
would be destroyed before the wireline was cut.
Hydraulic operated master valve
• This is located above the Manual master valve. It is hydraulically
actuated (from the platform control room) and is “fail-safe closed”. In
the case of a hydraulic leak, the valve will revert to its closed
condition
Choke Valve
• Restrict, control or regulate flow of well fluids.
 Day 1

• Completion Equipment
 Xmas tree
 The following valves are normally installed on the Xmas tree:
Hydraulic operated wing valve
• This is the “last” valve in the Xmas tree before the well-flow enters
the flow line to the choke valve/process system. This valve is
normally “fail-safe closed”.
Swab valve/ Crown Valve
• This is a manual valve that stands at the top of the Xmas tree
under the “tree cap” (also known as the “lubricator adaptor”).
• This valve must be opened in the case of well intervention.
• On the outside of the swab valve we often find a cup that should
be fitted with a needle valve so that any pressure on the other
side can be checked using a pressure gauge and bled off trapped
pressure before it is opened.
Kill valve
• This valve is located next to the wing valve and is used during
pumping and production or injection via neighboring wells. This
valve is normally also fitted with a cup and “needle valve”.
 Day 1

• This counts as a
barrier in most
operations
(production, pumping,
wire line).

• In normal operation the

Xmas tree is a primary
barrier.
 Day 1

• Completion Equipment
 Wellheads
 The wellhead provides the following functions:
• Anchoring/connections for each individual casing
• Pressure isolation of individual casings
• Connections for Xmas tree
• Connections for completion string
• Isolation of production annulus
• Access to annulus for pressure monitoring and/or pumping.
Conventional
Day 1 Wellhead Features:
1. Starter Spool (Conductor Pipe)
2. Surface Casing Head
3. Surface Casing Hanger
4. Production Casing Head
5. Production Casing Hanger
6. Tubing Head
7. Tubing Hanger
 Day 1

• Completion Equipment
 Tubing Hanger
 Functions
• It is set in Tubing Head Spool to transfers (support) the weight of
the top completion string to the wellhead
• It prevents annulus pressure from leaking past the tubing hanger
to X/T or out to atmosphere or sea, or vice-versa).
• It is BPV receptacle as it allows an internal plug to be installed
• It provides a seal around hydraulic and electrical control lines.
Day 1
Day 1
Day 1
 Day 1

Well Completion
Well Completion design is dictated by the type of well to be
completed.
1. Producer
2. Injector

Completion Functional Requirements

1. Provide optimum flowing conditions
2. Protect casing
3. Downhole emergency isolation
4. Permit downhole chemical injection
5. Enable the well to be killed
6. Permit routine downhole operations
 Day 1
Tubing Hanger
Completion Accessory Control Line

Flow Coupling
1. Anchoring Device SCSSV Landing Nipple
• Landing Nipples
2. Circulation Device Top No-Go Nipple

• SSD
• SPM SPM
3. Isolation Device
Top No-Go Nipple
• Packer (between top & bottom completion)
• Tubing Seal Assembly, PBR SSD
Top Packer
4. Anti-Erosion Device
• Blast Joint SSD
• Flow Coupling
Producing Zone 2 Blast Joint
5. Others
• WLEG Btm Packer
• Perforated Joint Bottom No-Go Nipple
• Control Line Perforated Joint
• Tubing Hanger WL Entry Guide

Producing Zone 1

PRODUCER COMPLETION SCHEMATIC

Day 1

Lower Completion Upper Completion

Equipment Equipment
 Day 1

• Completion Equipment
 Down Hole Safety Valve
 Close the well in an emergency
 Downhole safety valves (DHSVs) are installed in the well in order to
prevent blowouts if:
• the topside Xmas tree becomes damaged (e.g. by collision with a crane lift)
• surface equipment is sabotaged
• a neighboring well suffers a blow-out (in order to prevent a domino effect)
• drilling collision from neighboring well.
 They are set below the depth where they can be damaged by surface
impact explosion
 Such valves are of the “Fail-safe Closed” type. If hydraulic pressure to
the valve is lost, it will immediately close.
 These valves can also be pumped through from the surface even when
they are closed.
 Such valves open and close by effect of pressure. There exist two
closure mechanisms:
1. Flapper valves
2. Ball-valves.
 Day 1

• Completion Equipment
 Down Hole Safety Valve
 Internationally, the DHSV is not regarded as a well control barrier. This is
because API permits a certain amount of leakage through the DHSV 3.6 BPD
liquid . Some countries regard DHSV as a barrier after an approved inflow test
which verifies that leakage rates are not exceeding 3.6 BPD.
 They can be divided into two categories :
1. SSCSSSV (Sub-Surface Controlled Sub-Surface Safety Valve)
2. SCSSSV (Surface Controlled Sub-Surface Safety Valve)

 Sub Surface Controlled Sub Surface Safety Valves :

• Sub-surface controlled DHSV re-opened by pressuring up above
the valve and overcoming any differential pressure
• They can be subdivided into two categories :
1. Differential pressure controlled (velocity / excess flow):
valve is held open by a spring. When the flow rate through the
valve becomes so high that the resistance force collapses the
spring and the force of the reservoir holds the valve shut.

2. Ambient pressure controlled (absolute pressure):

Uses a pre charge pressure chamber, the valve closes when
flowing pressure drops below pre-charge pressure.
Day 1
SSCSSSV
Day 1
Storm Choke
 Day 1
• Completion Equipment
 Down Hole Safety Valves
 Surface Controlled Sub Surface Safety Valves :
1. Wireline retrievable DHSVs
• Safety valves of this type are installed in a nipple profile in
the completion string.
• Wireline-retrievable DHSVs often produce a restriction in the
well which may result in local erosion as well as choking the
well-flow.
• If intervention in the well is required below the location of the
DHSV, this must be retrieved ahead of the intervention.
• If a problem with a DHSV arises, it is a simple matter to
retrieve it and install a new one.
• Run in the open position With a prong on the wire line
running tool
 Day 1
• Completion Equipment
 Down Hole Safety Valves
 Surface Controlled Sub Surface Safety Valves :
2. Tubing retrievable DHSVs
• It is installed as an integral part of the completion string. In case
of problems with such valves the completion must be pulled.
• Some valves also have a nipple profile for a wireline-retrievable
DHSV as a back-up solution in case problems should occur.
• The advantage of this type is its large ID.
• It is important that the valve should remain open throughout a
well intervention.
• Some DHSVs are fitted with an integrated pressure-equalization
mechanism.
 Day 1
W/L SCSSSV TRSV
Control Line
WRSV Set In SVLN
Nipple Profile
WRSV

SVLN Lock-Out
Lock
Mandrel Mechanism

Packing
Profile

Packing
Piston
CL Port
Piston
Flow Tube
Seal Bore
Spring
Spring
Flow Tube

Flapper Flapper
 Day 1

SSSV

• Pressure Theory
Surface • Flapper & Ball Sub-surface
controlled Mechanisms controlled

Tubing Wireline
Differential Ambient
Retrievable Retrievable

Control Line Straddle Set Prong

Day 1

SCSSSV
Day 1
Day 1
 Day 1
• When a Tubing retrievable DHSV is run into the well we need to
lock it open
a. False
b. True

• Would it be an acceptable practice to lock open and set an insert

valve to reinstate production in a well with a failed tubing
retrievable DHSV?
a. No
b. Yes

• What is the correct action to take to re-instate production in a

well with a failed tubing retrievable DHSV?
a. Workover the well
b. Lock open DHSV
c. Lock open DHSV and install an insert valve
 Day 1

• Completion Equipment
 Down Hole Safety Valves
Annulus safety valve
• Some countries require annulus safety valves to be installed in
gas-lift wells on fixed installations.
• The idea is the same as for DHSVs, i.e. to prevent an
uncontrolled reverse backflow of gas from the annulus, if any of
the wellhead and/or Xmas tree equipment should be damaged.
 Day 1
 Landing Nipples
• Used to receive flow control devices
• Short tubular with 3 main features; Shoulder, Seal Bores,
and Profiles. It can accommodate and secure a locking
device called a lock mandrel run usually using wireline
well intervention equipment.
• Types
 Selective
 Non-selective or no-go
Day 1
Day 1
 Day 1

Selective Nipples
 Main advantage is that all seal bores
are the same size.
 No tapering of tubing size.

 Selective nipples have a locating

profile that is “found” by the dogs on
the lock.
 Day 1

Non-selective or no-go nipples

 Rely on nipple having a smaller ID (no-go) than
the lock
No-go is used to
1. To locate the correct lock mandrel
2. To prevent the tools falling out of the bottom of
the tubing
Only one No-Go landing nipple of the same size
can be used in completion string, the lowermost
nipple being No-Go nipple.
More than one No-Go landing nipple can be
incorporated in a completion string provided that a
step down in No-Go shoulder size is observed.
Day 1
 Day 1

• Completion Equipment
 Circulation Equipment
 The term “circulation equipment” refers to the following items:
• Side Pocket Mandrels (SPM)
• Sliding sleeves
• Nipples with port(s)/sleeves
 Circulation equipment is employed to:
• Provide gas-lift (SPM with gas-lift valves)
• Create an under-balance in the well in advance of perforation
(SPM, sliding sleeve and nipple)
• Kill the well (SPM, sliding sleeve and nipple).
 Day 1

• Completion Equipment
 Circulation Equipment
Side Pocket Mandrels
• SPMs are used either for gas-lift purposes or for temporary
communication between the annulus and the completion string (to
create an under-balance in the well, to kill the well, etc.).
• An important point to remember before plugs or valves in the
SPM can be pulled is to equalize the pressure across the GLV.
• Equipment that can be located in side pockets:
o Circulation or orifice valve
o Injection valve
o Pressure and temperature sensors
o Plug (dummy valve)
o Gas-lift valve.
 Day 1
Side Pocket Mandrel
• Gas Lift Valves (Nitrogen charged or spring loaded)
− Different designs are available. They may be orifice valves or pressure operated type
valves.
− They all contain a check valve to prevent tubing to Annulus flow These check valves
may leak with time and should not be considered as well control barriers.

• Dummy Valves
− These valves can be installed in SPM for the purpose of tubing & casing isolation.
They also facilitate pressure testing from both tubing & annulus.
− It is also possible to leave the valve in the side pocket mandrel for continued
circulation. This is accomplished by shearing down on the inner core with a special
tool.

• Circulating Valve (Shear orifice valves / Differential kill valves)

− These can be installed in SPM whenever tubing/casing circulation is to be carried
out. They enable circulation through SPM without damaging the pocket
− Circulation is achieved by shearing a pin or disc when defined differential pressure
is applied from the annulus to tubing.

• Chemical Injection Valve (Nitrogen charged or spring loaded)

− These valves facilitate injection of chemicals from annulus to tubing & include
Reverse flow check valves to prevent flow of injected chemical from tubing to
annulus
Day 1
Day 1
 Day 1

• Completion Equipment
 Circulation Equipment
Sliding sleeves
• Sliding sleeves can also be used for gas lift purposes.
• A sliding sleeve consists of a movable inner sleeve with ports and
a fixed outer part. We can move the inner sleeve up and down
with the aid of a shifting tool which is run on a wireline or CT.
• SSD is normally positioned
1. Immediately above the top production packer
2. Between 2 packers
• You should
1. Check that the SSD is fully open before starting circulation
2. Check that the pressures across the SSD are equalized before
opening

Nipple with port/sleeve

• This is a nipple that has ports between the inside and the outside.
When the port that provides access to the annulus is not to be
used, a sleeve with packers in the nipple profile is installed.
• Equipment of this sort is seldom utilized.
Day 1

SSD
 Day 1

• Completion Equipment
 Production Packers (Isolation Device)
 packer is used to provide a seal between the casing and the tubing
in a well.
 Packers are installed just above the top perforation
 The purpose of using a packer in a well completion is:
• To isolate the casing from reservoir fluids (provide seal between the
tubing & completion annulus)
• To protect the casing from the effects of flowing pressures by
isolating the annulus above the packer from casing below packer &
tubing
• To isolate various producing zones.
• Packers can be used as service tools to perform acid/fracture jobs
 In general, packers are constructed of hardened slips, which are
forced to bite into the casing wall to prevent upward or downward
movement while a system of rubberized elements contact the
casing wall to effect a seal.
 Day 1
• Completion Equipment
 Production Packers
Retrievable Production Packers
• Are run on the tubing string and may be set mechanically or
hydraulically.
• Can be retrieved with completion string or with special pulling tool on
drill pipe
Permanent Production Packers
• These may be run in a variety of ways and become an integral part of
the casing once set but can only be retrieved by milling
• A permanent packer may be run as follows:
o on electric wireline
o on pipe and set hydraulically by application of pipe pressure.
o latched onto the completion tubing and hydraulically set by the
application of tubing pressure.
Day 1
 Day 1

• Completion Equipment
 Re-entry Guide
 A re-entry guide generally takes one of two forms:
• Bell guide
• Mule shoe.
 The bell guide has a 45° lead in taper to allow easy re-entry
into the tubing of well intervention tool strings (i.e., wireline or
coiled tubing).
 The mule shoe guide is essentially the same as the bell guide
with the exception of a large 45° shoulder.
 Day 1

 Perforated Joint

 Tubing pup joint

perforated with greater
flow areas than tubing.
 Placed in front of
perforations
 Subjected to high velocity
 Acts as a sacrificial joint
 Designed to provide true
temperature / pressure
flow readings & prevent
vibrations to gauges
installed in high velocities
flowing production tubing.
 Day 1

 Anti- Erosion Device

Anti-Erosion Device

Blast Joint
• Heavy-walled tubular.
• Installed opposite perforations
where abrasive action &
external cutting occurs caused
by formation fluids or sand.

Flow Coupling
• Heavy-walled tubular.
• Installed down stream FCD
which caused turbulence e.g.
Nipple, SSD, SCSSV.
• High velocity & high pressures
wells installed both up-stream &
down-stream.
Day 1

Wire Line

Outlines
I. Introduction to Wireline
II. Typical Slickline Rig up
III. Typical Braided Line Rig up
IV. Managing A Leak or Malfunction on Surface
V. Operational Considerations
 Day 1

• Introduction to Wire Line

 Wire line operation is a method used to lower and raise various
tools and down-hole controls, in and out of a production well .
 In addition, it is also used to set and retrieve down hole
controls.

 The setting and retrieving operations are achieved by means of

string which is attached to the wire.

 Wire line operation can be carried out in dead or live wells.

However, it has its limitation on highly deviated wells.

 Generally there are three types of wire line commonly in use:

Slick line, Braided line, and Electric line.

 The solid single strand slick line is commonly described as:

Piano wire, Solid wire, or Measuring line.
 Day 1

• SLICKLINE
 Single strand wire with wire OD range from 0.105”, 0.108”,
0.125” & 0.190 (0.092”, 0.082”, 0.072” & 0.066”).

• BRAIDEDLINE
 Multi-strands wire cable OD range from 3⁄16”, 7⁄32”, ¼” & 5 ⁄16”.
 Application:
– Retrieval of downhole tools with slick line failure.
– Fishing job

• ELECTRICLINE
 Multi-strands wire cable range from 3⁄16”, 7⁄32”, ¼” & 5 ⁄16”,
7⁄16” & ¾” OD with single (mono) or multiple conductors.
 Application;
– SRO Pressure & Temperature Recorder
– SRO Electronic Logging Instrument for open hole & cased hole.
– Packer setting
– Perforations etc.
 Day 1

• WIRELINE EQUIPMENT
1 Surface Equipment
1.1 WL Unit
1.2 Power Pack
1.3 Hoisting Unit
Optional PCE
2 PCE
2.6 Tool Trap
2.1 Quick Union
2.7 Tool Catcher
2.2 Stuffing Box / GIH
2.8 Injection Sub
2.3 Lubricator
2.8 SCU SAFETY CHECK UNION
2.4 BOP
2.9 Pumping Tee
2.5 Tree Adapter
3 Subsurface Equipment (SSE)
3.6 Shifting Tool
3.1 Toolstring
3.7 Kick Over Tool
3.2 Service Tools
3.8 Overshot
3.3 Tubing Conditioning Tools
3.9 Spear
3.4 Running Tools
3.10 Flow Control
3.5 Pulling Tools Device
Day 1

Wire Line

Outlines
I. Introduction to Wireline
II. Typical Slickline Rig up
III. Typical Braided Line Rig up
IV. Managing A Leak or Malfunction on Surface
V. Operational Considerations
Day 1
Day 1
Day 1
Day 1
 Day 1

• Typical Wireline Rig up

 Stuffing box
 The stuffing box is the primary barrier during a slickline operation.
Main Function is to seal around the wire at upper end of lubricator
during slickline operations , in both static and dynamic conditions.
 All stuffing boxes incorporate a blow-out valve which will close
fluid flow if the wireline breaks and is blown out of the stuffing box.
 With no wire in place ,the flow causes the BOP plunger to
activate& well bore pressure is isolated until the BOP or Swab
valve can be closed to fully secure the well.
 A swivel- mounted sheave wheel & guard to Guide the wire as it
enters or leaves the well Bore ( having 360° free movement ).
 The Sheave guard on the stuffing box is designed to trap wire, if a
break occurs at surface.
 Before an operation we should check the stuffing box and
determine whether the set of packers is in good condition. If there
is any sign of wear it should be replaced with a new set.
 Day 1

• Typical Wireline Rig up

 Stuffing box
 We should make sure that the blowout plug has been inserted the
right way up, i.e. with it conical end pointing upwards.
 Injection Port ( Bleed Port ) can be used for following purposes:
 Injection of glycol or similar antifreeze fluid in low temperature
environments or when working on high –pressure gas wells where
hydrates may be a formed.
 Injection of a chemical inhibitor to protect slickline in corrosive well
conditions ( H2S )
 Bleed of pressure to activate the BOP plunger if packing has to be
changed under pressure
 The use of a remote hydraulically activated packing nut enables
the packing forces to be adjusted from a safe distance. This
feature is particularly useful when:
 Stuffing box cannot be easily reached during operation.
 On high- pressure wells when close proximity to a pressurized stuffing
box is not advisable.
 On wells containing dangerous levels of H2S.
Day 1

PCE - STUFFING BOX

Hydraulic Stuffing Box Manual Stuffing Box

 Day 1

• Typical Wireline Rig up

 Lubricator
 Lubricator sections enable the slick line tool string and
equipment to be inserted and removed from a well under
pressure
 A lubricator consists of cylindrical pipes connected by quick-
release joints as needed to make up the required length.
 The quick-release joints are fitted with O-ring seals. Every time
of R/U, we should check that the O-rings are in good condition.
 At the lower end of the lubricator we find a bleed-off port on
which to mount the lubricator manifold, which normally consists
of a needle valve for pressure venting.
 Lower section must be of sufficient ID to accommodate the
tools or equipment being run.
 Upper sections may be smaller as only the tool string is
housed inside.
 Day 1

PCE - LUBRICATOR

Lower Section Top Section

 Day 1

PCE - QUICK UNION

• ACME Thread Connection, Hand Tight, NO
Pipe wrenches, chain tongs or hammers
• O-Ring seal: To be kept clean at all time.
• Check thread & O-ring before make-up.
• O-Rings need lubricating with oil or grease
prior to assembly.
• Worn connections, where the gap between
the pin and box exceeds tolerances, will
lead to failure.
• Lubricator sections with screwed on quick
unions should not be used.
Day 1
 Day 1

• Typical Wireline Rig up

 Blowout Preventers (BOPs)
 A Slick line BOP (also known as a Wireline valve) is generally
installed between the tree connection and lower lubricator
section.
 The BOP provides facilities for contingency and emergency
procedures and must be included in all rig-ups.
 Primary purposes of BOP are to :
• Enable well pressure to be isolated without cutting the wire by
closing the master valve.
• Allow a wire line cutter to be prepared and dropped if tool string
becomes stuck in the well.
• Enable stripping of wire through closed rams, only when
necessary
 The only exceptions by which a BOP is not rigged up next to
the tree connection are:
• When installing or retrieving BPVs (back pressure valves). Check
that this provides sufficient length to close the rams on the wire,
i.e., above the rope socket.
Day 1

Manual BOP
Day 1
 Day 1

• Typical Wireline Rig up

 Blowout Preventers (BOPs)
 Several types or styles of ram are commonly encountered:
• Slick line rams - use blind rams with rubber inserts on the sealing faces to
seal with or without wire across the rams.
• Braided line - use rams with a semicircular groove in the seals to match
the line diameter.
 Day 1

• Typical Wireline Rig up

 Blowout Preventers (BOPs)
 Slick line BOPs are available in manual or hydraulic operating
modes and are used in the following configurations:
• Single BOP - Installed between the tree connection and lower
lubricator.
• Dual BOP - Double or twin ram BOP are primarily used with
braided line. Generally hydraulically operated, a dual BOP is
generally configured in a single housing or body containing two
sets of rams. To obtain a seal against braided line, a grease
injection point is provided between the ram sets.
 Day 1

• Typical Wireline Rig up

 Explosive Decompression in BOP Rams
 Gases in a producing well are capable of causing an additional
effect on the elastomer. When operating in an environment with
high free gas, the elastomer absorbs gas up to a saturation
value.
 If a decompression process occurs and the gas is liberated too
rapidly, then the elastomer suffers internal blistering, tearing
or cracking due to the abrupt gas expansion. This phenomenon
is commonly known as explosive decompression and occurs
frequently in environments with a high concentration of CO2.
 Elastomer permeability, degree of cross-linking as well as its
mechanical properties define material resistance to explosive
decompression.
 The use of a slow decompression rate and a minimum
elastomer thickness helps in preventing this phenomenon.
 Day 1

• Typical Wireline Rig up

 Blowout Preventers (BOPs)
 The key design and operating features (BOP Operation) of
Slick line BOPs include:
Equalizing Valve
• All BOPs have a means of equalizing the pressure across the
closed rams.
• Any pressure differential acting on the cross-section of the rams
creates a force that makes opening the rams extremely difficult.
• Attempting to open the rams without equalizing may result in
internal damage.
• The equalizing valve should normally be kept closed so that in an
emergency, BOP will hold pressure as soon as the rams are
closed.
 Day 1

• Typical Wireline Rig up

 Blowout Preventers (BOPs)
 The key design and operating features (BOP Operation) of
Slick line BOPs include:
Function and Pressure Testing
• Testing performed from below as blind rams are not designed to
hold pressure from above.
• All BOPs should be tested on a regular basis. Full body tests are
conducted with rams open & applying 150% of working pressure.
• Working pressure tests are performed with rams closed, applying
100% of the working pressure to test the ram seal against the
wire diameter. A test rod of the same size as the wire to be used
should be inserted between the rams.
• The force created by pressure acting on the cross-sectional area
of the test rod will act to push the rod out of the rams. For this
reason, it is not recommended that any locally made devices be
used unless they have been subjected to recognized inspection
and certification.
Day 1
 Day 1

• Typical Wireline Rig up

 Shear/ Seal BOP (Remote control unit)
 The shear/seal BOP is installed between the well’s Xmas tree
and the wireline BOP.
 It comprises the third barrier in the wireline operated pressure
control system.
 The Shear-seal BOP is hydraulically actuated, but it can also
be operated manually.
 The valve stack is equipped with a shear ram which, when
closed, also functions as a seal BOP. The valve is actuated
when there is a need to cut the wire at the surface, and to avoid
having to utilize the Xmas tree, which might lead to damage to
the valves.
Day 1
 Day 1

Slickline PCE
Stuffing Box
Stuffing Box

Lubricator
Lubricator
SLICKLINE FISHING
SLICKLINE OPERATION OPERATION

Blind Ram
Blind Ram Blind Ram

Shear & Seal Ram Shear & Seal Ram

Day 1

Dual Drum
Day 1

Wire Line

Outlines
I. Introduction to Wireline
II. Typical Slickline Rig up
III. Typical Braided Line Rig up
IV. Managing A Leak or Malfunction on Surface
V. Operational Considerations
Day 1
Day 1
 Day 1

• Typical Braided Line Rig up

 Braided lines with no internal conductor are called sand lines
and a rig usually has one on a special winch used for fishing
etc.
 They are much stronger than electric line, usually at least
double the breaking strength.
 Electric line has either single or multiple conductors.

• Left over right

hand lay
• No twisting

• Right hand lay

Dyform
• Better sealing
Day 1

S
Z
Day 1
Day 1
Day 1

Line Wiper Pack-off

 Day 1

• Typical Wireline Rig up

 Grease Injection Control Head
 The grease injection control head has the same functions as a
stuffing box when braided cable is being utilized.
 Grease is pumped through the lower nipple of injection port
and up through the wireline and the seal tubes.
 A minimum of three lengths of seal tubing is essential on an
injection head to reduce the pressure.
 The pressure is controlled from a separate panel and is usually
connected to the unit by means of an air-driven pump. The
grease is withdrawn through a return nipple below the packer
unit.
 Before the start of operations we should check that the sealing
tubing (flow tube) is suitable for the dimensions of the wireline.
Excessively large sealing tubing or a worn wireline will means
excessive grease consumption.
 We should also make sure that sufficient grease is available for
the complete operation before we start working.
 Day 1

PCE - GREASE INJECTION HEAD

Flow Tube Range:
2 Tubes: <2K psi
3 Tubes: <10K psi
GIH
4 Tubes: <15K psi Contaminated
Clearance: 0.004” – 0.006” Grease Tank

SCU

Pack Off Hand Pump

Lubricator

Grease Pump
BOP
Flow Tube
Flow Tube, Flow Tube
Cable & & Cable
Grease GIH GREASE SYSTEM
Day 1
Day 1
 Day 1

• Typical Wireline Rig up

 Safety check union/sub
 The safety check union/sub is intended to retain the pressure if
the wireline breaks or is pulled out of the wireline head.
 It is installed just below the injection head and is a check valve
in the form of a ball which is pressed against a non-extrusion
ring/seating.
 Before installation and use, the valve should be checked, and if
any damage is found the ball and its brass seating should be
replaced.
 The use of SCU is compulsory during W/L operations in sour
gas & oil wells.
 SCU must be installed between upper section of lubricator &
injection Nipple
Day 1
 Day 1

• Typical Wireline Rig up

 In-Situ Pressure Test sub
 Day 1

• Typical Braided Line Rig up

 Braided Line BOPs
 Ram type BOPs are designed to seal with the cable static, and cable
movement should be stopped before closing the rams.
 Braided line dual ram BOPs are configured with the lower set of rams
inverted, and with a grease injection port in between the rams. This allows
the two sets of rams to trap a cavity full of grease between them of higher
pressure, preventing escape up or down.
 By filling the cavity at a pressure higher than wellhead pressure, the
grease fills the spaces and prevents escape.
 This is mandatory in gas wells since gas will migrate up the cable between
the inner and outer armor.
Day 1
 Day 1

• Typical Braided Line Rig up

 Shear Valves (Tree/Stand-Alone)
 During W/L operations it may become necessary to cut the
wire.
 Some Xmas Tree valves are designed to do this without
damaging the valve. In some cases, e.g. when fishing with
heavy duty wire, it may not be advisable to do so.
 In such case, it may be necessary to include a purpose
designed shear valve, mounted just above the tree.
 It is a ram type shear/seal BOP as it has superior cut capacity.
 The valve should cut the wire or the BHA. It has the additional
advantage of sealing at the bottom of the riser.
 Shear valves should be considered when:
• The DHSV is locked permanently open using a sleeve. This
means that it can’t be used as a barrier with W/L out of the well.
• The lubricator is not long enough to contain the whole tool string.
If X/T valves leak, the lubricator could not be isolated.
• An extra barrier is required due to the nature of the operation, or
the equipment configuration.
Day 1
Day 1

BRAIDEDLINE PCE
GIH
PRIMARY BARRIER
SCU

Lubricator

SECONDARY BARRIER
1 1 Braidedline Ram
2 2 Braidedline Inverted Ram
3
4 3 Blind Ram
4 Shear Ram

Shear & Seal Ram

TERTIARY
BARRIER
 Day 1

• Typical Braided Line Rig up

 Pressure Testing
 Each time the tool string is loaded into the lubricator the system
should be pressure tested prior to opening up the well and
running in hole.
 The test value should be decided beforehand, and would
commonly be 110% of SIWHP, rather than design pressure.
 It is unnecessary to test to several thousand psi when the
SIWHP of a depleted reservoir may only be a few hundred psi.
 A typical test will consist of pressuring up the lubricator (and
riser, if used) against the closed tree swab valve, to the
working pressure of the lowest pressure rated item of
equipment in the rig up.
 Day 1

• Typical Braided Line Rig up

 Pressure Testing
 When using braided line:
• Pump at a sufficient rate to vent air via the grease injection head.
As the liquid begins to leak out at the grease injection head slow
the pump rate down and increase the grease injection pressure to
effect a seal.
• Continue to pressure up with the test pump and hold stabilized
pressure for the prescribed time.
• The grease injection system should always be pressure tested to
its maximum, irrespective of the well pressure expected.
 When using slick line:
• While pumping, vent air through lubricator bleed off line
• When water appears at bleed off line reduce pump rate and close
in needle valve
• Continue to pressure up with the test pump and hold stabilized
pressure for the prescribed time.
 Day 1

• Typical Wireline Rig up

 Pressure Test Procedure
 Primary Pressure Test
1. After completing rigging up with the tool string in the
lubricator and the Xmas tree valves closed, connect the test
pump to the lubricator.
2. With the lubricator bleed off valve open and the stuffing box
packing de-energized, pump water (dosed with glycol if
hydrate formation is a risk; 60/40 or 50/50) and fill the
lubricator.
3. Close the bleed off valve and energize the stuffing box.
4. Slowly bring the pump pressure up to the test pressure
according to the well program but never to exceed the
lubricator assembly WP (which is the WP of the lowest rated
component).
5. Hold the pressure for 10min observing that there is no
leakage.
6. Bleed off the pressure, record the test in the daily report and
begin well operations.
Day 1

Max. SITHP + 500 psi safety factor (in stages)

 Day 1

• Typical Wireline Rig up

 Pressure Test Procedure
 Subsequent Pressure Tests
• Subsequent tests may be performed test using the well fluid
pressure before making any further runs.
• The pressure test will be carried out as per the following
procedure:
1. With the lubricator installed and the bleed off valve close,
slowly open the swab valve until pressure is observed on
the gauge on the bleed off port. Stop the opening the valve
and allow the pressure to stabilize.
2. Verify the SITHP pressure on the gauge.
3. Check for any leaks on the adapter flanges, quick unions or
stuffing box.
4. If there is no leakage, fully open the swab valve.
5. Continue with operations.
Day 1

Wire Line

Outlines
I. Introduction to Wireline
II. Typical Slickline Rig up
III. Typical Braided Line Rig up
IV. Managing A Leak or Malfunction on Surface
V. Operational Considerations
 Day 1

• Managing A Leak or Malfunction on Surface

 Stuffing Box Leak (Slickline)
 This leak is easily avoided by:
• Correct packing nut setting (not over tightened)
• Regular inspection of packing and changing as required.
 Leaks are most often cured, by simply increasing the
compression accordingly.
 If tightening the packing nut does not cure the leak at that point,
particularly in oil wells at moderate pressures, small leaks may
be acceptable in order to pull out of hole and make repairs.
Alternatively, it may be acceptable to close one set of BOPs
and strip through them.
 Day 1

• Managing A Leak or Malfunction on Surface

 Stuffing Box Leak (Slickline)
 Otherwise, the stuffing box will have to be repaired by replacing the
packing. Normally this repair is made by cutting the wire. To do this:
1. Stop cable movement
2. Close both sets of wire line BOPs and bleed down lubricator
pressure
3. Inflow test BOPs to ensure they are sealing. This is done by
observing that the lubricator pressure stays at zero after closing
the bleed valves after bleeding down
4. Open the bleed screw in the stuffing box to ensure that no
pressure remains
5. Unscrew the gland nut completely to expose the packing
elements
6. Clamp and cut the wire
7. Withdraw the packing elements and remove them from the wire
8. Ream the new packing element with a piece of wire and place
them on the wire and Rejoin the wire.
 Day 1

• Managing A Leak or Malfunction on Surface

 Stuffing Box Leak (Slickline)
 A temporary repair (if it is not possible to cut wire) may be
made by splitting the packing with a knife diagonally to allow
them to be placed on the line without cutting it.
 This should be considered a last resort emergency measure
only, and this temporary packing should be changed as soon
as the tool is retrieved.
 Day 1

• Managing A Leak or Malfunction on Surface

 Grease Seal Leak (Braided Cable Operations)
 A leak past the grease injection head may be due to:
• Pulling out (or running in) too fast, particularly on the first run (dry
cable)
• Setting the grease injection pressure too low
• An increase in wellhead pressure, e.g. after perforating
• Not enough grease in the supply tank
• Restrictions in the grease supply system
• Low grease pump air supply pressure
 However a leak could also be as a result of one or a
combination of the following factors:
• Grease type incompatible with conditions, e.g. ambient
temperature or freezing due to gas escape
• Contaminated grease becoming thinner
• Incorrect flow tube insert ID or worn flow tubes
• Insufficient flow tube length.
 Day 1

• Managing A Leak or Malfunction on Surface

 Grease Seal Leak (Braided Cable Operations)
 It may be possible to re-establish the grease seal in the
following ways;
• Increase grease injection pressure
• RIH slowly to:
1) Help the grease flow into the well rather than out
2) Pass a well-greased section of wire through the flow tubes.
 The stuffing box may be used to slow the leak and help the
grease seal re-establish itself as following;
• Stop all cable movement then Close stuffing box
• Close the valve at the end of the grease return
• Once the leak has been contained, re-open the grease return line
and allow grease to circulate before continuing the operation.
 Day 1

• Managing A Leak or Malfunction on Surface

 Grease Seal Leak (Braided Cable Operations)
 In Gas Wells; during braided line operations in gas wells, if the
seal is lost it will prove harder to re-establish because:
• The increased volume of gas compared to oil will tend to strip the
grease out of the flow tube
• Lube oil based grease becomes contaminated and thins (loses
viscosity)
• The cooling effect of gas escape thickens the grease.
 The escaping gas must be immediately controlled to prevent
freeze and hydrate formation.
• Stop cable movement,
• Close BOP, inject grease between rams & bleed lubricator pressure
• Once the escape is stabilized, a number of corrective steps can be
taken in an attempt to re-establish the grease seal. These are:
1) Wait for the freeze up to thaw, or assist with a steam hose.
2) Pump heavy oil first to re-establish grease circulation.
3) Circulate grease for some time to remove all thin grease or oil remains.
4) Change grease type if possible.
 Day 1

• Managing A Leak or Malfunction on Surface

 Grease Seal Leak (Braided Cable Operations)
 If none of the above actions helps to abate the leak, the cable
may have to be cut to allow the seal assembly to be inspected
and repaired/reconfigured.
 There are a number of possibilities which become possible
once the cable has been cut:
• Worn flow tubes replaced, or smaller ID inserts used
• More flow tubes added
• Additional grease injection points added.
 Day 1

• Managing A Leak or Malfunction on Surface

 Grease Seal Leak (Braided Cable Operations)
 The procedure for cutting the cable is as given below.
• Stop cable movement
• Close both sets of wire line BOPs and bleed down lubricator
pressure
• Inflow test BOPs to ensure they are sealing
• Disconnect lubricator and secure wire above BOPs with fishing
clamp
• Pull a few wraps a wire off cable drum and cut wire close to winch
unit, pull wire out of stuffing box and grease seal assembly
• Make the necessary inspection and or/adjustments to the sealing
assembly
• Rethread wire through stuffing box and knot free end at winch
unit, spool loose wire back onto drum
• Remove fishing clamp and reconnect lubricator
• Equalize pressure and open BOPs
• Pull out of hole and replace knotted section of wire if sufficient is
remaining on drum.
 Day 1

• Managing A Leak or Malfunction on Surface

 Leak In Lubricator
 Although the lubricator will have been pressure tested prior to
commencing operations, the action of jarring etc. can induce
bending in the lubricator and hence cause leaks at the
connections probably as a result of ‘O’ ring failure.
 It is good practice to visually inspect and replace the ‘O’ ring at
the connection used every time the lubricator is broken open.
 It may be sufficient to remove the damaged ‘O’ ring, split a new
one diagonally with a knife, place over the cable, join it with a
adhesive from seal manufacturers then place in the groove.
 Loss Of Power
 Clamp wire at the vertical section close to the lower
sheave/pulley and apply manual brake to cable drum
 Close BOPs (optional)
 Repair or replace power pack
 Open BOPs, unclamp wire and recommence operations.
 Day 1

• Managing A Leak or Malfunction on Surface

 Broken Strand
 Breaking a single strand of a braided cable should be
discovered by:
• Fluctuations in the line weight, caused by the lower end of the
broken strand.
 A broken strand is more likely to occur after closing the BOP on
the cable.
 It can also be caused by crimping the wire, e.g. when using
clamps, by excessive bending, etc.
 In all broken strand/birds nest situations, there is a danger that
strands of wire can cause BOP not to seal or be damaged
when actuated.
 Day 1

• Managing A Leak or Malfunction on Surface

 Broken Wire
 Broken slickline will fall and usually coil in a neat helix and can be
normally easier to fish than braided line.
 However all fishing operations carry a high element of risk that the
fish can’t be recovered. This might lead to killing the well by bull
heading, leading to loss of production.
 Broken braided line can form a bundle, which can sometimes be
fished with difficulty, but usually which will plug the tubing.
 This may require the well to be killed (which itself could be difficult
with plugged tubing) and the completion retrieved. For this reason
braided line should always run with a weak point at the tool.
 Slickline tends to part more easily than braided line for a number
of reasons, including:
• Fatigue at pulleys caused by excessive jarring at the same point
• Embrittlement of the wire due to the presence of H2S
• Accidental (or otherwise) closing of valve on wire
• Pulling in excess of the wire’s yield strength.
Day 1

Wire Line

Outlines
I. Introduction to Wireline
II. Typical Slickline Rig up
III. Typical Braided Line Rig up
IV. Operation Planning
V. Managing A Leak or Malfunction on Surface
VI. Operational Considerations
 Day 1

• Operational Considerations
 Lubricator
 When conducting wire line operations on gas wells or high
GOR oil wells it is important that the fluid used to pressure test
the lubricator is inhibited, to prevent the formation of hydrate
plugs around the wellhead. Typically, a mixture of glycol and
water is used.
 Prior to opening X/T valves it is important that lubricator is
approximately equal to or slightly above, the SIWHP. This is to:
• Reduce the chance of damaging the valve seals when opening.
• Reduce the chance of differential surges damaging the tool or
wire.
 When RIH the tree valve opening sequence should be
1. Hydraulic master valve (HMV)
2. Swab valve
 So that the HMV does not have a differential pressure across it when
opening, when pulling out the shut-in sequence should be:
1. Swab valve (Check the correct number of turns )
2. HMV
 Day 1

• Operational Considerations
 The Stuffing Box
 During slick line operations, the stuffing box needs to provide a
leak tight seal around the wire while still allowing the wire to
move.
 However the stuffing box should not be over tightened, since:
• This causes excessive packing wear
• More weight needs to be used to overcome the extra friction
• The extra weight brings line tensions closer to limits
• The tool string is lengthened, requiring a longer lubricator.
 On high wellhead pressure wells, note that extra stem is
required not only to overcome the extra upwards force on the
cable, but to overcome the extra stuffing box friction.
 Day 1

• Operational Considerations
 DHSV And Tree Valve Control
 During wire line operations, the normal tree valve control
system is overridden and operation of the valves is achieved
through a separate bypass control unit.
 This ensures that valves are not accidentally closed by the
process control ESDs, etc. while wire line is in the hole.
 This unit should not be placed in the well bay area, unless it is
permanently manned by someone in adequate communication
with the wire line operator/supervisor.
 When conducting W/L operations below the DHSV, the control
line can be closed in at the X/T, to lock in pressure, ensuring
that the valve can’t be accidentally closed on the cable.
 Removing a DHSV can permit the well fluids access to the CL.
In the case of unexpected pressure in the well, a build-up can
escape via this line. This can cause:
• External leaks
• Pressurization of components & hydraulic oil reservoirs beyond
their rating.
 Day 1

• Operational Considerations
 DHSV Protection
 If the well contains a wire line retrievable DHSV, the valve may
have to be pulled in order to provide access for the tool string.
 Protection sleeves are available for setting in the DHSV landing
nipple that prevent damage of the seal bore by wire line cutting.
 When wire line is in the well in the hole below the DHSV, it is
not normally considered to be a barrier, whether or not it is
capable of cutting the wire.
 Day 1

• Operational Considerations
 Tool String Weight
 The weight of the tool string should be increased to:
• Overcome sealing assembly friction and well pressure on the
cross-sectional area of the wire line
• Ensure sufficient weight to provide required jarring force.
• Ensure sufficient weight to keep tool string stationary if flowing the
well for logging purposes.
 Adjusting the tool string weight is simply achieved by adding or
removing lengths of stem. However there are limits to the
amount of weight that can be added because of:
• Tool length limit
• Lubricator length limit.
• Down hole pick-up weight constraints (cable strength limit).
 Day 1

• Operational Considerations
 Flowing Wells
 Flowing the well with tools in the hole is carried out when
• Production logging (braided line)
• Pressure / temperature gradient / MPLT surveys (slick line).
 To prevent the tools from being carried up the hole by the force of
the wellbore fluid, with the potential for the tools stuck;
• Ensure sufficient tool string weight
• Open well slowly, after positioning tool string below the fluid level
 When conducting slick line logging it is sometimes difficult to
detect a loss in weight. With braided line the tool position can be
monitored by means of the CCL.
 When pulling plugs, etc. it is important to ensure that the device
is equalized, i.e. has the same pressure above and below.
 If the pressure above is too high, it may be impossible to pull the
prong/device, perhaps eventually leading to a broken wire.
 If the pressure below is too high, the surge may cause the
prong/device to be blown up the well, also leading to tangling and
possibly broken wire.
Day 1
Day 1

Coiled Tubing

Outlines
I. Coiled Tubing Description
II. Description of Fatigue
III. Pressure Control Equipment
IV. BOP Test Procedures
V. General Rig Up Procedures
VI. Contingencies
Day 1

CT EQUIPMENT
Day 1
 Day 1
 Tubing Injector Head
 The injector head is mounted above
the BOPs and stripper and drives the
tubing to be run into and out of the well
under pressure.
 Profile Gripper Blocks: hydraulic
adjustable friction grips CT without
slippage & crimp CT.
 Hydraulic Drive Chains: 2 hydraulic
unison motors drive chains & disk
brakes to hold CT weight in stationary
position.
 Face-to-face Gripper Block backed by
hydraulic force Skate Profile grip CT in
motion or stationary position.
 Accumulator compensate CT OD
abnormalities.
Day 1
Day 1
 Day 1
 Tubing Guide Arch (Gooseneck)

• Receives the coiled tubing from reel guiding it into

the injector.
• Rollers or Teflon pads support the coiled tubing
over the arch.
• The guide has the ability to swivel to
accommodate fleet angle changes. The radius of
curvature should be at least 30 times that of the
coiled tubing OD.
Day 1

Coiled Tubing

Outlines
I. Coiled Tubing Description
II. Description of Fatigue
III. Pressure Control Equipment
IV. BOP Test Procedures
V. General Rig Up Procedures
VI. Contingencies
Day 1
Day 1
Day 1
 Day 1

• Coiled Tubing Description

 The working life of the Coiled Tubing may be defined as the
duration of service a continuous-tubing string can deliver when
subjected to the following:
• Bend Cycle Fatigue
• Internal Pressure Loading
• Applied Axial Loading
• Corrosion
• Mechanical Damage Coil LIMIT curve of pressure and load
Day 1
Day 1
 Day 1

• Beyond this minimum bending radius the steel will be stressed beyond
its elastic strain limit.
• When coiled tubing is initially spooled plastic deformation will take place.
 Day 1

• Description of Fatigue
 The Coiled Tubing is subjected to repeated bending and
straightening events, commonly referred to as bend-cycling.
 Bend cycling Coiled Tubing with internal pressure loading
dramatically reduces the fatigue life of the pipe.
 A given bend-cycle load applied later in the tube working life
causes greater fatigue damage than the equivalent bend-cycle
load applied earlier in the tube working life.
 For predicting the fatigue condition of the coiled tubing, use;
• Running Feet Method
• Trip or empirical method
• Theoretical method
 The working life of the Coiled Tubing can be extended by
• increasing the bend radii of the tubing guide arch and reel core.
• selecting a tube with a thicker wall.
• increasing the material yield strength of the tube.
• Decrease OD size of the Coiled Tubing.
• Apply lower pumping pressures
Day 1

Coiled Tubing

Outlines
I. Coiled Tubing Description
II. Description of Fatigue
III. Pressure Control Equipment
IV. BOP Test Procedures
V. General Rig Up Procedures
VI. Contingencies
Day 1

Stripper CT EQUIPMENT
 Pressure containment device – Primary Barrier in well
control system.
 Installed above BOP & below IH.
 Dual assembly used for extreme well conditions.
 Hydraulic activation from Control Cabin.
 Can be redressed during operation with pressure
isolated
1. Conventional Stripper
2. Tandem Stripper
3. Side Door Stripper
4. Radial Stripper
 Day 1

• Pressure Control Equipment

 Stripper Packer
Conventional Stripper
• Hydraulic pressure applied through Pack Port moves Lower
Bushing up & energize stripping element. De-energize is achieve
through Retract Port.
• Energizing stripper is called “packing.” When packed, wellbore
pressure will further energize stripper
• Access to insert replacement is from the top, within the injector
head frame requiring a greater distance between its top and the
gripping chains than other type of strippers. This is an important
consideration for buckling at higher pressures.
• 45 min – 1 hr redressing period.
Day 1

Conventional Stripper
 Day 1

• Pressure Control Equipment

 Stripper Packer
Side Door Stripper
• The side door stripper was developed to permit easier access to
the stripper packer arrangement.
• The seal elements may be removed through the open window
below the injector simplifying removal while tubing is in place.
• Since access to the stripper from above is not required, the
assembly can be mounted closer to the injector head chains,
minimizing the chances of buckling between the chains and
stripper.
• Hydraulic pressure applied to packing Port moves Upper Bushing
down & energize stripping element.
• Well pressure provide gives no impact in energizing element.
• 5 – 10 min redressing period.
Day 1
 Day 1

• Pressure Control Equipment

 Stripper Packer
Radial Stripper
• The radial stripper is similar in design to a pipe ram with hydraulic
fluid forcing opposing rams around the coiled tubing to effect the
seal.
• The hydraulic actuator pistons also incorporate a visual indicator
to indicate the piston’s position and to indicate the degree of wear
of the seal elastomers.
• Since the actuators are horizontal, a reduction in overall height
over conventional strippers may be realized. Change out of the
seal elements is performed from the open space below the
injector.
• Generally used for high pressure well & back-up system.
• 45 min period redress
Day 1
 Day 1

• Pressure Control Equipment

 Stripper Packer
Tandem Stripper
• In higher pressure applications a tandem arrangement stripper
arrangement may be used. It is similar in principle with Side
Stripper
• One way to use this arrangement is to use both simultaneously to
distribute the pressure differential between the strippers which
may increase the service life of the elements.
• The upper stripper/packer, whether of side door or conventional
design is typically a standard unit mounted as usual.
• The lower stripper/packer is mounted directly underneath. The
upper stripper packer of the tandem arrangement is typically used
as the primary packer.
• The lower packer is not energized and kept in reserve. Should the
upper packer become worn, the lower can be energized to effect
the seal. The operation may continue, or the upper packer
replaced.
 Day 1

• Pressure Control Equipment

 BOP System
 BOP’s are “secondary” barriers in coiled tubing operations. The
stripper is used during normal operations and when tubing is in
motion. Rams are not designed to close when tubing is moving.

ANNULAR
BOP SHEAR/SEAL BOP
 Day 1

• Pressure Control Equipment

Quad BOP
• A quad BOP has four pairs of ram actuators with the following
functions, in order, from the top down
Day 1
Day 1
 Day 1

• Pressure Control Equipment

Quad BOP
• The blind rams and shear rams are separated from the slip rams
and pipe rams by a flanged outlet in the BOP body which is used
as a kill line during well control. The kill port allows pumping down
annulus or down tubing after shearing.
• Kill line can be used to reverse circulate fluids however it is not
recommended as the pipe rams and slip rams would be exposed
to debris which could impair their operation.
• The pressure above and below the blind ram and pipe ram must
be equalized before they are opened. The equalizing valve must
be left in closed position during normal operations.
• Most rams are designed to have wellbore pressure assist. They
should not be opened until differential pressure is equalized.
• The hand wheel can be used to close only & also for ram lock.
• The weep hole and vent are used for detection and prevention of
communication between the wellbore and hydraulic system.
• The ram position indicator provides a visual indication of ram
travel and position.
• Slip rams are “bi-directional,” and hold the coiled tubing in place
against upward and downward forces.
Day 1
 Day 1

• Pressure Control Equipment

COMBI BOPS
• The combi BOP has the same features as the quad BOP but
combines the functions of two rams in one actuator:
o Quad BOP blind and shear rams become combination
shear/seal rams
o Quad BOP slip and pipe rams become combination pipe/slip
rams.
• “Combi” BOP’s have 2 main advantages over single function
BOPs:
o Less height, weight and number of hydraulic hoses.
o fewer steps for emergency shut-in procedures.
Day 1
 Day 1

• Pressure Control Equipment

Separate Shear/Seal BOP (remote control unit)
• Shear/seal rams are “tertiary” barriers provide emergency
shearing capability. It is essential for emergency shutdown
situations.
• The shear blades are designed for minimum deformation to the
tubing so kill fluid can be pumped through the suspended coiled
tubing after the cut.
• This item sometimes referred to as the safety head is rigged up
directly on to the Xmas Tree.
• Always function test the ram before executing the CT operation &
the blade/cutter is only good for one-time use.
 Day 1

CT ANNULAR PREVENTER
Piston indicator hole

Wear Plate
Element Segment

Packing Element
Latching head
Opening chamber

piston

Closing Chamber

Piston Seals
Wear sleeve
• Seal
Day 1
with tubing or without tubing.
• When there is a need to seal around tools which have
a different outside diameter than the CT
• Essential precautions should be taken when
stripping through an annular BOP
Head
1. Closely monitor annular operating pressure and
weight indicator reading
2. Consult fishing (dimensional) diagram of BHA
Element

Piston

Body
 Day 1

• Pressure Control Equipment

 Check Valves
 Its function is to guard against a blow out if the tubing leaks or
parts at surface by preventing flow back up the string.
 There are four types of check valve commonly available.
• Ball
• Dome
• Dart
• Flapper (lower pump pressures)
 The flapper valve is designed for use in conjunction with ball
operated tools because the dart valve will not allow the
passage of a ball.
 Flapper type check valves are preferred over ball & seat type
as balls, plugs & darts can be pumped through
Day 1
Day 1

Coiled Tubing

Outlines
I. Coiled Tubing Description
II. Description of Fatigue
III. Pressure Control Equipment
IV. BOP Test Procedures
V. General Rig Up Procedures
VI. Contingencies
 Day 1

• BOP Test Procedures

 Before starting a job, the BOP stack must be tested to insure
that it will hold up to the maximum anticipated pressures from
the job.
 Most BOPs are checked out and tested at the maintenance
facility of the contractor prior to shipment to the job site.
 The onsite test includes function, low and high pressure tests.
The results of each individual test must be recorded. The low
pressure test must be performed first and should be conducted
at pressures between 200 to 300 psi .The high pressure test
should be the lesser of the maximum expected surface
pressure, minimum burst pressure of the well’s tubing, or the
rating of the stack.
 All pressure tests should be recorded and held for a sufficient
period of time to demonstrate that the component is effectively
holding pressure.
 Test all components that will be exposed to pressure.
 Day 1

Fill up the riser and BOP via the test line to the tree valve. Close the blind
rams. Increase pressure in 500 psi increments to maximum and hold for
the prescribed time. Record on a chart.
 Day 1

• Fill the coiled tubing reel with test water from the cement unit. Displace at least
twice the tubing volume. During this circulation a pig and stainless steel ball can
be used
• Attach the coiled tubing tools & close the test cap and pressure up in 500 psi
increments.
• Hold stabilized pressure for the prescribed time. Record on a chart.
• The end of the string should be as close to deck as possible.
 Day 1

• Close the blind ram and test from below via

the wing valve on the tree
• Increase the test pressure in 500 psi
increments to maximum and hold stabilized
pressure for the prescribed time. Record on a
chart.
 Day 1

Position the straight bar across the BOP. Fill

up via the reel until water overflows from the
stripper.
Stop the pump, close the swab valve and
energize the stripper packer. Increase
pressure in 500 psi increments up to 5000 psi
and hold for 15 minutes.
 Day 1

• With pressure still maintained from the

stripper test close the pipe rams, bleed the
pressure from above.
• Observe the pressure which is now being
applied to the underside of the pipe rams
for the prescribed time.
 Day 1

• Attach the valves to the coiled tubing in the reverse

direction
• Position as close to deck as possible. Pressure up
in 500 psi increments. Hold for the prescribed time.
• Alternatively, after the pipe ram test, bleed off the
coiled tubing pressure to 1,000 psi and monitor the
check valves are holding the pressure still inside
the BOP body.
Day 1

Coiled Tubing

Outlines
I. Coiled Tubing Description
II. Description of Fatigue
III. Pressure Control Equipment
IV. BOP Test Procedures
V. General Rig Up Procedures
VI. Contingencies
 Day 1
• Rings should be used one time
only, then discarded. Install rings
in clean, dry grooves only.
• The rig up to the Xmas tree should
be a flange to flange, or flange to
Bowen type connection. Do not
use threaded connections
between the BOPs and tree.
Day 1 Low Pressure High Pressure
Day 1

Coiled Tubing

Outlines
I. Coiled Tubing Description
II. Description of Fatigue
III. Critical Control and Monitoring Equipment
IV. Pressure Control Equipment
V. BOP Test Procedures
VI. General Rig Up Procedures
VII. Contingencies
 Day 1

• Contingencies
 Holes In Tubing
 Possible solutions depend on the severity of the hole, and what
types of fluids are being pumped.
 Depending on the length, pressure, integrity of the tubing (i.e. if
a pinhole exists), and whether any hazardous fluids are in use,
the hole in the tubing should be run back into the well between
the stripper and pipe ram and the well killed.
 If a circulating spool is provided below the stack, close the slip
and pipe ram and then kill the well. Once killed, the pipe can be
safely pulled from the well.
 If the fluid is not hazardous, if the hole is small, and if the hole
in the tubing can be safely spooled onto the reel, this will
effectively stop the leak. The tubing may then be pulled from
the well if the supervisor deems that is it safe to continue.
 Day 1

• Contingencies
 Tubing Parts
 Should the coil parts downhole, the operator should be aware
of a sudden change in pressure and/or a sudden loss of
weight.
 By continuing to pump fluid down the pipe to prevent wellbore
fluids from coming up the pipe, by estimating the length of pipe
lost and by careful and regular checking when near the
surface, the pipe can be safely pulled out of the hole.
 When near surface, SV can be gently closed (counting turns)
every few ft. to check whether the pipe is still across the valve.
 If the pipe parts on surface, there are check valves that stop
wellbore fluids from escaping. If also failed, close the slip and
pipe rams, shear the pipe with the cutter rams, pull pipe from
stack, and close the blind rams. The well must be killed
 If the tubing parts downhole, pull tubing in well above the blind
ram, and close the blind ram. The well should be killed using
the proper method (i.e. Bullhead or Volumetric).
 After the well has been killed, the tubing can be fished.
 Day 1

• Contingencies
 Leaks
 If a leak develops in a BOP, tool lubricator, crossover, spool, or
any component above the tree, then attempts should be made
to stop the leak. If the leak cannot be stopped, then the well
should be killed.
 If the leak starts accelerating, or becomes too critical while
attempting the kill, the decision may be made to cut CT& then
the swab or master valves closed (count turns).
 If leaks develop in stripper or stuffing box, close pipe rams and
replace packing element.
 If the leak develops in a lubricator or connection, close the pipe
ram and try to stop the leak. If this does not stop the leak, the
well should be killed and the leak repaired, or the tubing
stripped out of the well, the crown or master valves closed and
the leak repaired.
 Day 1

• Contingencies
 Stuck Coiled Tubing
 The pipe is said to be stuck when the pull required is greater than 80%
of pipe yield strength.
 Some of the more common ways of sticking are:
• Settled solids around the pipe during washing operations.
• Obstruction in the well.
• Increased friction drag. (Pumping friction reducers around CT outside).
• Differential stuck or Mechanical stuck when it hangs on anything downhole.
 If the pipe is stuck and you can circulate, try pumping friction-reducing
fluids, one of the pump cylinders should be crippled. If this doesn’t work,
spot a heavier fluid around the stuck point back to surface to increase
the pipe’s buoyancy. If the pipe remains stuck, work the pipe pulling
minimum tensile.
 If the pipe is stuck and you cannot circulate, apply maximum pressure to
tubing to try to hydraulically jack the tubing free or drop the ball and
release the BHA.
 If the pipe cannot be freed by any of the above techniques, the free point
must be determined and use a chemical cutter run of wireline.
 If the well is under pressure, the well should be killed prior to cutting the
tubing.
 Day 1

• Contingencies
 Runaway Tubing
 This is the condition where the pipe is moving faster than the operator can
control. It can occur when running in or pulling out.
 It is usually caused by the drive blocks loosing their grip on the pipe. In
high pressure wells the pipe may be ejected whilst in low pressure wells
the pipe may run in.
 The operator should be able to stop the pipe from continuing to be ejected
by increasing the stripper operating pressure to maximum and closing the
slip rams.
 The operator should be able to stop the pipe from continuing to be
injected by stopping injection and increasing the inside tension. Increasing
the stripper operating pressure to maximum also creates more friction.
 Depending on company policy, applying reel brakes
 However, it should be realized that these options may cause sudden
failure of the tubing.
 Day 1

• Contingencies
 Power Pack Failure
 The failure of a power pack during operations should not cause
a well control problem.
 All functions on the unit are fail safe or there are manual locks
and brakes that can be applied.
 The BOP do not require the power pack running to operate them
because they use, as with any BOP system, stored pressure in
an accumulator.
 In the event of a power pack failure:
• Engage injector brake
• Close pipe rams and manually lock
• Close manual stems on pipe and slip rams as back-up
• Apply the reel brake if it is not fail-safe applied
• While maintaining circulation (if possible), repair or replace power
pack
• Equalize pressure across pipe rams and open pipe and slip rams
• Release injector brake
• Re-commence coiled tubing operations.
 Day 1

• Contingencies
 Coiled Tubing Pinhole
 If the pinhole is above the stripper, the leak will be very visible.
There are check valves at the bottom of the pipe that should
stop wellbore fluids from exiting the well via the pinhole.
 If the check valves are not holding the individual circumstances
of the problem will determine the steps to be taken. This might
well involve closing the BOPs, cutting the pipe, killing the well
and fishing the pipe.
 Check Valve Failure
 If the check valves are no longer holding, by continuing to
pump fluid down the pipe it is often possible to POOH to
replace the check valves.
 This can depend on the work being performed and the
pressures involved. It may prove necessary to kill the well
before pulling out.