1

PART II. FOREST PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT

1.A method of hewing branches of big trees with wide-spreading branches before felling operation to
avoid or minimize damages to residuals
A. Lopping Off
B. Bucking
C. Skylining
D. Pruning

2. Animal Unit Month (AUM) means the quantity of forage requirement of one (1) mature cow for a
period of:
A. One month
B. One year
C. One day
D. One week

3.Soil structure, soil fertility, soil pH, and soil water and drainage are examples of what site factor?
A. Edaphic
B. Environmental
C. Biotic
D. Climatic

4.The classification of the lands of the public domain into alienable and disposal or forest lands is a
responsibility of the Bureau of:
A. Lands
B. Fisheries
C. Soils
D. Forest Development

5.A balance between food, cover and animal population is a primary objective of:
A. Wildlife management
B. Timber management
C. Watershed management
D. Recreation management

6. A cutting made to remove trees killed or badly injured to utilize sound materials before they become
worthless
A. Salvage cutting
B. Coppicing
C. Selection cutting
D. Clearcutting

7. Hunting and fishing activities have a direct impact on:

A. Wildlife populations
B. Timber production
C. Water regimen
D. Natural regeneration

8. Prices of timber were surveyed in a certain locality. The average free on board (FOB) market price
of a certain group of timber was P1,275.00 per cu m. What was the corresponding forest charge?
A. P382.50/Cu m
B. P191.25/Cu m
C. P255.00/Cu m
D. P318.75/Cu m
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9. Refers to small, fenced grazing lands that may have been improved by reseeding, fertilizing or
irrigation
A. Pasture
B. Rangeland
C. Backyard garden
D. Sloping agricultural land

10. A watershed is said to be critical when it is:

A. In need of immediate reforestation
B. Supporting a logging business
C. Supporting a multipurpose dam and in need of reforestation
D. Erosion is prevalent

11.The process of allocating land to specific use or combination of uses is called:

A. Land-Use planning
B. Land evaluation
C. Land use valuation
D. Land capability

12.To bring about forest cover through artificial means to denuded areas with or without previous
forest vegetation is referred to as:
A. Reforestation
B. Afforestation
C. Deforestation
D. Forestation

13. Timber in the natural forest are largely harvested and disposed of through:
A. Stumpage sales
B. Government licensing systems
C. Public bidding
D. Negotiated contracts

14. The money collected by the Bureau of Internal Revenue from loggers for timber cut from forest
lands is called:
A. Forest charges
B. Reforestation fund
C. Stumpage price
D. Forest rent

15. The arrangement of natural streams on a watershed is referred to as:

A. Drainage basin
B. Drainage network
C. Watershed discharge
D. Aspect

16. Benefit-cost analysis involves consideration of:

A. Benefit and cost of a project
B. Alternative investment
C. Return on investment
D. Net present value

17. Ancestral lands refer to lands claimed by:

A. Upland farmers
B. Kaingineros
C. Shifting cultivation
 3
D. Cultural communities

18. Aerial photos are very useful in:

A. Timber inventories
B. Wildlife surveys
C. Land capability surveys
D. Streamflow gauging

19. A measure of the degree of responsiveness of quantity demanded to price changes

A. Deflation
B. Elasticity
C. Inflation
D. Fluctuation

20.Drainage density of a watershed refers to:

A. Stream quantity
B. Water volume
C. Sediment load
D. Silt load

21. The larger and heavier sediments like sands and gravels that are sliding, rolling or bouncing along
the bottom or bed of a stream is technically called:
A. Bedrock
B. Bedload
C. Solid suspension
D. Silt

22. Vertical exposure assembled by cutting, matching, and pasting together into a large photograph
that appears as a single print is called:
A. Photomosaic
B. Photographic map
C. Aerial map
D. Aerial photo

23. A type of aerial photograph most adapted to forest inventories:

A. Oblique photographs
B. Vertical photographs
C. Horizontal photographs
D. Low oblique photographs

24. A photo scale is also referred to as:

A. Representative fraction
B. Natural scale
C. Parallax formula
D. Differential parallax

25. A community of trees possessing sufficient uniformity as regards composition, age and spatial
arrangement:
A. Forest stand
B. Forest community
C. Ecosystem
D. Setup

26. Refers to the accumulated growth of trees in a stand:

A. Yield
B. Mortality
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C. Accretion
D. Production

27. A tabular presentation that gives the volume of a standing tree given DBH, log length and species
group is a:
A. Volume table
B. Yield table
C. Stand and stock table
D. Site index

28. In timber inventory "log" refers to:

A. A standing tree
B. A felled tree
C. The length of a standing tree
D. 5-meter section of log

29. The dot-dash tally sheet is used in:

A. Scaling felled logs
B. Recording damaged residuals
C. Tallying standing timber
D. Computing volume of trees

30. The removal of undesirable species is a stand for the purpose of improving the quality of the
desired trees is referred to as:
A. Pruning
B. Release cutting
C. Timber stand improvement
D. Selection cutting

31.This is an intermediate cut, the purpose of which is to provide more growing space to the preferred
trees in the stand:
A. Thinning
B. Pruning
C. Sanitation cutting
D. Release cutting

32. Slope is a basic consideration in land classification. As a rule, the maximum gradient allowable for
alienable and disposable lands is:
A. 17 Percent
B. 19 Percent
C. 10 Percent
D. 15 Percent

33. Land-use planning involves:

A. Land-use allocation
B. Land suitability classification
C. Land capability evaluation
D. All of the above

34.Government regulations provide that the maximum gradient of lands allowed for grazing is:
A. 18 percent
B. 20 percent
C. 49 percent
D. 40 percent
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35.The diameter of a tree with a circumference of 226.2 cm
A. 72
B. 47
C. 88
D. 69

36. The objective/s of establishing buffer zones between production forests and areas used for
agricultural and other purposes is/are: (1) to serve as protective belt on the exposed natural forest
from encroachment and destruction; and (2) to provide livelihood opportunities to rural communities
A. Only objective 2 is correct
B. Both objectives are incorrect
C. Only objective 1 is correct
D. Both objectives mentioned are correct

37. A poisonous weed common in pasture lands is hagonoy or "bungargar". It's scientific name is:
A. Paspalum sp.
B. Amorpopalus campanulatus
C. Chromolaena odorata
D. Agathis alba

38. Stewardship certificates are long-term forest occupancy permits issued by the [BFD], under its:
A. Integrated Social Forestry Program
B. Forestation program
C. Range Management Program
D. PROFEM

39. The volume of timber a licensee is allowed to cut inside his timber concession per year is called:
A. Annual allowable cut
B. Annual log export quota
C. Annual field
D. Annual increment

40. One of the following is not a measure of determining the financial or economic value of forest land
and/or forest resources
A. Benefit-cost ratio
B. Consumer index
C. Internal rate of return
D. Net present value

41. Approaches to allowable cut determination are classified generally into area control and …
A. Marking goal
B. Site index
C. Volume control
D. Number of trees

42. The amount by which one photograph includes the same area covered by another, customarily
expressed as a percentage -
A. Parallax
B. Overlay
C. Photographic Lapse
D. Overlap

43. A method used for wildlife inventory that makes use of a devise in order to live capture and take a
certain animal species
A. Quadrat method
B. Rapid visual survey
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C. Trapping
D. Shooting

44. A grazing method where livestock are stalled separately from the grazing area and herbage is cut
and carried to the animals for feeding
A. Continuous grazing
B. Zero grazing
C. Rotational grazing
D. none of the above

45. An instrument used for determining elevation

A. Altimeter
B. Caliper
C. Abney Hand Level
D. Clinometer

46. If the distance between two objects on a photograph is 1 centimeter and on a map with a scale of
1:20,000 the same objects are one-half centimeter apart, the scale of the photograph is:
A. 1/10,000
B. 1/20,000
C. 1/5,000
D. 1/15,000

47. Volume control means regulating timber cutting by specifying:

A. The species to cut
B. The sizes of trees to be cut
C. The volume that shall be cut
D. The area where cutting is done

48.Timber stand improvement (TSI) involves the:

A. Cutting of vines, defective trees and weeds
B. Marking of trees to be left after logging
C. Enrichment planting
D. Prescribed burning

49. The purpose of TSI is to:

A. improve site quality
B. produce high-quality
C. improve water yield
D. prevent the incidence of pest tree crops and accelerate growth

50. The selective logging system specifies that healthy residuals should be:
A. distributed around the spar tree
B. concentrated around the spar tree
C. located along cableways
D. concentrated along the setup boundary

51. Residual inventory is one of the major phases of selective logging. Its purpose is to:
A. determine the residual growing stock
B. find out how much timber was cut
C. assess damage to the site
D. determine logging efficiency

52. Wilderness areas are intended for:

A. timber production
 7
B. environmental protection
C. agro-forestation
D. forage production

53. Arbor week falls in the month of:

A. January
B. June
C. July
D. August

54. A land area drained by a stream or fixed body of water and its tributaries having a common outlet
for surface runoff is called a:
A. watershed
B. critical watershed
C. watershed reserve
D. lake

55. The discount rate that equates the various costs and benefits anticipated in future years
A. Present Net Worth
B. inflation rate
C. Internal rate of return
D. Payback interest

56. Trees less than 5 cm in diameter and at least 1.3 m in height (30 cm for pine) are classified as
A. saplings
B. sawtimbers
C. reproductions
D. poletimbers

57. The immediate impact of a ban on log exports would be:

A. a drop-in log production
B. an increase in log production
C. an increase in foreign exchange
D. a decrease in wood processing

58. A project with a benefit-cost ratio of 1 means the total:

A. project cost is equal to project benefit
B. project cost is greater than project benefit
C. project cost is 1 percent more than project benefit
D. project cost is less than project benefit

59. The spacing between 100 sample plots systematically distributed in a 10,000-hectare forest would
be:
A. 1 km x 1 km
B. 2 km x 5 km
C. 100 m x 100 m
D. 10 km x 10 km

60. A circular plot with a radius of 18 meters has an area of:

A. 0.1 ha
B. 1.0 ha
C. 1.8 ha
D. 18 ha

61. The silvicultural system used in the pine forests of the country is the:
A. seed-tree method
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B. shelterwood method
C. clear-cutting system
D. selective logging system

62. The purpose of thinning is to:

A. provide more growing space to favored trees
B. prevent the spread of disease in the stand
C. provide better habitat for wildlife
D. harvest matured and over-matured trees

63. Land classification is a function of the:

A. Land Management Bureau
B. Forest Management Bureau
C. Bureau of Forest Development
D. Bureau of Agricultural Extension

64. How many seedlings will Mr. Pancho have to raise if he wants to plant his 4.2 ha land using 3m x
2m spacing and a 10% stock reserve for replacement in case of mortality?
A. 6,650
B. 7,001
C. 4,070
D. 7,700

65. Ancestral lands refer to lands of the public domain that are:
A. claimed by cultural communities
B. occupied by settlers
C. occupied by squatters
D. occupied by Mangyan tribes

66. A long-term privilege granted by the state to a person to occupy and possess a grazing land of the
public domain is called:
A. forest land grazing lease
B. provision pasture permit
C. pasture permit
D. pasture lease

67. A measure of soil cover provided by vegetation or the abundance of established plants is called:
A. plant cover index
B. site index
C. site quality
D. plant index

68. Sediment content of water from a watershed is a function of the:

A. topography of a watershed
B. degree of erosion in the watershed
C. soil characteristics of the watershed
D. size of the catchment areA.

69. Cutting cycle refers to the period between two major harvests in the same cutting areA. What is the
cutting cycle (in years) for areas falling within climatic type 3 (season not very pronounced, relatively
dry from November to April and wet during the rest of the year).
A. 30
B. 40
C. 35
D. 45
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70. One of the following is not considered a climatic factor:

A. species diversity
B. relative humidity
C. rainfall
D. temperature

71. Some timber species are endangered and as such their exploitation is restricteD. Examples of
such species are:
A. almaciga and ipil
B. narra and ipil-ipil
C. dao and apitong
D. kalantas and mayapis

72. Under Presidential Decree 1749 certain lands of the public domain have been entrusted to the
Ministry of Energy for management and administration. One of such lands is the:
A. Mt. Apo National Park
B. Tiwi Geothermal Reservation
C. Ambuklao-Binga watershed
D. Angat watershed

73. Land set aside for the grazing of domestic livestock by the residents of a municipality is called:
A. communal grazing land
B. pasture lands
C. domestic grazing land
D. rangeland

74. Timber harvesting in the dipterocarp forests is regulated based on the principle of:
A. area control
B. volume control
C. area and volume control
D. log export quota

75. The selective logging system:

A. ignores non-dipterocarp species
B. includes non-dipterocarp species
C. ignores dipterocarp species
D. includes both dipterocarp and non-dipterocarp

76. The number of years required to establish and grow timber crops to a specified condition of
maturity.
A. rotation
B. cutting cycle
C. period of adjustment
D. period of increment

77. The dipterocarp forests are:

A. even-aged
B. uneven-aged
C. a mixture of even-aged and uneven-aged stands
D. predominantly even-aged

78. Among the logging systems employed in the country the least destructive is:
A. tractor logging
B. truck logging or Bataan system
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C. highlead
D. highlead-skyline combination

79.Removal of a strip of bark about 10-20 cm wide along the circumference of a tree with the intention
of killing it without felling
A. salvaging
B. trimming
C. girdling
D. flanging

80. Underground divide that fixes boundary of an area that contributes groundwater to each stream
system
A. phreatic divide
B. stream limit
C. aquifer
D. watershed divide

81. Timber licenses have a maximum tenure of:

A. 5 years
B. 10 years
C. 15 years
D. 25 years renewable for another 25 years

82. Forest charges on timber cut in forest lands:

A. are constantly adjusted following price trends
B. are more or less constant
C. are adjusted every 5 years
D. are adjusted every 10 years

83. It is the scientific management of forests for the continuous production of goods and services:
A. Forestry
B. Tree Morphology
C. Forestry Biometry
D. Timber Management

84. No harvest of timber in any forest land shall be allowed unless it has been the subject of at least
percent inventory, or any statistically sound timber estimate, made not earlier than 5 years prior to the
issuance of a license allowing such utilization (PD 705, Sec 24)
A. 2
B.10
C. 5
D. 20

85. It is the process of utilizing men and material resources towards attainment of specific objectives:
A. business
B. management
C. supervision
D. planning

86. The Philippines has a total land area of approximately:

A. 35 million hectares
B. 20 million hectares
C. 30 million hectares
D. 50 million hectares

87. The place where logs are pulled by a cable-hauling system for loading on a wheeled
 11
transportation. It is immediately adjacent to a road or railroaD.
A. logpond
B. log landing
C. cutting area
D. working area

88. A classification of trees according to size

A. intermediate
B. dominant
C. overtopped
D. pole

89. Any manipulation in a stand that occurs between two regeneration periods. It is done to ensure the
desired composition, stem quality, spacing and growth performance in a given developing stanD.
A. enrichment planting
B. intermediate treatment
C. clearcutting
D. prescribed burning

90. In the Philippines, grazing in forest lands is limited to areas having a slope of:
A. 18% below
B. 50% and above
C. less than 50%
D. 19 - 49%

91. Area drained by a river system supporting existing and proposed hydroelectric power and irrigation
works needing immediate rehabilitation.
A. watershed
B. critical watershed
C. watershed reservation
D. drainage area

92. It consists of a bar which is calibrated with two arms perpendicular to the bar such that one arm is
fixed at zero point while the other is movable.
A. calibrator
B. diameter tape
C. biltmore stick
D. tree caliper

93. The operation of moving logs from a cold deck or a hot deck to a landing by a tractor.
A. swinging
B. roading
C. switching
D. moving

94. A piece of wood having dimensions of 1-inch x 12 inches x 12 inches has a volume of:
A.1 board foot
B.10 board feet
C. 2 board ft.
D. 5 board feet

95. Refers to the benefit forgone when a factor of production is withdrawn from an alternative course of
action
A. opportunity cost
B. disbenefit
 12
C. net loss
D. bankruptcy

96. The branch of forestry which deals with altering the attitude, behavior and skills of forest occupants
towards conservation:
A. forest policy
B. forestry extension
C. forest law enforcement
D. forest influences

97. Device which measures the quantity or rate of downward water movement through the soil, or
collect such percolated water for analysis as to quality
A. discharge instrument
B. runoff meter
C. percolator
D. lysimeter

98.It is the operation of pulling logs from where they are felled and bucked to the first concentration
point:
A. swinging
B. landing
C. yarding
D. hauling

99.One animal unit is equivalent to:

A. 600 kilograms
B. 350 kilograms
C. 455 kilograms
D. 1,000 kilograms

100. It refers to shifting cultivation practices on land normally not suitable for permanent field crop
cultivation.
A. kaingin
B. swidden agriculture
C. slash and burn
D. all of the above

101. The displacement of an object following the line of flight:

A. parallax difference
B. parallax
C. absolute parallax
D. Y-parallax

102. In the current reorganization of the DENR, the Land Classification staff of the Bureau of Forest
Development has been transferred to the:
A. National Management and Resources Information Agency
B. National Mapping and Resource Information Authority
C. Natural Resources Management Center
D. Bureau of Coast and Geodetic Surveys

103. The average of a given number of values or observations:

A. mean
B. mode
C. median
D. standard deviation
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104. That part of the public domain characterized by extreme weather conditions, acidic soil, steep
slopes and poor vegetative soil cover:
A. sand dunes rangeland
B. pastureland
C. median
D. savannah

105. Branch of Forestry which deals with volume determination of logs and standing trees including
the study of increments and yields.
A. Forest mensuration
B. Forest inventory
C. Silviculture
D. Forest surveying

106. The silvicultural system prescribed for mangrove forests in the Philippines.
A. seed-tree and plant
B. seed-tree
C. clearcutting
D. selective logging

107. It is a market situation wherein there is one seller of one specific product.
A. pure monopoly
B. monopoly
C. pure competition
D. monopolistic competition

108. The most common grass species found in Philippine rangelands.

A. Themeda triandra
B. Capillepedium parviflorum
C. Imperata cylindrica
D. Crysophogon aciculatus

109. Wilderness areas are primarily intended to:

A. timber production
B. preservation of forest resources
C. recreation
D. watershed

110. The process of removing the buttresses of trees.

A. flanging
B. debarking
C. bucking
D. felling

111. Feed resulting from storage and fermentation of green or wet crops under anaerobic conditions.
A. soilage
B. roughage
C. silage
D. browse

112. It is a skyline system, which is rigged by threading the mainline through the fall block and
shackling the end of the mainline to the carriage.
A. northbend
B. tyler
C. interlocking skidder
 14
D. high-lead

113. That part of the current leaf and twig growth of shrubs, woody vines and trees available for animal
consumption.
A. silage
B. browse
C. forage
D. roughage

114. Which of the following is not a “crown class”?

A. intermediate
B. even-aged
C. dominant
D. suppressed

115. The amount derived after deducting total costs from the total revenues.
A. net loss
B. net profit
C. net gain
D. all of the above

116. Conservation is not synonymous with:

A. wise use
B. optimum utilization
C. sustained yield
D. maximum utilization

117. Refers to a levy being imposed by the government on timber and other forest products cut in
forest land by the permittee and TLA/TPSA holders the rate of which is provided under Sections 70,
71, and 72 of RA No. 7161
A. license fee
B. forest charges
C. environmental fee
D. monitoring and evaluation charges

118. A concept of harvesting tree-crops intended to bring about a balance between annual growth and
yielD.
A. conservation
B. selection
C. sustained yield
D. stumpage valuation

119. Twenty (20) height measurements were randomly taken from a plantation. If the mean was
computed at 13.5 and the standard deviation was 2.52, what was the variance? -
A. 6.37
B. 2.31
C. 7.52
D. 10.08

120. A summary table using number of trees by species and diameter class for any given areA.
A. stand table
B. stock table
C. volume table
D. yield table
 15
121. In a moving cable system, the chaser is assigned to:
A. rig the spar tree
B. give signal to the donkey engineer
C. supervise the choke setters
D. unhook the chokers from the logs at the landing

122. It is the vertical distance between an airplane and the ground level at the time of aerial
photography.
A. flying height
B. nadir
C. flight line
D. principal point

123. A method of easing animal stress on grazing lands:

A. rotation grazing
B. waning
C. inbreeding
D. continuous grazing

124. It is the process by which precipitation is caught and held by foliage, branches of trees, and
lesser vegetation, or by surface debris.
A. interception
B. transpiration
C. infiltration
D. absorption

125. DBH is measured at a height of:

A. 1.4 meters
B. 1.3 meters
C. 1.5 meters
D. 1.6 meters ... above the ground

126. Goods that consumers want to buy but do not want to spend much time in buying same:
A. shopping goods
B. luxury goods
C. convenience goods
D. specialty goods

127. A stacked wood measure having a dimension of 1 meter x 1 meter x 2 meters.

A. talaksan
B. cord
C. board foot
D. pen

128. It is the systematic method of cutting trees in the forest to build up and keep in order a forest
business.
A. forest management
B. forest mensuration
C. forest regulation
D. forest inventory

129. A kind of map which indicates the differences in elevation and shows the contour of terrain is
called:
A. planimeter map
B. base map
C. topographic map
 16
D. operations map

130. It is concerned with the cutting of timber leading to sustained yield forest products,
periodically/annually.
A. forest administration
B. forest management
C. forest exploration
D. forest mensuration

131. An increment is the increase of growth in:

A. diameter of a tree
B. volume of a tree
C. no. of trees in the stand
D. no. of plants per hectare

132. A tabulated statement of the group of stock classified as to the species and diameter in a given
forest area is called:
A. yield table
B. volume table
C. income statement
D. volume increment

133. It is the amount of wood materials removed from year to year in a working unit or licensed areA.
A. cutting cycle
B. cutting budget
C. cutting volume
D. sustained yield

134. The privilege granted by the State to a person to occupy and possess, in consideration of a
specified rental any forest land of the public domain in order to undertake any authorized activity
therein is:
A. license agreement
B. permit
C. license
D. lease

135. Tapping depth of almaciga trees for gathering resin shall not exceed
A. 3/4 of the bark
B. 1/4 of the bark
C. 1/2 of the bark
D. 1.3 of the bark

136. In extracting tanbark or dyebark, the strip of the bark should have a width of at least:
A. 1/3 of the circumference of the tree
B. 2/3 of the circumference of the tree
C. 1/2 of the circumference of the tree
D. 1/4 of the circumference of the tree

137. Refers to a sound or slightly injured tree of the commercial species left after logging.
A. residual
B. seedling
C. cull
D. healthy residual

138. A forest sampling procedure where sampling units are selected at equally spaced intervals over a
whole forest area
 17
A. random sampling
B. interval sampling
C. stratified sampling
D. systematic sampling

139. A notch cut in a tree in felling used to determine the fall is called
A. bucking
B. cross cutting
C. back cut
D. undercut

140. It is the conscious application of ecological principles to increase the long-range returns to man
from livestock, water and other range resources.
A. livestock management
B. grazing management
C. wildlife management
D. range management

141. In the determination of the annual allowable cut for the second growth dipterocarp forest, what is
the value of the reduction factor to compensate for logging inefficiency, internal defects, and to allow
for deficiency in attaining a satisfactory residual stand?
A. 0.70
B. 0.60
C. 0.50
D. 0.75

142. It is the acceptance of adequate compensation or a substantial amount by a license from any
person for permission to cut or extract forest products in the farmer's area
A. forest rental
B. royalty
C. farming
D. dummy

143. In range management, the carrying or grazing capacity is computed based on

A. forage production
B. proper use factors
C. forage consumption
D. all of the above

144. For compensatory proceedings, it is the value of a piece of forest property that has been
damaged by fire
A. depreciated value
B. forest rent
C. appraised value
D. forest capital

145. The number, size, shape and distribution of sample units is referred to as the
A. logging set-up
B. sampling design
C. sample plots
D. sampling method

146. Any turning of an airplane which causes its longitudinal axis to vary is called
A. dotgrid
B. crab
C. displacement
 18
D. bridging

147. The extension and adjustment of photogrammetry surveys between bands of ground control is
known as
A. pallarax
B. bridging
C. nadir
D. delineation

148. A method of selecting samples where the chances of one sample being selected out of the total
number of samples is equal to all others is known as
A. shadow method
B. systematic sampling
C. equal sampling
D. random sampling

149. It is an important practice that the ends of logs and lumber are coated with paints, the purpose is
A.to be able to differentiate one species from another
B.to prevent the occurrence of collapse
C.to prevent warping
D.to prevent the formation and development of checks

150. The total volume losses in remaining forest stand after timber harvests, natural mortality and
other causes is called
A. accretion
B. increment
C. negative growth
D. drain

151. A predominant tree of undesirable species that deprives adjoining trees of growing space and
light requirements is referred to as the
A. wolf tree
B. suppressor tree
C. dominant tree
D. overtopped tree

152. The process of yarding logs into a larger pile before starting the next transportation move is
A. hot decking
B. cold decking
C. hot logging
D. skidding

153. Based on topography, the government made it a policy to confine grazing land to forest lands
having a slope of
A. 18 percent and below
B. between 18 to 50 percent
C. above 50 percent
D. above 18 percent

154. A form of cable yarding system whereby the logs being yarded from the stump site to the log
landing or loading point is partially lifted from ground level
A. northbend
B. slackline
C. highlead
D. Bataan logging
 19
155. The application of business methods and technical forestry principles in the operation of a forest
property is
A. timber management
B. forest management
C. forest finance
D. forest utilization

156. As delineated for the convenience of logging operation, it serves temporarily as the smallest
management unit for administrative and record keeping purposes and as reference for inspection and
control
A. set-up
B. working unit
C. logging site
D. parcel

157. The process of regenerating lost forest stands to restore ecological balance is
A. forest renewal
B. broadcasting
C. planting
D. kaingin making

158. A system of cutting or logging which is best suited to even-aged stanD.

A. selection cutting
B. seed tree cutting
C. intermediate cutting
D. clearcutting

159. A plant species used for predicting site index

A. plant indicator
B. littoral species
C. residual
D. harvestable species

160. It is an instrument used for measuring the area of any plane by tracing its boundary is called
A. perimeter
B. pantograph
C. planimeter
D. plotting

161. Refers to a tract of public forest set aside for the exclusive use of the community/municipality
wherein forest products are extracted for personal use
A. grazing land
B. public forest
C. communal forest
D. national park

162. A sampling intensity in which 5% of the population is covered by the area of sample units
A. 5% sampling estimate
B. 5% sampling error
C. 5% sampling unit
D. 5% sampling design

163. Refers to the increase in the diameter, basal area, height, volume, quality or value of individual
trees or stands in relation to time.
A. increment
B. volume
 20
C. expansion
D. grade

164. The relative relish with which forage plants are consumed by domestic livestock or other animals
A. grazing capacity
B. palatability
C. cutting
D. overgrazing

165. The stunted trees or brush often in dense stand

A. pole
B. scrub
C. seedling
D. stumpage

166. The removal of live or dead branches from standing trees

A. thinning
B. cutting
C. pruning
D. girdling

167. This minor log transport system has a permanently tensioned and elevated skyline with
intermediate supports above the ground, giving the necessary clearance for a fully suspended log
transport; and a self-clamping slack pulling carriage and stationary power -
A. ground skidding
B. cable crane
C. self-loading
D. highlead

168. Refers to a section of the bole or a large branch of a felled tree after cross cutting or bucking
A. log
B. branch
C. stump
D. timber

169. The science or art of obtaining reliable measurements by means of photography is known as
A. surveying
B. forest mensuration
C. forest engineering
D. photogrammetry

170. Classification of forest/stand based on use

A. even-aged or uneven-aged
B. high or low
C. protection or plantation
D. pure or mixed

171. The forest stands found in swampy tidal areas and composed of mangrove and associated
species
A. mangrove forest
B. mossy forest
C. bakauan species
D. nipa palms

172. Refers to logged-over areas with an existing stand of timber containing less than 20 trees of
dipterocarps, premium and/or other commercial species with diameter at breast height or above
 21
buttress of more than 20 centimeters
A. Grassland area
B. inadequately stocked residual forest
C. reforestation area
D. open/denuded area

173. Experimental forests are forest lands set aside for these purposes
A. scientific, educational and research
B. tourism, education and exploitation
C. instruction, research and education
D. education, logging and recreation

174. Present policies provide that the minimum gradient of lands classified as forest lands is
A. 20%
B. 18%
C. 50%
D. 25%

175. The act of cutting or severing the tree from the stump is
A. bucking
B. felling
C. girdling
D. skidding

176. Any irregularity in a tree, log, piece/product, lumber is

A. cup
B. defect
C. check
D. disease

177. The apparent displacement of the position of a body with respect to a reference point or system
caused by a shift in the point of observation
A. parallax
B. photogrammetry
C. stereoscopy
D. photo scale reciprocal

178. A 20% sampling intensity in a 500-ha forest is desireD. If a line-plot sampling method using 17.84
m radius plot was used, how many of these plots should be established?
A. 850
B. 720
C. 1,000
D. 2,200

179. Process to measure and describe the quantity and quality of forest trees and other characteristics
of the land area where trees are growing
A. census
B. reconnaissance survey
C. forest inventory
D. site evaluation

180. An instrument used in aerial photo interpretation

A. stethoscope
B. stereoscope
C. microscope
D. pantograph
 22

181. Site factor relating to man and his influence over the development, establishment as well as
destruction of forest vegetation
A. anthropogenic
B. biotics
C. edaphic
D. physiographic

182. The measurement of the diameter of trees with buttress more than 1.3 meters from the ground is
made at
A. 10 cm above the buttress
B. 20 cm above the buttress
C. 30 cm above the buttress
D. 15 cm above the buttress

183. A timber inventory was conducted in a 5,000-ha forest using strip sampling method using a 10%
sampling intensity. What was the distance between strips if the width of the strip was 20 m?
A. 400
B. 200
C. 300
D. 100

184. Areas around town, cities and other centers of population reserved as such by the President in
which development is strictly controlled to provide a healthy and wholesome environment
A. wilderness area
B. protection forest
C. greenbelt
D. urban forestry

185. An instrument used to measure diameters of trees consisting of a graduated rule with two arms.
A. tree caliper
B. abney hand level
C. diameter tape
D. compass

186. Measurements of forest conditions in sampling units distributed according to a fixed pattern
A. strip method
B. line plot method
C. systematic sampling
D. random sampling

187. A phase in selective logging which is ideally conducted on logged over areas five years old and
above
A. timber stand improvement
B. tree marking
C. residual inventory
D. clearcutting

188. The basal area is computed by multiplying the diameter squared with
A. 0.7354
B. 0.7854
C. 0.8754
D. 0 .7584

189. The ability of the pasture to hold animals for certain duration is known as
A. carrying capacity
 23
B. palatability
C. animal unit month
D. grazing capacity

190. An assembly of overlapping aerial photographs whose edges have been matched to form a
continuous photographic representation of a portion of the earth's surface
A. map lay-out
B. mosaic
C. sterogram
D. none of the above

191. The introduction of valuable or preferred species in areas where such species are lacking
A. reforestation
B. afforestation
C. enrichment planting
D. none of the above

192. The branch of forestry which deals with the valuation of alternative investments and other values
in forestry
A. forest economics
B. forest finance
C. forest management
D. none of the above

193. Combination of enterprises that represent successive links in the economic chain
A. horizontal integration
B. diagonal integration
C. vertical integration
D. none of the above
194. Which of the following is not a yarding system
A. butt rigging
B. tractor
C. truck
D. highlead

195. The ratio of the actual basal area of a stand of a given age and site index to the corresponding
land area
A. stand density
B. stock
C. volume
D. bole area

196. The gradual removal of the entire stand in a series of partial cuttings, which extend over a fraction
of the rotation
A. seed-tree method
B. selection method
C. shelterwood method
D. clear cutting

197. The price paid by a purchaser for timber in the standing tree, to be cut and removed by him.
A. interest value
B. depreciation value
C. stumpage value
D. contract price

198. Part of the public domain which have been declared as not needed for forest purposes
 24
A. military reservations
B. alienable and disposable lands
C. national parks
D. forest reserve

199. The technique of modifying slopes into relatively flat areas for soil conservation, planting of seeds
and transplants.
A. terracing
B. riprapping
C. wattling
D. none of the above

200. Rectangular wire cages filled with rocks used in erosion control
A. gabions
B. boulders
C. ripraps
D. fascine

201. The rate of standard deviation to a mean, expressed in percent

A. coefficient of variation
B. coefficient of elasticity
C. coefficient of the mean
D. none of the above

202. Instruments to measure heights

A. hypsometers
B. dendrometers
C. transits
D. calipers
203. The process of converting a future value into the present value at a given interest rate
A. expounding
B. compounding
C. discounting
D. annuity

204. Settled course of action adopted and followed by an institution, body or individual
A. law
B. regulation
C. policy
D. memorandum

205. The price paid for the use of capital

A. interest
B. salary
C. income
D. premium

206. The process of spreading forest consciousness among the public through mass media
A. forest conservation
B. forest extension
C. forest management
D. none of the above

207. The geographical source or place of origin of a specific batch of seeds

A. provenance C. seed source
B. seed site
 25
C. seed source
D. seed lot

208. The practice of setting fire to combustible materials is advance of a bigger fire as method of fire
suppression
A. backfiring
B. fire lining
C. fire breaking
D. all of the above

209. The process of conditioning nursery seedlings by subjecting them to conditions to enable them to
withstand adverse environmental conditions in the planting site
A. hoeling-in
B. withstanding
C. hardening off
D. transplanting

210. Removal of diseased or pest-infested trees in order to maintain the health of the entire stand
A. salvage cutting
B. release cutting
C. sanitation cutting
D. improvement cutting

211. Instrument used to measure diameter of a tree:

A. prism
B. angle gauge
C. relascope
D. biltmore stick

212. Using the Smalian formula, what is the volume of a 6-meter log with base and top diameter of 55
cm and 14 cm, respectively?
A. 7.590 cu.m.
B. 75.90 cu.m.
C. 0.7590 cu.m.
D. 795.0 cu.m.

213. Producing stands originating from vegetative sprouting of trees that are harvesteD.
A. clearcutting
B. coppice
C. shelterwood
D. seed-tree

214. If the photo scale is 1:12,000, what is the actual length of the stream if it measures 0.17 cm on
the photograph
A. 20.40 m
B. 20.40 cm.
C. 204 m
D. 2040 m

215. Deals with the study of man at work with the purpose of achieving an optimum man-task system
considering the worker’s health.
A. forest biometry
B. ergonomics
C. social forestry
D. anthropology
 26
216. In forest sampling, it is a systematic distortion
A. risk
B. coefficient of variation
C. error
D. bias

217. Elimination of plants strangling the potential crop trees

A. clearcutting
B. climber cutting
C. logging
D. partial cutting

218. All trees below 5 cm. in dbh and at least 1.3 m (30 cm. for pines) in height
A. weeds
B. sapling
C. mature trees
D. reproduction

219. Biggest and most complex among the ecosystems

A. biodiversity
B. agriculture
C. ecology
D. forest

220. The end–of- the-4th-year value of five P3,000.00 annual payments if the interest rate is 3.5%
A. P12,645.00
B. P9,686.00
C. P88,714.00
D. P3,420.00
221. Sprouts which come from the roots of trees which have been cut or damaged
A. root sucker
B. epicormic
C. root crops
D. branch

222. Any small forest land or track of land purposely planted to tree crops
A. even-aged stand
B. kaingin
C. mangrove forest
D. tree farm

223. Volume of bolts or sticks can be expressed in talaksan. How many standard talaksan are there in
8 cu. m?
A. 4
B. 3
C. 6
D. 5

224. Contract entered into by and between a forest occupant or community or cooperative and the
government allowing the farmer land tenure and right to peaceful occupation, development and
management over a designated areA.
A. license agreement
B. permit
C. permit
D. stewardship agreement
 27
225. Various cuttings made during the development of the stand from reproduction stage to maturity
A. felling
B. girdling
C. intermediate cuttings
D. selection cutting

226. The harmonized utilization of the numerous beneficial uses of the land, soil, water, wildlife,
recreation, forage and timber of forest lands
A. single-use
B. multiple-use
C. mixed-use
D. all of the above

227. Amount of volume growth after subtracting mortality from gross growth
A. average increment
B. net growth
C. average growth
D. increment

228. A point in the photo that represents the bisector of the angle between the nadir and the principal
point lines:
A. parallax
B. nadir
C. isocenter
D. fiducial mark

229. A coppice method which involves cutting trees leaving a high stump
A. pollarding
B. high forest
C. girdling
D. flanging

230. Any tract of forest land planted to timber crops to provide raw material requirements of existing or
proposed processing plants:
A. industrial plantation
B. protection forest
C. urban forest
D. communal forest

231. Sum of the growth of all trees in the stand

A. stand increment
B. stand volume
C. stand growth
D. stand biomass

232. Where swinging is practiced, it is the entire area from which logs come to one head spar tree at
the landing
A. setting
B. compartment
C. spur road
D. logging area

233. Forest lands with an existing stand of timber containing an average per hectare of less than 20
trees of dipterocarp and/or premium species with a diameter at breast height of more than 20 cm:
A. mixed forest
B. adequately stocked areas
 28
C. inadequately stocked areas
D. mossy forest

234. Average growth attained for the entire period

A. mean annual increment
B. annual increment
C. growth increment
D. accretion

235. Deals with the laws underlying the growth and development of single trees and of the forest as a
biological unit
A. silviculture
B. silvics
C. timber management
D. tree planting

236. The task of which is to build up, put in order and keep in order a forest business
A. business management
B. scaling
C. timber management
D. assessment

237. Strips of land with natural or established vegetation which provides an added layer of protection
to the forest
A. buffer zones
B. firelines
C. gabion
D. grassland

238. Physical and administrative structure and subdivision of the forest:

A. forest biometry
B. forest extension
C. forest organization
D. forest administration

239. The largest family of plants

A. Leguminaceae
B. Grasses [Poaceae/Graminae]
C. Pines [Pinaceae]
D. Dipterocarpaceae

240. Elevation of second-growth (residual) forests banned from logging:

A. above 1000 meters above sea level
B. 500 meters above sea level
C. 50 meters above sea level
D. 100 meters above sea level

241. The base of a tree or the lower end of a log

A. butt
B. root collar
C. log head
D. trunk

242. Scientific name of Tanguile

A. Shorea polysperma
B. Pentacme contorta
 29
C. Pterocarpus indicus
D. Eucalyptus deglupta

243. It is used to prevent saw pinching and also to direct the fall of trees in felling operation
A. wedge
B. flying dutchman
C. choker
D. rub tree
244. Process of measuring individual logs for sale or taxation purposes
A. scaling
B. taxing
C. segregating
D. bucking

245. Scientific name of the insect pest considered as most devastating to ipil-ipil plantations
A. Heteropsylla cubana
B. Corticium salmonicolor
C. Dioryctria robella
D. Agrilua spp.

246. The proper handling and care of the livestock in the range:
A. grazing management
B. grazing capacity
C. pasture lease
D. grassland management

247. The act of replacing the old trees, either naturally of artificially
A. regeneration
B. logging
C. planting
D. deforestation

248. Aerial photographs made with the camera axis pointed on at an angle between the vertical and
the horizontal
A. oblique photographs
B. stereoscopic photo
C. photo pair
D. vertical photograph

249. Trees belonging to the preferred species with dbh/dab of 20-60 cm having straight and cylindrical
boles with no or minimum injury/damage to their root systems, buttresses, trunks and crowns -
A. commercial species
B. premium species
C. vegetatively propagated species
D. healthy residuals

250. Forest areas with slopes greater than 50% wherein income and/or subsistence shall be provided
primarily through the harvesting and utilization of non-timber products such as bamboo, rattan,
anahaw, medicinal plants, resins, etC. (DAO # 23-93)
A. wilderness areas
B. montane forests
C. limited production forests
D. sub-marginal forests

251. The aesthetic, scenic, historical, and other values of the forest
A. money value
 30
B. protective value
C. productive value
D. amenities

252. Produced from adventitious buds that arise between the bark and the wood and result in a
peculiar usually short lived rings or sprouts around the stumps of the trees
A. root suckets
B. stool shoots
C. rhizomes
D. stump suckers

253. The capitalized value of the infinite series of net revenues from the land
A. interest rate
B. total revenue
C. present value
D. soil expectation value

254. Mainstay of the wood-based industry in the Philippines

A. Pine forest
B. residual inventory
C. forest plantation
D. dipterocarp forest

255. Cutting of mature, overmature and defective trees and leaving adequate number and volume of
healthy residual trees to assure future crops and forest cover for the protection and conservation of
soil and water
A. selective logging
B. clearcutting
C. cleaning
D. thinning

256. The types of trees to be removed under the selective logging system
A. defective
B. over-mature
C. mature
D. all of the above

257. Total volume of stumpage in the forest

A. forest resources
B. forest growth
C. stand yield
D. timber inventory

258. Portions of these forests with mean slopes of 50% and above and those above 1,000 m elevation
are banned from logging since 1992
A. upland farms
B. virgin forest
C. residual forest
D. industrial plantation

259. Rainwater which remains after loss through interception and percolates to a depth that it does not
reappear on the surface of a drainage area
A. transpiration
B. evaporation
C. streamflow
D. drain
 31

260. The stunted trees or brush often found in dense stand

A. moss
B. snag
C. scrub
D. wolf tree

261. It is a market structure where there are few firms involveD. However, each firm can influence the
price of its product and also the sales of other firms
A. pure monopoly
B. oligopoly
C. barter trade
D. free market

262. Data and information relative to the treatment which a forest has undergone
A. forest inventory
B. forest history
C. forest technology
D. forest information

263. The tendency of certain tree and brush species to produce a large number of shoots when a
single or few stems are mechanically removed but the root system left intact.
A. pollard
B. cloning
C. regeneration
D. coppice

264. Soilage or newly cut crops are brought to the animals in feedlots
A. full grazing
B. partial grazing
C. zero grazing
D. grazing capacity

265. Systematic removal of individual trees not desirable for the perpetuation of a population
A. selection
B. roguing
C. girdling
D. logging

266. Device used in felling trees to prevent binding in log-making operations

A. diameter tape
B. wedge
C. stereoscope
D. hypsometer

267. Trade name of woods under Dipterocarpaceae, which are light red to reddish brown in color
A. Philippine Mahogany
B. premium species
C. kamagong
D. conifers

268. Scientific management of forest for the continuous production of goods and services (?)
A. timber management
B. regeneration
C. selection cutting
D. communal forestry
 32

269. A photograph of a portion of the earth’s surface taken by a camera mounted in an aircraft
A. film photo
B. visual photo
C. aerial photograph
D. pictorial

270. A program aimed to provide upland residents with access to the financial benefits of forest as a
profitable alternative to kaingin farming
A. natural resources program
B. education and dissemination
C. community forestry program
D. reforestation

271. Sustained-yield management implies continues or periodic production of forest products with the
aim of achieving at the earliest practicable time an approximate balance between and harvest or use
A. environment
B. sustainability
C. ecology
D. growth

272. Period during which a single crop or generation is allowed to grow

A. financial maturity
B. rotation
C. allowable cut
D. cutting cycle

273. Process to measure and describe the quantity and quality of forest trees and other characteristics
of the land area
A. eco-profiling
B. forest inventory
C. impact assessment
D. site assessment

274. A combination of water, food, cover and living space wildlife fauna need in order to live
A. marginal area
B. habitat
C. hilly area
D. upland farm

275. The volume of a 6-meter log with a small end diameter of 36.2 cm and a big end diameter of
50.4 cm using the government scaling formula is -
A. 0.62 cu m
B. 0.95 cu m
C. 0.71 cu m
D. 0.88 cu m

276. Discount rate that makes NPV of the project equal to zero
A. payback period
B. nominal rate
C. internal rate of return
D. inflation rate

277. Total dry material of the complete tree

A. growth
B. biomass
 33
C. yield
D. volume

278. A marine park near the southern tip of Mindanao

A. Apo Reef
B. Mt. Apo
C. Mount Data
D. Calauit Island

279. A plus stand that is generally upgraded and opened by removal of undesirable trees and then
cultured for early and abundant seed production
A. seed orchard
B. seed production areas
C. plus tree
D. tree plantation

280. Cutting cycle used in the determination of allowable cut as prescribes in DAO 12, Series of 1992
A. 30 years
B. 45 years
C. 40 years
D. 35 years

281. Volume of 7-meter apitong logs with big end diameter of 45 cm and small end diameter of 28.5
cm using the government scaling formula
A. 1.04 cu.m.
B. 0.45 cu.m.
C. 0.75 cu.m.
D. 0.40 cu.m.

282. Communities of people engaged in forest development and enjoyment of benefits of such
development
A. forest areas
B. beach forest
C. residual forest
D. forest communities

283. Fees paid to the government by the wood industry for the extraction and utilization of forest
product
A. forest charges
B. tax
C. interest
D. surcharge

284. A forest which remain after logging on a selective logging system [?]
A. residual forest
B. virgin forest
C. upland forest
D. grassland

285. Sampling method applied in the forest resources inventory of the operable second growth forests
A. strip sampling
B. random sampling
C. line method
D. pre-sampling

286. The wedge-shaped piece cut in a tree to govern the direction of fall
 34
A. strip
B. undercut
C. back cut
D. notch

287. It is generally done in situations where a young crop of potentially good trees is overtopped by
older, distinctly less desirable trees
A. liberation cuttings C. notching
B. cleaning
C. notching
D. limbing

288. Composite technology applied in forest production

A. forest management
B. forest ecology
C. timber selection
D. technology transfer

* Timber Management that usually bears the above definition is not in the choice.
289. A noose of wire rope used for skidding or yarding logs
A. choker
B. wedge
C. butt-rigging assembly
D. bull block

290. The average number of livestock and/or wildlife that can be sustained on a management unit
A. carrying capacity
B. site capacity
C. stocking rate
D. sustained load

291. A distinct community of trees and associated plant and marine species which is found on tidal
flats along the sea coast, extending along streams with brackish water
A. Molave forest
B. Dipterocarp forest
C. Mangrove forest
D. Beach forest

292. The phase of selective logging which determines the condition, size and number of healthy trees
left after logging
A. tree marking
B. residual inventory
C. Timber Stand Improvement
D. cutting

293. The act of planting trees on bare or open land which was once covered with forest growth
A. afforestation
B. reforestation
C. transplanting
D. all of the above

294. Areas of marginal lands with slopes from 18% and above where various types of farming
activities are undertaken
A. brushland
B. virgin forest
C. grassland
 35
D. uplands

295. Agreement entered into by DENR and qualified person/entity to occupy and possess any forest
land of the public domain in order to establish an industrial forest plantation at a specified rent
A. IFMA
B. TLA
C. TPSA
D. Ordinary Timber License

296. A tree in a young stand or plantation selected to be carried through to maturity until an interim or
final harvest
A. crop tree
B. pole
C. mother tree
D. orchard tree

297. As per definition of forest, the minimum area is 1 hectare but what is the minimum width required
A. 40 meters
B. 100 meters
C. 200 meters
D. 60 meters

298. How much is the silvicultural fee for a damaged residual?

A. 2 times of the forest charges
B. 5 times of the forest charges
C. 3 times of the forest charges
D. 4 times of the forest charges

299. The most preferred species for railroad ties

A. Yakal
B. Apitong
C. Molave
D. Malabayabas

300. This is a kind of cutting that is done to eliminate vines and climbers that strangle the potential
crop trees
A. partial cutting
B. climbers cutting
C. clear cutting
D. none of the above

301. It is a specific system of recurring inventory.

A. control method
B. continuous inventory
C. sampling method

302. The concept of managing a forest property that a volume of timber or other forest products
sufficient for annual or periodic harvest will be available indefinitely.
A. seed tree
B. clear-cutting
C. sustained-yield

303. It is a branch of forestry which deals with the carrying out of the plan of management and the day-
to-day conduct of forest operations and ordinary forest business.
A. forest management
B. forest administration
 36
C. forest policy

304. A silvicultural system which involves the removal of all stands in a given area and which shall be
followed by artificial regeneration:
A. shelterwood C. selection system
B. clear-cutting
C. selection system

305. A form of forest reproduced by application of silvicultural systems in which there are considerable
differences in age of trees and in which three (3) or more age classes are represented:
A. uneven-aged forest
B. even-aged forest
C. plantation forest

306. In the Philippines, the approach to the regulation of the cut is

A. area control
B. area and volume control
C. investment
D. volume control

307. The silvicultural system ecologically sound and economically feasible adopted for the
management of mangrove forest is:
A. clear-cutting
B. seed-tree
C. shelterwood

308. In a cut-over area where the remaining preferred species are inadequate, there is a need to
introduce or supplement such preferred species. The process is often referred to as:
A. enrichment planting
B. reforestation
C. afforestation

309. A type of aerial photographs most adapted to forest inventories:

A. oblique photographs
B. vertical photographs
C. horizontal photographs
D. low oblique photographs

310. A tabulation of the total number of stems in a stand of compartment by species and DBH class is
called:
A. stand table
B. stock table
C. volume table
D. stand and stock table

311. A table listing the total volume of trees in a stand by species and DBH classes is called:
A. stock table
B. volume table
C. stand table

312. Merchantable height refers to:

A. usable portion of a tree
B. total height of tree
C. total height less buttress
 37

313. The difference in the volume between the start and end of a growing period divided by the
number of years involved is called:
A. periodic annual growth
B. mean annual growth
C. curent annual growth
D. none of these

314. The volume of a stand at any point in time divided by the total age at that time is called:
A. mean annual growth
B. periodic annual growth
C. current annual growth
D. none of these

315. Annual growth rings could be seen on the cross-section of:

A. mangrove species
B. dipterocarp species
C. pine trees
D. leguminous species

316. The (a) age (b) height (c) volume (d) diameter of some trees can be determined by examining
their annual rings.

317. The main purpose of a timber inventory is to determine:

A. volume and species composition of forest stands
B. volume of damage residuals
C. volume of residual trees
D. volume of wood species

318. Population of wildlife tends to differ in number because of:

A. variation in hunting pressures
B. quality of wildlife available
C. species characteristics and adaptability
D. all of the above

319. In wildlife management it is important to attain a degree of balance between:

A. food, cover available and animal population
B. timber drain and timber growth
C. animal population growth and morality
D. population growth and hunting withdrawal

320. The pattern or arrangement of natural stream on a watershed is called:

A. drainage network
B. drainage basin
C. drainage elevation
D. watershed configuration

321. The forest provides a variety of good and services the management of a forest to provide
desirable combinations of such goods and services is referred to as:
A. multiple-use forest management
B. multiple forest management
C. single-use forest management
D. range management
 38

322. The principle behind benefit-cost analysis states that a project or activity should not be
undertaken if:
A. the internal rate of return is less than 10 %
B. total cost exceeds total benefits
C. revenues are more than costs
D. revenues equal costs

323. A decision is said to be in the public interest if it:

A. favors long term needs over short term ones
B. serves the interest of the general public
C. favors future generation rather than the present
D. all of the above

324. Land belonging to the cultural communities are called:

A. ancestral lands
B. friar lands
C. encomiendas
D. homelands

325. In map-making, a legend means:

A. a true story
B. a documentary
C. symbol
D. drawing

326. A photograph taken with a camera with a focal length of 0.50 meter at a flying height of 10,000
meters and a shutter speed of 10000 has a scale of:
A. 1/20,000
B. 1/10,000
C. 1/5,000
D. 1/1,000

327. The scale of aerial photograph depends on

A. flying height and camera focal length
B. speed of plane and visibility
C. visibility at the time of photography
D. shutter speed

328. A stereoscope is:

A. a pair of lenses designed for viewing aerial photographs
B. a camera used in aerial photography
C. a photographic projecting machine
D. a photo-copying machine

329. The renewal and perpetuity of the dipterocarps depend on:

A. protection measures
B. intensity of harvesting
C. cultural treatments
D. all of these

330. The silvicultural system used in the dipterocarps is:

A. DYNACAL
B. seed-tree method
C. modified selection system
D. all of these
 39

331. The forests of the Philippines are:

A. inexhaustible
B. renewable D. owned by the [Bureau of Forest Development]
C. not renewable

332. Adequate water supply, high yields of sawtimber, adequate wildlife population are examples of
A. forestry programs
B. forest policies
C. forestry goals
D. policy statements

333. The selective logging system was chosen for the dipterocarps because of:
A. the silvicultural characteristics of the species
B. the climatic condition in the country
C. topography and soil characteristics of the forest land
D. all of the factors

334. Timber stand improvement operation involves:

A. cutting weed species
B. pruning
C. sanitation cutting
D. all of the foregoing

335. A document which indicates the manner of harvesting, regeneration, and tending of timber in a
working unit is called:
A. multiple-use management plan
B. operation plan
C. timber management plan
D. business plan

336. The objective of thinning a forest plantation is to:

A. improve growth and quality of favored trees
B. increase survival rate
C. conserve water
D. improve wildlife habitat

337. Soil and water conservation objectives can be served by:

A. maintaining existing forest cover
B. maintaining adequate forest cover
C. agro-forestation
D. installing check dams

338. Certain critical watersheds have been declared as watershed reservation, which one of the
following uses or activities is not allowed in such watershed:
A. logging
B. settlement
C. cattle ranching
D. all of the foregoing

339. Ancestral lands are recognized by the government as:

A. alienable or disposable lands
B. permanent forest
C. forest reserved
D. public lands claimed by ethnic tribes
 40

340. The process of determining which land is to be devoted to what use or combination of uses is
called:
A. land-use planning
B. land capability classification
C. land suitability classification
D. parcellary planning

341. To the economist, all things that are useful to satisfy human wants are called:
A. properties
B. goods
C. wealth
D. products

342. The law of supply and demand says that when the quantity of goods that people want to sell at
certain price is more than what buyers desire, the price of that commodity
A. drops
B. rises
C. remain constant
D. rises then drops

343. The term “stumpage sale” refers to:

A. sale of forest products
B. sale of logs at the cutting area
C. sale of standing timber
D. sale of logs at roadside

344. The timing of water flow (water required) from a watershed dam can be controlled or influenced
by:
A. increasing or decreasing the density of the forest cover of the watershed
B. controlling soil erosion in the watershed
C. building check dams
D. building bench terraces

345. A simple instrument, often a stick or other straight edge, used to measure the heights of trees on
the basis of similar angles
A. hypsometer
B. Biltmore stick
C. altimeter
D. caliper

346. Sustained-yield implies

A. multiple-use
B. continuous high wood production and utilization
C. maximum wood production and utilization
D. low but steady wood production

347. A stream that flows only in direct response to precipitation is called:

A. ephemeral stream
B. intermediate stream
C. perennial stream
D. intermittent stream
 41

348. A area considered in terms of its environment particularly as this determine the type and quality of
the vegetation the area can carry is called:
A. site
B. site quality
C. site class
D. site index

349. A basic determinant of site is:

A. vegetation
B. soil
C. climate
D. wildlife

350. The most common expression of stand density used in the Philippines is:
A. basal area on an area basis
B. crown closure
C. bole area
D. number of trees and volume on an area basis

351. A short term privilege granted by the state to a person for the utilization of any limited forest
resources within the forest land without any right of occupation and possession therein
A. license
B. license agreement
C. permit
D. lease

352. The stage of plant growth at which grazing may begin under a specific management plan without
permanent damage to vegetation or soil
A. range enhancement
B. range readiness
C. range development
D. range capability

353. Forests found on high and very rough terrain with trees mostly stunted and having stems and
branches covered by moss
A. Mid-mountain forests
B. Pine forest
C. Molave forest
D. High forest

354. It includes both the scientific basis of the growth and development of single trees and the
application of such basis to the production of forest crops
A. Botany
B. Forest Mensuration
C. Timber Management
D. Silviculture

355. The process of removing all plants giving competition to the crop species
A. weeding
B. salvage cutting
C. liberation cutting
D. improvement cutting
 42

356. A forest consisting of age and size classes which consistently grow in such a manner that an
equal annual or periodic yield maybe obtained
A. adequately stocked uneven aged forest
B. fully stocked forest
C. fully regulated forest
D. plantation forest

357. The loss in diameter from the butt to the top of a tree
A. cull volume . taper
C. damage . bark thickness

358. The principle stating that if the input of one resource is increased by equal increments per unit of
time while the quantities of other inputs are held constant, there will be some point beyond which the
marginal physical product of the variable resource will decrease
A. Law of supply and demand
B. Marginal rate of return
C. Principle of diminishing return
D. Alternative rate of return

359. The cultural resources of a firm are called

A. skilled workers
B. land
C. capital
D. semi-skilled workers

360. Cuttings made to create favorable conditions for the germination of seed in the shelterwood
method
A. removal cutting
B. seed cutting
C. cleanings
D. preparatory cuttings

361. The process of supplementing inadequately stocked residual forest to enhance forest stand
productivity
A. reforestation
B. enrichment planting
C. revegetation
D. forest renewal

362. A visual aid in rangeland inventory which may provide information difficult to convey by data
actually gathered in the area, especially in analyzing periodic changes in vegetation
A. photograph
B. binocular
C. transit
D. topographic map

363. Commercial trees left in the dipterocarp forest during logging to serve as growing stock
A. healthy residual trees
B. pole timber
C. dominant trees
D. saplings
 43

364. A phase in selective logging which makes an assessment of the condition of the number of
selected trees left:
A. tree marking
B. timber inventory
C. residual inventory
D. timber stand improvement

365. The process of regenerating forest to restore ecological balance:

A. forest renewal
B. taungya system
C. broadcasting
D. shelterwood

366. Pictures taken from an airborne platform perpendicular to the earth’s axis:
A. vertical photograph
B. horizontal photograph
C. oblique photograph

367. Scales on aerial photographs are generally stated in a natural scale ratio, more commonly
referred to as:
A. representative fraction
B. floating scale
C. mercator scale

368. Overlapping portions of two aerial photos, properly oriented and mounted for stereoscopic
viewing are called:
A. side laps
B. stereograms
C. anaglyphs

369. Determination of tree heights from measurements of tree shadows on aerial photographs is
known as:
A. displacement method
B. shadow method
C. parallax method

370. In timber valuation, merchantable heights of standing trees are usually estimated up to the:
A. first large branch
B. minimum top diameter of 30 cm
C. tree top

371. The predicted diameter of 30 cm tree after 50 years is 70 cm, therefore its average annual
increment is:
A. 1.50 cm
B. 0.80 cm
C. 0.35 cm

372. The results of sudden, unexpected genetic change in a species is called:

A. hybrid
B. mutant
C. cross pollination
 44

373. The process of grouping samples into homogenous groups to reduce variation within such groups
is called:
A. blocking
B. stratification
C. variegation

374. Fire lookouts relay this instrument to locate the site of forest fires:
A. alidade
B. pointer
C. abney hand level

375. Due to apparent absence of growth rings in tropical hardwoods, the best way of measuring
volume growth in the Philippines is by:
A. use of hypsometer
B. periodic measurements of diameters and heights
C. use of diameter tapes

376. The basis of most forest policies in developed as well as developing countries:
A. Regalian Doctrine
B. right of eminent domain
C. ecological balance

377. The value equivalent of a sum, at the beginning of an interest bearing period is represented by
the symbol:
A. (1+i)n
B. Vn
C. Vo

378. The value equivalent of a sum at the end of an interest bearing period is represented by the
symbol:
A. Vo
B. Vi
C. Vn

379. The primary purpose of stumpage appraisal is to determine:

A. volume content
B. species composition
C. monetary value

380. The overturn method of calculating stumpage and margin for profit and risk is most useful for:
A. small timber
B. complex operations
C. heavy investments

381. Current market value of property refers to the amount which a seller will:
A. accept from a buyer who is willing and able but not force to buy
B. not accept because it is lower than what he expects
C. accept because he is compelled to sell immediately

382. In forest finance, carrying charges refer to:

A. expenses for maintenance, protection and taxes
B. cost of transporting logs and lumber
C. expenses involved in carrying over capital investments from the owner to another
 45

383. Timber license agreement holders have the exclusive privilege to cut all authorized harvestable
timber but have the corresponding obligation of:
A. protecting their areas to ensure the productive condition
B. report forest violations and squatters
C. paying their income taxes

384. Lands 18% in slope and over which have been declared as alienable or disposable shall:
A. be reverted to forest lands unless already titled
B. remain as A & D
C. be used as resettlement areas for kaingineros

385. Lands below 18% slope and over may not be declared as alienable or disposable if:
A. they protect a spring for communal use
B. they are used as pasture
C. they are devoid of forest trees

386. The maximum period of any privilege to harvest timber is 25 years, renewable for another 25
years but shall automatically terminate when:
A. performance evaluation rating is poor
B. the amount of harvestable timber has been exhausted even before the expiration date
C. other forest products are gathered without permit

387. The revised Forestry Code of the Philippines provides that the size of forest lands subject to
timber utilization shall be:
A. limited to 20,000 hectares
B. limited to what a person or company may effectively develop and utilized for a period of 50 years
but not exceeding 100,000 hectares
C. what the [BFD] determines every 5 years based on the timber management plan

388. PD 1559 provides for the establishment of Forestry Development Center at the UPLB College of
Forestry to:
A. undertake applied forest development research
B. provide basic policy research and develop the machinery for forestry policy formulation
C. enable [BFD] personnel to obtain specialized education and training

389. Under an industrial tree plantation lease, the leasee shall have the right to:
A. enter into an export agreement with government approved foreign buyers
B. sell, contract, convey or dispose of trees and other products raised in any manner he deems fit
C. occupy and set up permanent infrastructure in the area

390. A special incentive awarded to leasee of areas long denuded is the exemption from payment of
rental for:
A. one half of the terms of lease of 12 1/2 years
B. the full term of the lease of 25 years
C. only one half of the area under lease

391. The new Philippine Constitution limits the exploration, development, utilization and disposition of
natural resources to:
A. Filipino citizens and foreign citizens who own 50 percent of stocks in Filipino corporations
B. Filipino citizens and corporations whose stocks are owned in a clear majority by foreign
corporations
C. Filipino citizens and corporations whose stocks are owned in a clear majority by Filipino
corporations
 46

392. The present concept of dealing with kaingineros involves:

A. appeasement
B. dispersal and penalty
C. resettlement or containment

393. The special branch of forestry which deals with the forest resource as elements of production:
A. forest renewal C. forest economics
B. forest conservation

394. The value represented by the land, growing stock, including the improvement of it is termed:
A. forest valuation
B. forest infrastructure
C. forest capital

395. When advising a large corporation as their forestry consultant, it would be best to recommend the
following method to use in determining the stumpage value of large tracts of forests:
A. investment method C. operating and profit method
B. overturn method
C. operating and profit method

396. The practice of sound forestry in cutover dipterocarp forests that have regenerated by natural
means for five years or longer calls for:
A. enrichment planting
B. timber stand improvement
C. selective logging

397. A chart showing the rise and fall of streamflow during a period of time:
A. hydrograph
B. hydrometer
C. water table map
D. rain chart

398. An experimental design used when the experimental materials are heterogeneous and they can
be stratified such that units will be homogenous within the block:
A. Randomized Complete Block Design
B. Complete Randomized Design
C. Split-Plot Design
D. Lattice Design

399. A market structure where there are no artificial restraints:

A. monopoly
B. monopolistic competition
C. pure competition
D. oligopoly

400. Soil Expectation Value (SEV) is:

A. discounted net revenue
B. capitalized net revenue
C. amortized net revenue
D. annualized net revenue
 47

401. A method used for wildlife inventory that makes use of a device in order to live-capture and take a
certain animal species:
A. trapping
B. quadrat method
C. line transect method
D. rapid visual survey

402. What is the depth of rainfall if a 20 cm raingauge was able to collect 4,712.4 cm3 rain?
A. 37.50 mm
B. 15 mm
C. 375 mm
D. 150 mm

403. A type of cost which cannot be easily assigned to any particular operation:
A. direct cost
B. on cost
C. overhead cost
D. shadow cost

404. Sampling method applied in the forest resources inventory of the operable second growth forests
A. strip sampling
B. random sampling
C. line method
D. pre-sampling

405. Standing live trees in the forest which are not classified as sound trees are called:
A. cull trees
B. snag
C. healthy residual
D. plus trees

406. The amount of water remaining in a well-drained area when the downward movement of flow into
unsaturated soil has become small or negligible is referred to as:
A. field capacity
B. base flow
C. antecedent moisture
D. ground water

407. It is a timber production potential of a site for a particular species or species type:
A. site
B. site index
C. eco-profile
D. site quality

408. It refers to the flow to groundwater storage of water from precipitation, infiltration from surface
streams and other sources:
A. evaporation
B. recharge
C. water storage
D. water storage
 48

409. It deals with the accounting, analyzing of investments and other monetary consideration of forest
production:
A. forest mensuration
B. forest inventory
C. forest economics
D. forest finance

410. It is an area that has been depleted of its natural forest cover and is predominantly covered by
grasses, herbaceous species or bare soil:
A. brushland
B. protection forest
C. depleted forest
D. open and denuded land

411. It is a science and art of obtaining information, area or phenomenon through analysis of data
acquired by a device that is not in contact with the object under investigation.
A. GSI C. remote sensing
B. aerial photogrametry
D. geo-physics

412. The maximum number of animals which can graze each year on a given area of range for a
downward trend in forage production, quality and soil:
A. allowable cut
B. range management
C. grazable area
D. grazing capacity

413. It is expressed as the percentage that is consumed of the current year’s forage production of a
particular species which is within reach of stock:
A. proper use factor
B. nutritional percentage
C. grazing potential
D. grazing percentage

414. Salting is important in livestock management. What is the normal salt requirement of a mature
animal per day?
A. 20-40 grams
B. 35-50 grams
C. 30-50 grams
D. 2-3 grams

415. Sprouts which come from the roots of trees which have been cut or damaged:
A. branch
B. epicormic roots
C. root suckers
D. root sprouts

416. The vertical distance between the chord and the skyline:
A. chord distance
B. deflection
C. skyline height
D. log clearance
 49

417. The practice of growing several crops in a farm:

A. multiple cropping
B. sustainable development
C. multiple use
D. sustained yield

418. Edible fungus that is used as an ingredient in Chinese cooking (pansit/chopsuey):

A. Uromyladium tepperianus
B. Fusarium moniliforme
C. Auricularia sp.
D. Aspergillum nigrum

419. Forest benefits not normally valued in the market:

A. intangible benefits
B. multiple benefits
C. single use
D. tangible benefits

420. A standing dead tree, a sunken log, or a submerged stump is:

A. snag
B. cull
C. bunk
D. decayed timber

421. In designating protected areas, the size of buffer zones established outside its boundaries and
immediately adjacent it:
A. 40 m strip
B. 50 m strip
C. 20 m strip
D. 10 m strip

422. Operation of measuring the difference in elevation

A. open traverse
B. leveling
C. close traverse
D. photogrammetry

423. A management unit established with an area of 10 hectares

A. cutting series
B. working cycle
C. set-up
D. block

424. A worldwide mapping system that reduces the distortions in square maps caused by the round
features of the earth.
A. none of the following
B. Universal Transverse Mercator
C. Geographical Information System
D. Geographical Positioning System

425. Refers to organization of business through sound management principles and simplified
procedures to obtain greater efficiency and profitability of operation
A. management
B. rationalization
 50
C. logistics
D. ergonomics
426. It refers to the precipitation which falls directly into the water in a stream channel.
A. surface runoff
B. channel interception
C. overland flow
D. base flow

427. It is represented by that portion of the precipitation which percolates deep into the soil and is
release slowly, sustaining streamflow during long, dry periods.
A. subsurface storm flow
B. interflow
C. base flow
D. overland flow

428. Based on DAO No. 69, S. 1990, the minimum sidelap of aerial print shall be
A. 40%
B. 15%
C. 30%
D. 25%

429. One (1) cubic meter is equal to:

A. 1,000,000 cc
B. 424 bD. ft.
C. 35.29 cu. ft.
D. all of the above

430. A 60-ha open area is to be planted with narra at a spacing of 2m x 3m. How many seedlings are
needed considering an allowance for mortality of 10%:
A. 100,000
B. 110,000
C. 9,000
D. 11,000

431. The strip of vegetation consisting of mixtures of trees, shrubs and vines for the purpose of
protecting crops from strong winds:
A. greenbelt
B. shelterbelt
C. hedgerow
D. fireline

432. The maximum rate at which a soil at a given condition is capable of absorbing water is termed as:
A. seepage
B. penetrativity
C. infiltration capacity
D. percolation

433. SALT 2 is the acronym for:

A. Sloping Agricultural Land Technology
B. Sustainable Agroforest Land Technology
C. Simple Agrilivestock Technology
D. none of the above
 51

434. An extensive area of largely undeveloped or sparsely occupied land associated with a community
set aside to contain development, preserve the character of the countryside and community and
provide open space.
A. greenbelt
B. firebreak
C. shelterbelt
D. windbreak

435. Trees with diameter at breast height (dbh) ranging from 5.0 to 14.9 cm under the standards of
tree measurements are classified as:
A. saplings
B. undersized
C. reproductions
D. poletimber

436. What is the practical minimum scale of photographs for forest analysis?
A. 1:15,000 - 1:20,000
B. 1:10,000 - 1:20,000
C. 1:20,000 - 1:25,000
D. 1:30,000 - 1:35,000

437. To represent the track over which an aircraft has been flown or is to fly, what line is drawn on a
map or chart?
A. flight line
B. flying point
C. focal line
D. line of interest

438. What is a surface or underground stream which contributes its water, either continuously or
intermittently to another larger stream?
A. ephemeral stream
B. tributary
C. headwaters
D. intermittent stream

439. It is the measure that can only be obtained with reference to a predetermined limiting relationship
between the number of trees per hectare and the average tree size:
A. site index
B. stand density index
C. yield index
D. stocking density

440. Which part of the industrial forest management plan includes the annual plantation establishment
program?
A. development plan
B. background information
C. development objectives
D. technical resources

441. The computed number of young sound trees marked to be left per unit area before logging
commences:
A. marking goal
B. residuals
C. allowable cut
 52
D. inventory target

442. The minimum number of seed trees 40 cm diameter and larger that should be left per hectare in a
pine forest after harvesting is:
A. 16
B. 10
C. 25
D. 20

443. Number of regions in the country classified by DENR:

A. 15
B. 12
C. 13
D. 14

444. In range management, the stems arising from the same root, as in certain grasses:
A. forage
B. scrub
C. stool
D. stubble

445. Cull indicator of heart rot disease in trees:

A. damping-off
B. mosaic
C. leaf spot
D. center rot

446. What is the plane in which images of points in the object field of the lens are focused?
A. photographic plane
B. focal plane
C. effective area
D. flight line

447. The effect of an increase in interest rate on the rotation length is that:
A. rotation length will approximate interest rate
B. rotation length will not be affected
C. rotation length will be shorter
D. rotation length will be longer

448. This is often used to transfer logs from one set-up to another instead of the construction of
circuitous logging road:
A. rub trees
B. chokers
C. cold deckers
D. skyline switches

449. This refers to one, two or more logs which are yarded or swung at one time:
A. talaksan
B. turn
C. deck
D. log landing

450. A set of processes which are specified for a given forest management unit in order to attain a
dynamic balance between supply and demand of forest goods and services:
A. forest economics
B. forest valuation
 53
C. forest regulation
D. forest assessment
451. A type of grassland where species have been modified in favor of more productive species:
A. natural grassland
B. biotic grassland
C. pastureland
D. improved permanent grassland

452. The point in the photograph where the plumbline projected through the camera lens to the ground
intersects the film plane:
A. nadir
B. fiducial mark
C. parallax
D. sidelap

453. The practice of setting fire to combustible materials in advance of a bigger fire as a method of fire
suppression:
A. back firing
B. prescribe burning
C. combustible firing
D. front firing

454. In truck logging, what is the range of the yarding distance?

A. 100 - 150 feet
B. 150 - 250 feet
C. 250 - 300 feet
D. 400 - 500 feet

455. A spatially continuous group of trees and associated vegetation having similar structures and
growing under similar soil and climatic condition:
A. plantation
B. tree farm
C. stand
D. forest

456. It refers to all vegetation upon which grazing animals subsist on grasslike plants, weeds,
palatable portions of trees and shrubs and others:
A. herbage
B. forbs
C. forage
D. browse

457. Areas within a rangeland/grassland where the site is enhanced through the planting of new or
exotic species:
A. communal forest
B. pasture
C. denuded areas
D. watershed

458. What is the velocity of the streamflow if the volume of water running through a stream is 6,000
m3/hour and the channel is 3 m2 in area?
A. 33.3 m/min
B. 2,000 m/hr
C. 0.56 m/sec
D. all of these
 54
459. The geometric center of the photo:
A. nadir
B. principal point
C. isocenter
D. fiducial marks

460. Stand established for seed production and composed of trees known to be of good genotypes:
A. seed production area
B. residual stands
C. production forests
D. seed orchard

461. A series of heavy steel links, swivels, and shackels that connects the mainline and haulback:
A. bullblocks
B. guyline assembly
C. choker
D. butt rigging

462. Logging is prohibited in this forest area with elevation of:

A. 50 meters above sea level (masl)
B. 100 masl
C. 500 masl
D. above 1,000 masl

463. How much capitalized value can a piece of land promise if the net income is P12,000 at 5%
interest rate?
A. P60,00
B. P12,000
C. P240,000
D. P260,000

464. A forest ranger wants to determine the height of a bagras tree. At a horizontal distance of 30 m
and using an abney hand level, he took readings to the tree top and base of −10.5 and −32.6 degrees,
respectively. The height of the tree is:
A. 15.51 m
B. 24.75 m
C. 19.19 m
D. 13.63 m

465. This multiple-use forestry concept state that there should be several compatible land-use types in
an area at anytime frame with consideration on relevant factors pertaining to the management of forest
resources:
A. Pearson's concept
B. Dana-McArdle's concept
C. Stocker's concept
D. Sustainable development

466. In a statistical computation, ten (10) observations had a standard deviation of five (5). What was
its corresponding variance?
A. 50
B. 25
C. 2.24
D. 12.5

467. A plan for assigning treatments to the subjects of the experiment and the statistical analysis that
is associated with the plan:
 55
A. experimental design
B. treatment model
C. lay-out plan
D. research methodology

468. The age of the timber or a forest stand at which the rate of return is equated to the available
alternative rate of return?
A. rotation age
B. harvestable age
C. financial maturity
D. commercial maturity

469. In the computation of annual allowable cut for areas other than Palawan and Region 8, the
harvestable volume is determined as:
A. 50% of the volume in the 60 cm dbh plus 100% of 70 cm dbh and up
B. 50% of the volume in the 60 cm dbh plus 50% of 70 cm dbh and up
C. 100% of the 60 cm dbh and up
D. 50% of the volume in the 50 cm dbh plus 100% of 60 cm dbh and up

470. A common type of grazing system whereby the herbage from a given grazing area are cut and
carried to the animals:
A. soiling or zero grazing
B. selective grazing
C. rotational grazing
D. continuous grazing

471. Which of the following is not a part of the hydrologic cycle?

A. altitude
B. runoff
C. precipitation
D. storage

472. The process of transporting felled trees or section thereof using a stationary power from the
stump to the log landing, roadside or designated loading points in the cutting areas:
A. trucking
B. trailer transport
C. skidding
D. yarding

473. In range management, what are these plant materials containing low proportion of nutrient per
unit weight but high in fiber and low in total digestible material:
A. cogon
B. browse
C. roughage
D. grasses

474. What is that system in which the amount of harvestable material which can be removed from the
ecosystem over a long period of time has no apparent deleterious effect on the ecosystem?
A. ecosystems management
C. multiple-use
B. sustained yield
D. coastal forest management

475. It is formed when a bend deepens and separates from the stream due to sediments eroded from
the outer bank which are carried downstream and deposited in the inner bank of the next channel:
 56
A. tributary
B. intermittent streams
C. oxblow lake
D. underground rivers

476. It gives the list of stands to be harvested during each year of the planning period that extends to
some specified number of years in the future:
A. allowable cut
B. compartments
C. cutting schedule
D. cutting cycle

477. The precipitation retained on plants and finally absorbed or evaporated:

A. throughfall
B. moisture drops
C. interception
D. surface flow

478. The symbiotic relationship between a fungus and the roots of plants is:
A. nematode
B. virus
C. bacteria
D. mycorrhizae
479. It is the result if the camera is [not square] with the flight line.
A. overlap
B. oblique
C. sidelap
D. crab

480. Which of the following does not affect forest valuation?

A. mortality
B. market values and cost of capital
C. management strategy
D. site quality

481. The system of management whereby the forage in a part or the entire range area is not grazed
until it has attained a certain stage of growth?
A. deferred grazing
B. premature grazing
C. timely grazing
D. conservative grazing

482. When felling a leaning tree, the prescribed depth of the undercut in relation to the diameter of the
tree:
A. 1/4 to 1/2
B. 1/5 to 1/3
C. 1/4 to 1/3
D. 1/5 to ½

483. Areas with slopes from 18% and above where various farming activities are undertaken:
A. grassland
B. open areas
C. uplands
D. denuded areas
484. In economics, what is considered as the most straightforward cash flow measure of project
worth?
 57
A. Net present value
B. Benefit-cost ratio
C. Internal rate of return
D. Soil expectation value

485. It is a market situation in which each of the few buyers exert a disproportionate influence on the
market:
A. oligopoly
B. oligopsony
C. monopoly
D. pure competition

486. An assembly of aerial photographs done by cutting, matching or pasting together individual
exposures to form a large photograph:
A. mosaic
B. oblique
C. paired
D. continuous

487. The special line made after a fire has started for the purpose of suppressing that particular fire:
A. fireline
B. firebreak
C. shelterbelt
D. artificial firebreak

488. Give the cash inflow after 8 years if the discounted costs at 12% interest rate is P5,656.00 and
the discounted rate is P20,200.00:
A. P 0.28
B. P 3.57
C. P 12,635.00
D. P 14,544.00

489. Refers to the idle public land run by a group of farmers to augment their income at the same time
support the reforestation effort of the government:
A. forest plantation
B. communal tree farm
C. rangeland
D. pasture land

490. The process by which logs are cut into shorter sections:
A. delimbing
B. shortening
C. bucking
D. chainsaw cutting
491. A type of forest stand where the difference in age of the oldest trees and the youngest trees does
not exceed 30% of the rotation:
A. secondary stand
B. industrial plantation
C. even-aged stand
D. uneven-aged stand

492. What is that act of freeing a young stand of desirable trees not past the sapling stage from the
competition of undesirable trees that threaten to suppress them?
A. salvage cutting
B. release cutting
C. clearcutting
 58
D. cleaning

493. The process of moving the results of research from the generator to the end-user:
A. technology generation
B. technology transfer
C. technology packaging
D. technology verification

494. The aesthetic, scenic, historical, and other values of the forest
A. money value
B. protective value
C. productive value
D. amenities

495. In aerial photogrammetry, which is not a result of a short focal length camera?
A. minimum stereoscopic effect and image displacement
B. wide coverage from low altitude
C. exaggerated 3-D effect
D. increased image displacement

496. What is the flying height above mean ground level given the following: Focal length of the lens =
150 mm; Scale of the compilation map = 1:10,000; Mean height above the sea level of the ground =
100 m; aircraft speed = 100 mph.
A. 1,500 meters
B. 1,600 meters
C. 100 meters
D. 10,000 meters

497. Branches produced from dormant buds located on the bole of trees:
A. branch
B. root suckers
C. epicormic
D. root sprouts

498. Endlap is the overlap between photos within a flightline. What is the minimum endlap to ensure a
complete stereoscopic coverage?
A. 55%
B. 75%
C. 65%
D. 50%

499. Its main objective is to promote the natural capacity of the forest to regenerate by themselves.
A. forest preservation
B. forestation
C. reforestation
D. natural regeneration

500. Which of the following is not reserved as wilderness areas?

A. critical watershed
B. mangrove forest
C. mossy forests
D. protection forests

501. In making topographic map, the bearing of the base line is N 60° W, what is the bearing of the
strip?
A. S 30° E
 59
B. D-W
C. S 60° E
D. N 30° E

502. In dense stands, are trees or brush which are characterized by stunted or abnormal growth.
A. wolf trees
B. snags
C. scrubs
D. mosses

503. Forest nurseries play a vital role in reforestation. Which of the following should not be considered
in the establishment of a forest nursery?
A. A perfectly level ground should not be preferred over slightly sloping ground
B. The area should be large enough for future expansion
C. The soil where the nursery is located should be of neutral acidity
D. There is adequate amount of water supply.

504. It is an indication of the number of trees in a stand as compared to desirable number for best
growth and development.
A. optimal growth
B. stand structure
C. stocking
D. spacing

505. If the small end diameter is 40 cm and the big end diameter 55 cm, what are the basal areas of
small and big end diameters?
A. 12.57 and 23.76 sq. m.
B. 0.1257 and 0.2376 sq. m.
C. 1.257 and 2.376 sq. m.
D. 1257 and 2376 sq. m.

506. It is a skyline system, which is rigged by threading the mainline through the fall block and
shackling the end of the mainline to the carriage.
A. northbend
B. tyler
C. interlocking skidder
D. high-lead

507. How do you define a mistake in the measurements of distance?

A. the difference between two measurements of the same quantity
B. an error due to combination of causes beyond the ability of the observer
C. an unintentional fault of conduct arising from poor judgment
D. the difference between the measurement and the true value

508. During residual inventory, a marked residual is considered “healthy” when:

A. Only ¼ to ½ of the crown is damageD.
B. Only 1/6 to ½ of the crown is damageD.
C. ½ of the number of buttresses is battereD.
D. Not more than 1/3 of the number of buttresses is badly battereD.

509. A branch of science which deals with the application of mathematical principles in estimating and
predicting forest volume and growth is:
A. Timber management
B. Forest Biometry
C. Forest growth and yield
D. Forest Geometry
 60

510. It is the process of determining the best end use or combination of uses of a specific land
resource:
A. forest mensuration
B. multiple use
C. land use planning
D. forest valuation

511. It is a small forest land or tract of land purposely planted to tree crops (PD 1559):
A. mangrove forest
B. even-aged stand
C. kaingin
D. tree farm

512. Measures of stand density are more precise and generally more useful in estimation of growth
and yield than stocking measures. Which is not an expression of stand density?
A. number of trees per ha
B. basal area per ha
C. tree area ratio
D. site index

513. A yarding accessory used to bend or deviate the mainline to avoid injuring marked residuals or to
avoid obstructions.
A. flying dutchman
B. log guide
C. rub tree
D. bull block

514. A planned and holistic program of activities applied to a given stand of forest trees from the
period of establishment to harvest time is called:
A. tree plantation program
B. logging plan
C. harvesting systems
D. silvicultural systems

515. Which of the following factors does not determine the selection of method of minor transportation
(log assemblage or skidding)?
A. topography C. silvicultural consideration of forest management policies
B. distance to the sawmill
C. silvicultural consideration of forest management policies
D. size and character of timber

516. What is the ratio of the total stem volume to the volume of the cylinder with diameter equal to total
height of the tree?
A. cyclindrical form factor
B. taper
C. ingrowth
D. increment

517. These are adjacent photographs which can be viewed in the three dimension.
A. stereoscopic pair
B. film
C. sidelap
D. three-dimension photos

518. In aerial photogrametry, it refers to the height of the optical center of the camera lens above the
 61
datum plane.
A. parallax
B. nadir
C. flying height
D. flight lines

519. It is an error in measurement which implies a tendency to depart in a particular direction from the
true value sought. An example of this error is that which results from the use of an instrument with
graduation of incorrect size or with an incorrect origin.
A. bias
B. precision
C. sampling error
D. mistake

520. A harvesting method for easy and flat terrain where a tractor or wrecker equipped with a winch
complete with logging arch, front mounted decking blade and a rare mounted logging pan to lift one
end of the log while forwarding is:
A. ground skidding
B. animal yarding
C. cable crane system
D. skylining

521. It refers to the extraction or cutting of timber and non-timber forest products from either natural
and man-made forests
A. yarding and skidding
B. felling
C. major transportation
D. harvesting

522. What is the seller’s market structure characterized by price leadership.

A. monopolistic competition
B. oligopoly
C. monopoly
D. oligopsony

523. The value represented by the land, timber, reproduction, and physical improvements that make-
up a forest property is referred to as:
A. aesthetic value
B. stumpage value
C. stand price
D. forest capital

524. Which is not a factor considered in determining the annual allowable cut in the second-growth
dipterocarp forest?
A. initial reduction factor
B. marking goal
C. annual cutting area
D. harvestable volume per hectare

525. What do you call that supplemented feeding during the breeding season?
A. cross breeding
B. flushing
C. mineral supplementation
D. exotic feeding

526. It is the most popular improved pasture species in the Philippines. Its leaves are broad and
 62
tapering with a strong midrib and with cylindrical, golden yellow flowers.
A. style
B. para grass
C. guinea grass
D. napier

527. These area regardless of slope are highly erodible and too rocky for establishment of production
forests.
A. wilderness
B. protection forest
C. molave forest
D. national park

528. In skyline logging, the required minimum height of the skyline is determined by the:
A. length of the transported logs
B. size of he logging set up
C. volume of tree available
D. yarder house power

529. What is the effect on domestic wood of the shift of logging from old growth to residual forests?
A. supply increased
B. allowable cut increased
C. allowable diameter of trees to be cut increased
D. supply decreased

530. It is an aerial photograph made with the camera axis pointed on at an angle between the vertical
and the horizontal.
A. oblique photograph
B. vertical photograph
C. photo pair photograph
D. stereoscopic photograph

531. It is the period or stage of growth at which improvement cutting is employed in the stanD.
A. seedling stage
B. before the sapling stage
C. reproduction
D. past the sapling stage

532. When is trimming of the roots and shoot desirable?

A. Certain roots have been severely injureD.
B. There is only primary root or leader.
C. There are well-developed side branches or lateral roots.
D. The proportion between root and top crown is balanceD.

533. In range management, one animal unit is equivalent to:

A. 600 kg.
B. 700 kg.
C. 500 kg.
D. 455 kg. [300 kg in DAO 99-36 dated August 10, 1999]

534. Which is not a type of skidding classified according to the application of the motive power?
A. log crafts
B. tractors
C. cables attached to logs and hauled by power
D. animals
 63
535. What method of hastening germination requires cutting a small portion of the testa in order to
expose a small portion of the cotyledon?
A. scarification
B. nicking
C. water treatment
D. floatation

536. What is the principle on the reallocation of resource which improves the position of one without
harming the other.
A. Pareto optimum
B. equal distribution
C. monopoly
D. economics

537. The scale of a log after deduction for defects is:

A. net scale
B. gross scale
C. sawmill scale
D. government scale

538. In data analysis, what is the ratio of the standard deviation to mean?
A. coefficient of variation
B. variation
C. random sample
D. mean

539. It includes all processes concerned with the abstraction of numerical data from photographs of all
kinds.
A. picture-taking
B. photo-documentation
C. photography
D. photogrammetry

540. What refers to the geographic location or the total of all environmental conditions in a particular
location?
A. ecosystem
B. site quality
C. forest land
D. site

541. In the Philippines, areas usually earmarked for reforestation are classified as:
A. residual forest above 1000 m. asl.
B. marginal lands
C. upland farms
D. mossy forests

542. The person responsible for unhooking the choker from the logs is the:
A. log unhooker
B. chokerman
C. chaser
D. sideman

543. The return of an ecosystem or habitat to its original community structure, natural complement of
species and natural functions
A. reforestation
B. afforestation
 64
C. restoration
D. regeneration

544. A fire that burns litter, other debris on the forest floor and small vegetation is:
A. floor fire
B. low fire
C. surface fire
D. forest fire

545. A ratio, expressed in percent, of the actual amount of water vapor in the air compared to the total
amount of water vapor necessary for saturation:
A. dew point temperature
B. dry bulb temperature
C. microclimatic factor
D. relative humidity

546. The penalty or fine on damaged marked trees to be left in a logging operation is:
A. 5X the regular forest charges
B. 3X the regular forest charges
C. 4X the regular forest charges
D. double the regular forest charge
s
547. Who approves Certificate of Community Forest Stewardship for areas more than 500 ha but less
than 1,000 ha?
A. DENR Secretary
B. Concerned Assistant Secretary
C. Regional Executive Director
D. Undersecretary for Field Operations

548. The gradual diminution of diameter in a stem of a tree or a log from the base to the top:
A. shrinkage
B. warping
C. taper
D. volume decrease

549. What digs or shoots choker holes under logs partially buried in soft ground?
A. powder monkey
B. digger
C. ground choker
D. checker

550. What is the interest rate given the following: Vo = P100; Vn = P404.56; n = 10 years?
A. 15%
B. 12%
C. 10%
D. 1.15%

551. What is the width of narrow strips of land bearing trees to be qualified as forest?
A. at least 100 meters
B. at least 60 meters
C. at least 200 meters
D. at least 40 meters

552. A climatic type classified with rainfall more or less evenly distributed throughout the year:
A. Type IV
B. Type III
 65
C. Type I
D. Type II

553. What is the present value of P500,000 worth of land and timber when liquidated 10 years from
now at a discount rate of 10%?
A. P5,000
B. P50,000
C. P174,339.22
D. P192,771.64

554. Which of the following is not a type of pasture community?

A. Imperata cyclindrica
B. Themeda traindra
C. Voacanga globosa
D. Capillipedium parviflorum

555. The standard scale for a national park map as provided in DAO 72-1, Series of 1990 is:
A. 1:50000
B. 1:10000
C. 1:25000
D. 1:30000

556. Consider the following cash flow of project SSF: 0 1 2 3 4 5

Benefit 0 0 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000
Cost 30,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000
Discounting factor 1.000 0.893 0.797 0.712 0.636 0.567
The net present value is:
A. P91,090.00
B. P35,001.00
C. P7,015.00
D. P50,175.00

557. What is the percentage of trees 50 cm in diameter to be left as part of the marking goal for
residual stock in Cagayan and Isabela?
A. 50%
B. 80%
C. 75%
D. 85%

558. Natural and native pastures are uncultivated lands which include:
A. cutover
B. range
C. brush
D. woodlands

559. It is a method for the rehabilitation and development of watersheds, protection and production
forests that takes advantage of the natural regeneration of broad leaf species and liberate these
species from competing vegetation, encourage faster growth and facilitate their domination over the
site.
A. enrichment planting
B. contract reforestation
C. liberation cutting
D. assisted natural regeneration

560. A market structure where there are only few firms involved, however, each firm can influence the
price of its products and also the sale of other firms:
 66
A. pure monopoly
B. oligopoly
C. barter trade
D. free market

561. Which Administrative Order embodies the policies on the management, development and
utilization of mangrove resources?
A. DAO No. 24, Series of 1990
B. DAO No. 15, Series of 1990
C. DAO No. 21, Series of 1991
D. DAO No. 14, Series of 1990

562. In aerial photogrammetry, it is an optically projected fine crosses, dots half arrows or other
geometric figures located either in corners or on sides:
A. fiducial marks
B. parallax
C. nadir
D. aerotriangles

563. The age at which a stand is considered mature and ready for harvesting
A. rotation age
B. thinning age
C. pathological age
D. silvicultural age

564. A widening in the roadway where a vehicle may pull or park to allow other vehicles to pass safely
A. pass
B. turnout
C. sight distance
D. topographic break

565. The cultivation and management of trees and forests for their present and potential contributions
to the physiological, sociological and economic well being of urban society.
A. landscaping
B. greenscaping
C. urban forestry
D. clean and green